Solution

MIDTERM EXAMINATION 2025-2026

Class 11 - Chemistry
Section A
1.
(b) 4gm
Explanation:
Molarity of a solution
(M) =
massof solute 1000
×
molarmassof solute volumeof solutioninmL

∴0.2​= w
×
1000

40 500

so, w = 4gm.
Amount of sodium hydroxide present in 500ml of 0.2M solutions is 4 gm.

2.
(d) 8.72 ×10-18J atom-1
Explanation:
He+ ion is a single electron species which resembles like hydrogen. Therefore, the energies of the
stationary states of hydrogen-like ions are given by the expression
2
−18 Z
En = 2.18 × 10 × 2
n

Here n = 1 and Z = 2
= 8.72 ×10-18J atom-1
2
−18 2
En = 2.18 × 10 × 2
1

3.
(c) most basic
Explanation:
The normal oxide formed by the element present on the extreme left of periodic table is the most
basic, e.g. Na2O.

4.
(c) 8
Explanation:
Successive filling of 3s and 3p-orbitals give rise to the third period of 8 elements from sodium to
argon.

5.
(d) paramagnetic character decreases and the bond order increases
Explanation:
For O2: σ 1s2, σ *1s2, σ 2s2, σ *2s2, σ 2pz2
(π 2py2 = π 2px2), (π *2py1 = π *2px1)σ *2pz
For O2: σ 1s2, σ *1s2, σ 2s2, σ *2s2, σ 2pz2
(π 2py2 = π 2px2), (π *2py1 = π *2px0)σ *2pz
Bond order =
Nb −Na

For O2 = =2
10−6

For O2+ = = 2.5

10−5

6.
(c) Octahedral geometry

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 Explanation:
In sp3d2 Hybridization one s, three p and two d-orbitals get hybridized to form six sp3d2 hybrid
orbitals which adopt octahedral arrangement as given in image below

7. (a) -315 kJ
Explanation:
When 1 mole of CO2 is produced energy released is –393.5 kJ mol-1. Moles of CO2 given = = 0.8
35.2

44

moles
So energy released = 0.8 × -393.5 kJ/mol = -315 kJ/mol
8.
(c) -46.2 kJ mol-1
Explanation:
Given, N2(g) + 3H2(g) → 2NH3(g) ; Δr H° = –92.4 kJ mol-1.
Chemical reaction for the enthalpy of formation of NH3 (g) is as follows:
1 3
N2 (g) + H2 (g) → N H3 (g)
2 2

Therefore, Δf H - 46.2 kJ/mol

∘ −92.4
= =
2

9.
(c) 2.1 × 10-4
Explanation:
K = Cα2 = 0.2 × (0.032)2 = 2.1 × 10-4

10.
(c) 0.1 M CH3COOH
Explanation:
− +
C H3 COOH + H2 O ⇌ C H3 COO + H3 O

Since the dissociation constant of acetic acid is so small, we can assume that the concentration of
acetic acid is still approximately 0.1 M even after dissociating.
Also [CH3COO-] = [H3O+]
Therefore,
− +
[CH3 COO ][H3 O ]
Ka =
[CH3 COOH ]

− + + 2
[CH3 COO ][H3 O ] [ H3 O ]
Ka = =
[CH3 COOH ] [CH3 COOH ]

+ 2
[ H3 O ]
−5
⇒ 1.7 × 10 =
0.1
−−−−−−− −
+ −6
⇒ [ H3 O ] = √1.7 × 10

+ −3
⇒ [ H3 O ] = 1.32 × 10

+ −3
now, pH = − log[ H3 O ] = − log 1.32 × 10 = 2.88

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11.
(d) PF3
Explanation:
Whenever a reaction between an oxidising agent and a reducing agent is carried out, a compound of
lower oxidation state is formed if the reducing agent is in excess and a compound of higher oxidation
state is formed if the oxidising agent is in excess. This can be illustrated as follows: P4 and F2 are
reducing and oxidising agents respectively. If an excess of P4 is treated with F2, then PF3 will be
produced, wherein the oxidation number (O.N.) of P is +3.
PF4(excess)+F2 ⟶ PF3

