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Piping
Within industry, piping is a system of pipes used to convey fluids
(liquids and gases) from one location to another. The engineering
discipline of piping design studies the efficient transport of fluid. [1][2]
Industrial process piping (and accompanying inline components) can
be manufactured from wood, fiberglass, glass, steel, aluminum,
plastic, copper, and concrete. The inline components, known as
fittings, [3] valves, and other devices, typically sense and control the
pressure, flow rate and temperature of the transmitted fluid, and
usually are included in the field of piping design (or piping
engineering). Piping systems are documented in piping and
instrumentation diagrams (P&IDs). If necessary, pipes can be cleaned
by the tube cleaning process.
Piping sometimes refers to piping design, the detailed specification of
the physical piping layout within a process plant or commercial
Largescale piping system in an
building. In earlier days, this was sometimes called drafting, technical HVAC mechanical room
drawing, engineering drawing, and design, but is today commonly
performed by designers that have learned to use automated computer
aided drawing or computeraided design (CAD) software.
Plumbing is a piping system with which most people are familiar, as it constitutes the form of fluid transportation
that is used to provide potable water and fuels to their homes and businesses. Plumbing pipes also remove waste
in the form of sewage, and allow venting of sewage gases to the outdoors. Fire sprinkler systems also use piping,
and may transport nonpotable or potable water, or other firesuppression fluids.
Piping also has many other industrial applications, which are crucial for moving raw and semiprocessed fluids
for refining into more useful products. Some of the more exotic materials used in pipe construction are Inconel,
titanium, chromemoly and various other steel alloys.
Contents
Engineering subfields
Stress analysis
Materials
History
Standards
See also
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References
Further reading
External links
Engineering subfields
Generally, industrial piping engineering has three major subfields:
Piping material
Piping design
Stress analysis
Stress analysis
Process piping and power piping are typically checked by pipe stress engineers to verify that the routing, nozzle
loads, hangers, and supports are properly placed and selected such that allowable pipe stress is not exceeded
under different loads such as sustained loads, operating loads, pressure testing loads, etc., as stipulated by the
ASME B31, EN 13480 or any other applicable codes and standards. It is necessary to evaluate the mechanical
behavior of the piping under regular loads (internal pressure and thermal stresses) as well under occasional and
intermittent loading cases such as earthquake, high wind or special vibration, and water hammer. [4][5] This
evaluation is usually performed with the assistance of a specialized (finite element) pipe stress analysis computer
programs such as AutoPIPE, [6] CAEPIPE, [7] and CAESAR. [8]
In cryogenic pipe supports, most steel become more brittle as the temperature decreases from normal operating
conditions, so it is necessary to know the temperature distribution for cryogenic conditions. Steel structures will
have areas of high stress that may be caused by sharp corners in the design, or inclusions in the material. [9]
Materials
The material with which a pipe is manufactured often forms as the basis for choosing any pipe. Materials that are
used for manufacturing pipes include:
Carbon steel
ASTM A252 Spec Grade 1, Grade 2, Grade 3 Steel Pile Pipe
Low temperature service carbon steel
Stainless steel
Nonferrous metals, e.g. cupronickel, tantalum lined, etc.
Nonmetallic, e.g. tempered glass, Teflon lined, PVC, etc.
History
Early wooden pipes were constructed out of logs that had a large hole bored lengthwise through the center. [10]
Later wooden pipes were constructed with staves and hoops similar to wooden barrel construction. Stave pipes
have the advantage that they are easily transported as a compact pile of parts on a wagon and then assembled as a
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hollow structure at the job site. Wooden pipes were especially popular in mountain regions where transport of
heavy iron or concrete pipes would have been difficult.
Wooden pipes were easier to maintain than metal, because the wood did not expand or contract with temperature
changes as much as metal and so consequently expansion joints and bends were not required. The thickness of
wood afforded some insulating properties to the pipes which helped prevent freezing as compared to metal pipes.
Wood used for water pipes also does not rot very easily. Electrolysis doesn't affect wood pipes at all, since wood is
a much better electrical insulator.
In the Western United States where redwood was used for pipe construction, it was found that redwood had
"peculiar properties" that protected it from weathering, acids, insects, and fungus growths. Redwood pipes stayed
smooth and clean indefinitely while iron pipe by comparison would rapidly begin to scale and corrode and could
eventually plug itself up with the corrosion. [11]
Standards
There are certain standard codes that need to be followed while designing or manufacturing any piping system.
Organizations that promulgate piping standards include:
ASME The American Society of Mechanical Engineers B31 series
ASME B31.1 Power piping (steam piping etc.)
