2D Shearing : It is an ideal technique to change the shape of an existing object

in a two dimensional plane.

In a two dimensional plane, the object size can be changed along X direction as well
as Y direction. So, there are two versions of shearing-
Consider a point object O has to be sheared in a 2D plane.
● Initial coordinates of the object O = (Xold, Yold)
● Shearing parameter towards X direction = Shx
● Shearing parameter towards Y direction = ShY
● New coordinates of the object O after shearing = (Xnew, Ynew)

Shearing in X Axis-
Shearing in X axis is achieved by using the following shearing equations-
● Xnew = Xold + Shx x Yold
● Ynew = Yold
In Matrix form, the above shearing equations may be represented as-
Shearing in Y Axis- Shearing in Y axis is achieved by using the following shearing
equations-

● Xnew = Xold
● Ynew = Yold + Shy x Xold

In Matrix form, the above shearing equations may be represented as-

Problem-01:Given a triangle with points (1, 1), (0, 0) and (1, 0). Apply shear parameter 2
on X axis and 2 on Y axis and find out the new coordinates of the object.
Solution- Given-
● Old corner coordinates of the triangle = A (1, 1), B(0, 0), C(1, 0)
● Shearing parameter towards X direction (Shx) = 2
● Shearing parameter towards Y direction (Shy) = 2
Shearing in X Axis-
For Coordinates A(1, 1) Let the new coordinates of corner A after shearing = (Xnew,
Ynew). Applying the shearing equations, we have-
● Xnew = Xold + Shx x Yold = 1 + 2 x 1 = 3
● Ynew = Yold = 1

Thus, New coordinates of corner A after shearing = (3, 1).

For Coordinates B(0, 0) Let the new coordinates of corner B after shearing = (Xnew,
Ynew). Applying the shearing equations, we have-
● Xnew = Xold + Shx x Yold = 0 + 2 x 0 = 0
● Ynew = Yold = 0

Thus, New coordinates of corner B after shearing = (0, 0).

For Coordinates C(1, 0) Let the new coordinates of corner C after shearing = (Xnew, Ynew).
Applying the shearing equations, we have-
● Xnew = Xold + Shx x Yold = 1 + 2 x 0 = 1
● Ynew = Yold = 0
Thus, New coordinates of corner C after shearing = (1, 0).
Thus, New coordinates of the triangle after shearing in X axis = A (3, 1), B(0, 0),
C(1, 0).
Shearing in Y Axis- For Coordinates A(1, 1)
Let the new coordinates of corner A after shearing = (Xnew, Ynew). Applying the shearing
equations, we have-
● Xnew = Xold = 1
● Ynew = Yold + Shy x Xold = 1 + 2 x 1 = 3

Thus, New coordinates of corner A after shearing = (1, 3).

For Coordinates B(0, 0)
Let the new coordinates of corner B after shearing = (Xnew, Ynew).
Applying the shearing equations, we have-
● Xnew = Xold = 0
● Ynew = Yold + Shy x Xold = 0 + 2 x 0 = 0

Thus, New coordinates of corner B after shearing = (0, 0).

For Coordinates C(1, 0) Let the new coordinates of corner C after shearing = (Xnew, Ynew).
Applying the shearing equations, we have-
● Xnew = Xold = 1
● Ynew = Yold + Shy x Xold = 0 + 2 x 1 = 2

Thus, New coordinates of corner C after shearing = (1, 2).

Thus, New coordinates of the triangle after shearing in Y axis = A (1, 3), B(0, 0), C(1, 2).

2
3D Transformation in Computer Graphics-

● 3D Transformations take place in a three dimensional plane.

● 3D Transformations are important and a bit more complex than 2D
Transformations.
● Transformations are helpful in changing the position, size, orientation, shape etc of
the object.
3D Translation - It is a process of moving an object from one position to another in a
three dimensional plane. Consider a point object O has to be moved from one position
to another in a 3D plane. Let-
-Initial coordinates of the object O = (Xold, Yold, Zold)
-New coordinates of the object O
after translation = (Xnew, Ynew, Zold)
Given a Translation vector (Tx, Ty, Tz)-
-Translation
-Tx defines the distance the Xold
coordinate has to be moved.

-TY defines the distance the Yold

coordinate has to be moved.