12. (a) NH4NO3

Explanation:
NH4+[Link] NH4+
N is -3 and
NO3- , N is +5.
13. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:
44g of CO2 = 1 mole ≡ 1 g atom of C
16g CH4 = 1 mole ≡ 1 g atom of C
1 g atom of C = 12 g C
12 g C contains 6.023 × 1023 carbon atoms.
14.
(d) C, N, O, F, Ne
Explanation:
C, N, O, F, Ne

15. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:
The dipole moment in the case of BeF2 is zero. This is because the two equal bond dipoles point in
opposite directions and cancel the effect of each other.
16. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:
Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Section B
17. l = 0, 1, 2
m = -2, -1, 0, +1, +2 and
s = + 1/2 and - 1/2 for each value of m.
OR
i. 1 mole of C2H6 contains 2 moles of carbon atoms
∴ 3 moles of C2H6 will C-atoms = 2 × 3 = 6 moles
ii. 1 mole of C2H6 contains 6 moles of hydrogen atoms
∴ 3 moles of C2H6 will contain H-atoms = 3 × 6 = 18 moles
iii. 1 mole of C2H6 contains Avogadro's no., i.e. 6.02 × 1023 molecules of ethane

∴ 3 moles of C2H6 will contain ethane molecules = 3 × 6.02 × 1023 = 18.06 ×1023

18. i. : ¨
C l⋅
⋅⋅

(valency = 8 - 7 = 1)

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 ii. ⋅P¨⋅⋅⋅

(valency = (8 - 5 ) = 3
19. We know that,
ΔU = ΔH + W

Where ΔU is changed in internal energy

Δ H changes in enthalpy

And W is work done on the system.

Given, 701 J of heat is taken by the system
Thus ΔH = 701 J
And 394 J of work is done by the system
Thus W = - 394
∴ ΔU = 701 – 394

= 307 J
20. Ag2 Cr O4 ⇌ 2 Ag + + C r O2− 4
; Ksp = 1.1 × 10
−12

s 2s s
′ ′ −1
(Solubility of Ag CrO4 is s mol L )
2

+ 2 2−
Ksp = [A g ] [Cr O ]
4
2 3
⇒ Ksp = (2s) ×s = 4s
Ksp − 12
3 1.1×10 −12
s = = = 0.275 × 10
4 4
−13
⇒ 3 log s = log 2.75 × 10

⇒ log s = −13 + 0.43393 = −12.5607

−
−12.5607
⇒ log s = .1869 = 5 .8131
3
−
−5
⇒ s = antilog 5 .8131 = 6.503 × 10 M
+ − −13
F or, AgBr ⇌ Ag + Br ; Ksp = 5.0 × 10
s s s ′ ′ −1
(Solubility of AgBr is s mol L )

+
Ksp = [A g ] [Br]
2
⇒ Ksp = (s) × s = s
−−− −−−−−−−− −
⇒ s
2
= √Ksp = √5.0 × 10 −13 = 7.07 × 10
−7

Now, Ratio of their solubilities :

S(Ag CrO4 ) −5

[
2
=
6.5×10

−7
] = 91.9 = 92.
S(AgBr) 7.07×10

Ag2CrO4 is 92 times more soluble than AgBr.

21. Let us write the oxidation number of each atom involved in the given reaction above its symbol as:

Here, we have observed that the oxidation number of F increases from 0 in F2 to + 1 in HOF. Also, the
oxidation number decreases from 0 in F2 to -1 in HF. Thus, in the above reaction, F is both oxidized and
reduced. Hence, the given reaction is a redox reaction.
Section C
22. Since, Combustion of 0.2000g of vitamin C gives 0.2998g of CO2 and 0.819g of H2O.
Therefore, Percentage of carbon = = 47.69
12 100
× 0.02998 ×
44 0.2

Percentage of Hydrogen= = 4.55

2 100
× 0.0819 ×
18 0.2

Percentage of oxygen = 100 - (47.69) + 4.55 = 47.76

Relative no. Simplest molar
Element % Atomic Mass Simple whole number molar ratio
of atoms Ratio