ASME B31.3 Process piping
ASME B31.4 Pipeline Transportation Systems for Liquid Hydrocarbons and Other Liquids
ASME B31.5 Refrigeration piping and heat transfer components
ASME B31.8 Gas transmission and distribution piping systems
ASME B31.9 Building services piping
ASME B31.11 Slurry Transportation Piping Systems (Withdrawn, Superseded by B31.4)
ASME B31.12 Hydrogen Piping and Pipelines
ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials
ASTM A252 Standard Specification for Welded and Seamless Steel Pipe Piles[12]
API American Petroleum Institute
API 5L Petroleum and natural gas industries—Steel pipe for pipeline transportation systems[13]
CWB Canadian Welding Bureau
EN 13480 European metallic industrial piping code
EN 134801 Metallic industrial piping Part 1: General
EN 134802 Metallic industrial piping Part 2: Materials
EN 134803 Metallic industrial piping Part 3: Design and calculation
EN 134804 Metallic industrial piping Part 4: Fabrication and installation
EN 134805 Metallic industrial piping Part 5: Inspection and testing
EN 134806 Metallic industrial piping Part 6: Additional requirements for buried piping
PD TR 134807 Metallic industrial piping Part 7: Guidance on the use of conformity assessment
procedures
EN 134808 Metallic industrial piping Part 8: Additional requirements for aluminium and aluminium alloy
piping
EN 199343 Eurocode 3 — Design of steel structures Part 43: Pipelines
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AWS American Welding Society
AWWA American Water Works Association
MSS – Manufacturers' Standardization Society
ANSI American National Standards Institute
NFPA National Fire Protection Association
EJMA Expansion Joint Manufacturers Association
Intro to pipe stress [Link]
minute/part1thermalgrowth+(one+minute)
See also
Firestop
Gasket
Hydraulic machinery
Hydrogen piping
Hydrostatic test
MS Pipe, MS Tube
Pipe network analysis
Piping and plumbing fittings
Coupling (piping)
Doublewalled pipe
Elbow (piping)
Nipple (plumbing)
Pipe cap
Street elbow
Union (plumbing)
Valve
Victaulic
Pipeline precommissioning
Plastic pipework
Plastic Pressure Pipe Systems
Plumbing
Riser clamp
Thermal insulation
References
1. Editors: Perry, R.H. and Green, D.W. (1984). Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook (6th ed.). McGrawHill
Book Company. ISBN 0070494797.
2. Editor: McKetta, John J. (1992). Piping Design Handbook. Marcel Dekker, Inc. ISBN 0824785703.
3. "Pipe fitting manufacturer" ([Link]
01430/[Link]
4. [1] ([Link]
[Link]/web/20060529120337/[Link]
29 May 2006 at the Wayback Machine.
5. Power Piping: ASME B31.1 ([Link]
6. "Piping Design And Pipe Stress Analysis Software AutoPIPE" ([Link]
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line/pipestressandvesselanalysissoftware/autopipe). [Link]. Archived ([Link]
eb/20161109164900/[Link]
e/autopipe) from the original on 9 November 2016. Retrieved 22 December 2017.
7. "Archived copy" ([Link]
1/[Link]
8. "Intergraph CAESAR II Pipe Stress Analysis" ([Link]
[Link]. Archived ([Link]
ummary) from the original on 2 May 2015.
9. Temperature & Stress Analysis ([Link]
([Link]
[Link]) 22 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Piping Technology and Products, (retrieved February 2012)
10. "BBC A History of the World Object : wooden water pipe" ([Link]
gzKE0ETBSw4I8O_RHz5A). [Link]. Archived ([Link]
[Link]/ahistoryoftheworld/objects/lgzKE0ETBSw4I8O_RHz5A) from the original on 7 May 2016.
Retrieved 10 March 2016.
11. "Piping water through miles of Redwood" ([Link]
Popular Science: 74. December 1918. Archived ([Link]
[Link]/books?id=EikDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA74) from the original on 28 December 2017.
12. H. "ASTM A252 Pipe Pile" ([Link]
China Huayang Steel Pipe. Archived ([Link]
m/astma252pilingpipe/a252grade3steelpipepile/) from the original on 16 October 2014.
13. "API 5L Specification Line Pipe (1) – API Terms and Definitions" ([Link]
pi5lspecificationlinepipe1apitermsanddefinitionspart2/). China Huayang Steel Pipe. Archived ([Link]
[Link]/web/20141016035952/[Link]
pitermsanddefinitionspart2/) from the original on 16 October 2014.
Further reading
ASME B31.3 Process Piping Guide, Revision 2 ([Link]
ing_guide_R2.pdf) from Los Alamos National Laboratory Engineering Standards Manual OST2200301ESM
Seismic Design and Retrofit of Piping Systems, July 2002 ([Link]
c_Design_and_Retrofit_of_Piping_Systems.pdf) from American Lifelines Alliance website
Engineering and Design, Liquid Process Piping. Engineer manual, entire document ([Link]
[Link]/publications/engmanuals/EM_111014008_sec/EM_11101[Link]) • (index page) ([Link]
[Link]/publications/engmanuals/EM_111014008_sec/[Link]) • U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,
EM 1110l4008, May 1999
External links
Building services piping links ([Link]
nical/Building_Services_Piping/) at Curlie (based on DMOZ)
Retrieved from "[Link]
This page was last edited on 28 December 2017, at 21:07.
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