-Tz defines the distance the Zold

coordinate has to be moved.
This translation is achieved by adding the translation coordinates to the old coordinates
of the object as-
● Xnew = Xold + Tx (This denotes translation towards X axis)
● Ynew = Yold + TY (This denotes translation towards Y axis)
● Znew = Zold + Tz (This denotes translation towards Z axis)

In Matrix form, the above translation equations may be represented as-

Problem- Given a 3D object with coordinate points A(0, 3, 1), B(3, 3, 2), C(3, 0, 0),
D(0, 0, 0). Apply the translation with the distance 1 towards X axis, 1 towards Y axis
and 2 towards Z axis and obtain the new coordinates of the object.
Solution- Given-
● Old coordinates of the object = A (0, 3, 1), B(3, 3, 2), C(3, 0, 0), D(0, 0, 0)
● Translation vector = (Tx, Ty, Tz) = (1, 1, 2)

For Coordinates A(0, 3, 1) Let the new coordinates of A = (Xnew, Ynew, Znew).
Applying the translation equations, we have-
● Xnew = Xold + Tx = 0 + 1 = 1
● Ynew = Yold + Ty = 3 + 1 = 4
● Znew = Zold + Tz = 1 + 2 = 3

Thus, New coordinates of A = (1, 4, 3)

For Coordinates B(3, 3, 2) For Coordinates C(3, 0, 0)
Let the new coordinates of B = (Xnew, Let the new coordinates of C = (Xnew,
Ynew, Znew). Ynew, Znew).
Applying the translation equations, we
have-
Applying the translation equations, we
have- ● Xnew = Xold + Tx = 3 + 1 = 4
● Ynew = Yold + Ty = 0 + 1 = 1
● Xnew = Xold + Tx = 3 + 1 = 4
● Ynew = Yold + Ty = 3 + 1 = 4 ● Znew = Zold + Tz = 0 + 2 = 2
● Znew = Zold + Tz = 2 + 2 = 4 Thus, New coordinates of C = (4, 1, 2).

Thus, New coordinates of B = (4, 4, 4).

For Coordinates D(0, 0, 0)
Let the new coordinates of D = (Xnew, Ynew, Znew).
Applying the translation equations, we have-
● Xnew = Xold + Tx = 0 + 1 = 1
● Ynew = Yold + Ty = 0 + 1 = 1
● Znew = Zold + Tz = 0 + 2 = 2

Thus, New coordinates of D = (1, 1, 2)

Thus, New coordinates of the object = A (1, 4, 3), B(4, 4, 4), C(4, 1, 2), D(1, 1, 2)
3D Scaling
In computer graphics, scaling is a process of modifying or altering the size of objects.

● Scaling may be used to increase or reduce the size of object.

● Scaling subjects the coordinate points of the original object to change.
● Scaling factor determines whether the object size is to be increased or reduced.
● If scaling factor > 1, then the object size is increased.
● If scaling factor < 1, then the object size is reduced.

Consider a point object O has to be scaled in a 3D plane. Let-

● Initial coordinates of the object O = (Xold, Yold,Zold)
● Scaling factor for X-axis = Sx
● Scaling factor for Y-axis = SY
● Scaling factor for Z-axis = Sz
● New coordinates of the object O after scaling = (Xnew, Ynew, Znew)
This scaling is achieved by using the following scaling equations-
● Xnew = Xold x Sx
● Ynew = Yold x SY
● Znew = Zold x Sz

In Matrix form, the above scaling equations may be represented as-

Problem-01: Given a 3D object with coordinate points A(0, 3, 3), B(3, 3, 6), C(3, 0, 1), D(0,
0, 0). Apply the scaling parameter 2 towards X axis, 3 towards Y axis and 3 towards Z axis
and obtain the new coordinates of the object.
Solution- Given-
● Old coordinates of the object = A (0, 3, 3), B(3, 3, 6), C(3, 0, 1), D(0, 0, 0)
● Scaling factor along X axis = 2
● Scaling factor along Y axis = 3
● Scaling factor along Z axis = 3

For Coordinates A(0, 3, 3) Let the new coordinates of A after scaling = (Xnew, Ynew, Znew).
Applying the scaling equations, we have-
● Xnew = Xold x Sx = 0 x 2 = 0
● Ynew = Yold x SY = 3 x 3 = 9
● Znew = Zold x Sz = 3 x 3 = 9

Thus, New coordinates of corner A after scaling = (0, 9, 9).

For Coordinates B(3, 3, 6) Let the new coordinates of B after scaling = (Xnew, Ynew, Znew).
Applying the scaling equations, we have-
● Xnew = Xold x Sx = 3 x 2 = 6
● Ynew = Yold x SY = 3 x 3 = 9
● Znew = Zold x Sz = 6 x 3 = 18

Thus, New coordinates of corner B after scaling = (6, 9, 18).

For Coordinates C(3, 0, 1) Let the new coordinates of C after scaling = (Xnew, Ynew, Znew).
Applying the scaling equations, we have-
● Xnew = Xold x Sx = 3 x 2 = 6
● Ynew = Yold x SY = 0 x 3 = 0
● Znew = Zold x Sz = 1 x 3 = 3

Thus, New coordinates of corner C after scaling = (6, 0, 3).