C 47.69 12 = 3.97 = 1.33 4/3 = 8/6

47.69 3.97

12 2.98

H 4.55 1 = 4.55 = 1.5 3/2 = 9/6

4.55 4.55

1 2.98

O 47.76 16 = 2.98 =1 1
47.76 2.98

15 298

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 Therefore, Empirical formula = C1.33H1.5O = C 8 H 9 O1 = C8H9O6
6 6

23. [Link]. Orbit Orbital

An orbit is a well-defined circular An orbital is a three-dimensional space around the
1. path around the nucleus in which the nucleus within which the probability of finding an
electrons revolve. electron is maximum (up to 90%)

It represents the planar motion of an It represents the three-dimensional motion of an

2.
electron around the nucleus. electron around the nucleus.
Different orbitals have different shapes, i.e. s-orbitals are
3. All orbits are circular and disc-like. spherically symmetrical, p-orbitals are dumb-bell shaped
and so on.
It is not according to Heisenberg's
4. It is according to Heisenberg's uncertainty principle.
uncertainty principle.
Maximum number of electrons in an
5. orbit is 2n2. Where n= number of Maximum number of electrons in an orbital is 2.
orbit.
24. Elements in the long form of the periodic table have been divided into four blocks i.e., s, p, d and f. This
division is based upon the name of the orbital which receives the last electron. General electronic
configuration of
s-block elements: ns1-2 where n = 2-7
p-block elements: ns2 np1-6 where n = 2 - 6
d-block elements: (n - 1)d1-10 ns0-2 where n = 4 - 7
f - block elements: (n - 2) f0-14 (n - 1)d0-1 ns2 where n = 6 - 7
25. All the similar bonds in a molecule do not have the same bond enthalpies.
e.g. It undergoes some change because of charged chemical environment.
Therefore, in polyatomic molecules, the term mean or average bond enthalpy is used. It is obtained by
dividing total bond dissociation enthalpy by the number of bonds broken.
e. g. H2 O → H (g) + OH (g)
∘ −1
ΔaH = 502kJ mol OH (g) → H + O(g)
1
∘ −1
ΔaH = 427kJ mol
2

Average O-H bond enthalpy=

502+427 −1
= 464.5 kJ mol
2

The bond enthalpies of the O-H bond in C2H5OH and H2O are different because of the different
chemical (electronic) environment around the oxygen atom.
H H

| |

H −C −C −O−H ,H − O − H
| | ( H2 O)

H H

( C2 H5 OH )

26. i. A substance has perfectly ordered arrangement of its constituent particles only at absolute zero.
When the element from itself. This means no heat change.
Thus ΔfH = 0
ii. a. If both ΔH and ΔS are positive ΔG can be -ve only in magnitude. Thus the temperature should
be high.
b. If both ΔH and ΔS are negative ΔG can be negative only TΔS < ΔH is magnitude. Thus the value
of T should be low.
27. The equilibrium in the reaction is:

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 C2H6(g) ⇌ C2H4(g) + H2(g)
Initial pressure 4atm 0 0
Eqn. pressure (4 - p) atm p atm p atm
2

or 0.04 =
pC2 H4 ×pH2 p
Kp =
pC2 H6 (4−p)

p2 = 0.04(4 - p) or p2 + 0.04p - 0.16 = 0

(−0.04±√0.0016−4(−0.16)

p =
2
(−0.04)±0.08
(By taking positive value)
0.76
p = = = 0.38
2 2

Hence, Equilibrium pressure or concentration of C2H6 = (4 - 0.38) = 3.62 atm = 3.62 atm
+1x

28. i. KI3 KI3 ; 1 (+1) + 3x = 0 or x = − 3

1

Therefore, the average oxidation number of 1 is − 3 . It is wrong because oxidation number can never
1

be fractional. Let us consider the structure of KI3.

+1

K (I − I ← I )
−1
in this structure, coordinate bond is formed between I2 molecule and I-1 ion.
Hence, the oxidation number of three I atoms in KI3 are 0,0 (in I2) and - 1 respectively.
ii. H2S4O6 Let the oxidation number of S be x.
+1 x −2

H2 S 4 O 6

2 (+1) + 4x + 6 (-2) = 0
4x = + 10 or = + 10 = + 2.5
4

Let us consider the structure of H2S4O6

O O

|| ||
+5 0 0
+5
H −O − S −S −S −S − OH
|| ||

O O

In H2S4O6 the oxidation number of each of two S-atoms which are linked with each of other by a
single bond (in the centre) is zero and each of remaining two S-atoms is +5. Hence, the oxidation
number of 4 S-atoms in H2S4O6 are +5, 0, 0 and +5 respectively.
iii. CH3CH2OH
x +1 −2

C2 H6 O

2x + 6 (+1) + 1 (-2) = 0
2x = - 4 or x = -2
Therefore, the average oxidation number of C is -2.
Let us consider the structure of CH3CH2OH
H H

| |

2 1
H −C −C − OH
| |
H H

Oxidation number of C1 atom = 1 (+1) + 2 (+1) + x + 1 (-1) = 0

[C1 atom is attached to one CH3 group (oxidation number = + 1), two H atoms and one -OH group
(oxidation number = -1)]
x=-2
Oxidation number of C2 atom = 3 (+1) + x + 1 (-1) = 0
[C2 atom is attached to three H-atoms and one -CH2OH group (oxidation number = - 1)]
OR
Among the oxoanions of chlorine listed above, ClO−
4
does not disproportionate because in this
oxoanion chlorine is present in its highest oxidation state that is, +7. The disproportionation reactions

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 for the other three oxoanions of chlorine are as follows:
+1 −1 +5
− − −

3ClO → 2 Cl + ClO 3

+3 +5 −1
− hv − −

6ClO 2
−→4 ClO 3
+ 2 Cl
+5 −1 +7
− − −

4CIO 3
→ Cl + 3 ClO 4

Section D

29. i. Both the molecules have zero dipole moments since both and shows symmetrical

structure.
− 10

ii. Fraction of electronic charge =

1.2×10
= 0.25
− 10
4.8×10

iii. Because of different direction of moment of N-H and N-F bonds.

OR
− 29

% ionic character = = 62.5

1.5×10

− 29
× 100
2.4×10

30. i. Ksp < Kip means there will be increase in concentration of dissociated ions so equilibrium will shift
backward so there will be formation of precipitate.
ii. Zr3(PO4)4 gives Zr4+ and PO 4 ion in its aqueous solution therefor the solubility product of
3−

[Zr3(PO4)4] is (3S)3(4S)4 = 6912S7 M.

iii. Ag2CrO4 = [Ag+]2+ [CrO
2−
]
4

Ksp = [Ag+]2× [CrO

2−
]
4

Ksp = (2S)2 × S = 4S3

OR
Solubility of salt of weak acids increases with decrease in pH therefore At lower PH anion get
protonated & its concentration decreases.
Section E
31. millimoles of HCl = Molarity × Volume (in mL)
where Molarity = 0.75 M , Volume = 25 ml
We know that millimoles of HCl = millimoles of CaCO3
So, millimoles of CaCO3 = 25 mL × 0.75 M of HCl
= 18.75 millimoles = 18.75 × 10-3 moles
From the given reaction it is clear that 2 moles of HCl reacts with 1 mole of CaCO3
CaC O3 + 2H CI(aq) → CaC I2 (aq) + C O2 (g) + H2 O(I)

So 18.75 x 10-3 moles of HCl reacts with 10-3 moles of CaCO3 = 9.375 × 10-3 moles
18.75×1
×
2

mass of CaCO3 required = molar mass of CaCO3 × moles of CaCO3

mass of CaCO3 = 100 g/mol × 9.375 x 10-3 mol = 0.9375 g
OR
i. Aufbau Principle: In the ground state of the atoms, the orbitals are filled in the order of their
increasing energies. In other words, electrons first occupy the lowest-energy orbital available to them
and enter into higher energy orbitals only after the lower energy orbitals are filled.
The order in which the energies of the orbitals increase and hence the order in which the orbitals are
filled is as follows
1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s
4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d, 7p . . .