For Coordinates D(0, 0, 0)
Let the new coordinates of D after scaling = (Xnew, Ynew, Znew).
Applying the scaling equations, we have-
● Xnew = Xold x Sx = 0 x 2 = 0
● Ynew = Yold x SY = 0 x 3 = 0
● Znew = Zold x Sz = 0 x 3 = 0

Thus, New coordinates of corner D after scaling = (0, 0, 0).

3D Rotation : It is a process of rotating an object with respect to an angle in a three
dimensional plane.
Consider a point object O has to be rotated from one angle to another in a 3D plane.
Let-

● Initial coordinates of the object O = (Xold, Yold, Zold)

● Initial angle of the object O with respect to origin = Φ
● Rotation angle = θ
● New coordinates of the object O after rotation = (Xnew, Ynew, Znew)

In 3 dimensions, there are 3 possible types of rotation-

● X-axis Rotation
● Y-axis Rotation
● Z-axis Rotation
For X-Axis Rotation- This rotation is achieved by using the following rotation equations-
● Xnew = Xold
● Ynew = Yold x cosθ – Zold x sinθ
● Z new = Yold x sinθ + Zold x cosθ

In Matrix form, the above rotation equations may be represented as-

For Y-Axis Rotation- This rotation is achieved by using the following rotation equations-

● Xnew = Zold x sinθ + Xold x cosθ

● Ynew = Yold
● Znew = Yold x cosθ – Xold x sinθ

In Matrix form, the above rotation equations may be represented as-

For Z-Axis Rotation- This rotation is achieved by using the following rotation equations-

● Xnew = Xold x cosθ – Yold x sinθ

● Ynew = Xold x sinθ + Yold x cosθ
● Znew = Zold

In Matrix form, the above rotation equations may be represented as-

Problem-01: Given a point A(1, 2, 3). Apply rotation 90 degree towards X, Y and Z axis
and find out the new coordinate points.
Solution-Given-
● Old coordinates = (Xold, Yold, Zold) = (1, 2, 3)
● Rotation angle = θ = 90º

For X-Axis Rotation-

Let the new coordinates after rotation = (Xnew, Ynew, Znew).
Applying the rotation equations, we have-
● Xnew = Xold = 1
● Ynew = Yold x cosθ – Zold x sinθ = 2 x cos90° – 3 x sin90° = 2 x 0 – 3 x 1 = -3
● Znew = Yold x sinθ + Zold x cosθ = 2 x sin90° + 3 x cos90° = 2 x 1 + 3 x 0 = 2

Thus, New coordinates after rotation = (1, -3, 2).

For Y-Axis Rotation- Let the new coordinates after rotation = (Xnew, Ynew, Znew).
Applying the rotation equations, we have-
● Xnew = Zold x sinθ + Xold x cosθ = 3 x sin90° + 1 x cos90° = 3 x 1 + 1 x 0 = 3
● Ynew = Yold = 2
● Znew = Yold x cosθ – Xold x sinθ = 2 x cos90° – 1 x sin90° = 2 x 0 – 1 x 1 = -1

Thus, New coordinates after rotation = (3, 2, -1).

For Z-Axis Rotation-
Let the new coordinates after rotation = (Xnew, Ynew, Znew).
Applying the rotation equations, we have-
● Xnew = Xold x cosθ – Yold x sinθ = 1 x cos90° – 2 x sin90° = 1 x 0 – 2 x 1 = -2
● Ynew = Xold x sinθ + Yold x cosθ = 1 x sin90° + 2 x cos90° = 1 x 1 + 2 x 0 = 1
● Znew = Zold = 3
Thus, New coordinates after rotation = (-2, 1, 3).
3D Shearing : It is an ideal technique to change the shape of an existing object in a
three dimensional plane. In a three dimensional plane, the object size can be changed
along X direction, Y direction as well as Z direction.
So, there are three versions of shearing-
Consider a point object O has to be sheared in a 3D plane. Let-
● Initial coordinates of the object O = (Xold, Yold, Zold)
● Shearing parameter towards X direction = Shx
● Shearing parameter towards Y direction = ShY
● Shearing parameter towards Z direction = Shz
● New coordinates of the object O after shearing = (Xnew, Ynew, Znew)
Shearing in X Axis- Shearing in X axis is achieved by using the following shearing
equations-
● Xnew = Xold
● Ynew = Yold + ShY x Xold
● Znew = Zold + Shz x Xold

In Matrix form, the above shearing equations may be represented as-

Shearing in Y Axis- Shearing in Y axis is achieved by using the following shearing
equations-

● Xnew = Xold + Shx x Yold

● Ynew = Yold
● Znew = Zold + Shz x Yold

In Matrix form, the above shearing equations may be represented as-

Shearing in Z Axis- Shearing in Z axis is achieved by using the following shearing
equations-
● Xnew = Xold + Shx x Zold
● Ynew = Yold + Shy x Zold
● Znew = Zold

In Matrix form, the above shearing equations may be represented as-

Problem-01:
Given a 3D triangle with points A(0, 0, 0), B(1, 1, 2) and C(1, 1, 3). Apply shear
parameter 2 on X axis, 2 on Y axis and 3 on Z axis and find out the new coordinates of
the object.