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 ii. Pauli Exclusion Principle: An orbital can have maximum of two electrons and these must have
opposite spin.
For example: Two electrons in an orbital can be represented by

or

The two electrons have opposite spin, if one is revolving clockwise, the other is revolving
anticlockwise or vice versa.
iii. Hunds' Rule of Maximum Multiplicity: Electron pairing in P, d and f orbitals cannot occur until each
orbital of a given subshell contains one electron each or is single occupied.
For example: For the element nitrogen which contains 7 electrons, the following configuration can be
written.

Total spin of unpaired electrons

= 12 + 12 + 12 = 1 12
32. i. Molecular formula of butane = C4H10
Heat of combustion of butane = 2658 kJ mol-1
Molecular mass of butane = 4 × 12 + 10 × 1 = 58
1 mole or 58 g of butane on complete combustion gives heat = 2658 kJ
3

Therefore, 14000 g of butane on complete combustion will gives heat =

2658×14×10
= 641586
58

The family need 20000 kJ of heat per day = 1 day

Therefore, 641586 kJ of heat will be used for cooking by a family in = = 32 days
641586

20000

Therefore, the cylinder will last for 32 days.

ii. 25% of the gas is wasted due of butane, so useful heat =
641586×75
= 481190kJ
100

Therefore, the number of days the cylinder will last = = 24 days

481190

20000

OR
i. General electronic configuration of elements having five electrons in the outer subshell is ns2 np5.
This configuration belongs to halogen family, i.e. F, Cl, Br, I, At.
ii. Elements of second group are known as alkaline earth metals (Mg, Cs, Sr, Ba, etc.). Their general
electronic configuration for valence shell is ns2. These elements can form dipositive cations by the
loss of two electrons easily.
iii. 16th group elements such as O, S, Se etc., have a tendency to accept two electrons because by the
gain of two electrons they attain noble gas configuration.
iv. Group 1 or 17 of the periodic table contains metal, non-metal, that are liquid as well as gas at the
room temperature, e.g. H is a non-metal and present in gaseous state (H2). All other elements of this
group are metals. Cs is a liquid metal. Similarly, Br2 is a liquid non-metal. Iodine can form I+ so it has
metallic properties also
33. i. 2H2(g )+ CO(g) ⇌ CH3OH(g)
According to Le-Chatelier’s principle,
a. addition of H2 (increase in concentration of reactants) shifts the equilibrium in forward direction
(more product is formed).
b. addition of CH3OH (increase in concentration of product) shifts the equilibrium in backward
direction.
c. removal of CO also shifts the equilibrium in backward direction.
d. removal of CH3OH shifts the equilibrium in forward direction.

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ii. When catalyst is added, the state of equilibrium is not disturbed but equilibrium is attained quickly.
This is because the catalyst increases the rate of forward and backward reaction to the same extent.
OR
The following steps are processed to write the desired balanced ionic equation,
The skeletal equation is,
Mn3+ (aq) ⟶ Mn2+ (aq) + MnO2 + H+ (aq)
Identify the oxidation and reduction of half equations from the skeletal equation
Oxidation half-equation:
3+ +4
3+
Mn (aq) → Mn O (s)
2
Balancing half equations in the following steps,
i. balance O.N. by adding electrons at the suitable side ( ie. RHS )
Mn
3+
(aq) → MnO2 (s) + e-
ii. Balance charge by adding 4H+ ions on RHS,
3+
Mn(aq) ⟶ MnO2(s) + 4H+(aq) + e-
iii. Balance O atoms by adding 2H2O on a side opposite to that of H+ ion :
3+
Mn(aq) + 2H2O(l) ⟶ MnO2(s) + 4H+(aq) + e- (i)
Reduction half equation:
3+ +2
3+ 2+
Mn (aq) → M n
Balance O.N. by adding electrons on the suitable side ([Link])
Mn3+ (aq) + e- ⟶ Mn2+ (aq) (ii)
Adding Eq. (i) and Eq. (ii), the balanced equation for the ionic reaction is obtained as under ,
2Mn3+ (aq) + 2H2O(l) ⟶ MnO2(s) + Mn2+ (aq) + 4H+(aq)

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