Solution-
Given-
● Old corner coordinates of the triangle = A (0, 0, 0), B(1, 1, 2), C(1, 1, 3)
● Shearing parameter towards X direction (Shx) = 2
● Shearing parameter towards Y direction (ShY) = 2
● Shearing parameter towards Z direction (Shz) = 3
Shearing in X Axis-
For Coordinates A(0, 0, 0) For Coordinates B(1, 1, 2)

Let the new coordinates of corner A after Let the new coordinates of corner B after
shearing = (Xnew, Ynew, Znew). shearing = (Xnew, Ynew, Znew).

Applying the shearing equations, we have- Applying the shearing equations, we have-

● Xnew = Xold = 0 ● Xnew = Xold = 1

● Ynew = Yold + ShY x Xold = 0 + 2 x 0 = ● Ynew = Yold + ShY x Xold = 1 + 2 x 1 = 3
0 ● Znew = Zold + Shz x Xold = 2 + 3 x 1 = 5
● Znew = Zold + Shz x Xold = 0 + 3 x 0 = 0
Thus, New coordinates of corner B after
Thus, New coordinates of corner A after shearing = (1, 3, 5).
shearing = (0, 0, 0).
For Coordinates C(1, 1, 3)
Let the new coordinates of corner C after shearing = (Xnew, Ynew, Znew).
Applying the shearing equations, we have-
● Xnew = Xold = 1
● Ynew = Yold + ShY x Xold = 1 + 2 x 1 = 3
● Znew = Zold + Shz x Xold = 3 + 3 x 1 = 6

Thus, New coordinates of corner C after shearing = (1, 3, 6).

Thus, New coordinates of the triangle after shearing in X axis = A (0, 0, 0), B(1, 3, 5),
C(1, 3, 6).
Shearing in Y Axis-
For Coordinates A(0, 0, 0) For Coordinates B(1, 1, 2)
Let the new coordinates of corner A after Let the new coordinates of corner B after
shearing = (Xnew, Ynew, Znew). shearing = (Xnew, Ynew, Znew).
Applying the shearing equations, we have- Applying the shearing equations, we have-
● Xnew = Xold + Shx x Yold = 0 + 2 x 0 = 0 ● Xnew = Xold + Shx x Yold = 1 + 2 x 1 = 3
● Ynew = Yold = 0 ● Ynew = Yold = 1
● Znew = Zold + Shz x Yold = 0 + 3 x 0 = 0 ● Znew = Zold + Shz x Yold = 2 + 3 x 1 = 5

Thus, New coordinates of corner A after Thus, New coordinates of corner B after
shearing = (0, 0, 0). shearing = (3, 1, 5).
For Coordinates C(1, 1, 3)
Let the new coordinates of corner C after shearing = (Xnew, Ynew, Znew).
Applying the shearing equations, we have-
● Xnew = Xold + Shx x Yold = 1 + 2 x 1 = 3
● Ynew = Yold = 1
● Znew = Zold + Shz x Yold = 3 + 3 x 1 = 6

Thus, New coordinates of corner C after shearing = (3, 1, 6).

Thus, New coordinates of the triangle after shearing in Y axis = A (0, 0, 0), B(3, 1, 5),
C(3, 1, 6).
Shearing in Z Axis-
For Coordinates A(0, 0, 0)
For Coordinates B(1, 1, 2)
Let the new coordinates of corner A after
Let the new coordinates of corner B after
shearing = (Xnew, Ynew, Znew).
shearing = (Xnew, Ynew, Znew).
Applying the shearing equations, we
Applying the shearing equations, we
have-
have-
● Xnew = Xold + Shx x Zold = 0 + 2 x 0 =
● Xnew = Xold + Shx x Zold = 1 + 2 x 2 =
0
5
● Ynew = Yold + Shy x Zold = 0 + 2 x 0 =
● Ynew = Yold + Shy x Zold = 1 + 2 x 2 =
0
5
● Znew = Zold = 0
● Znew = Zold = 2
Thus, New coordinates of corner A after
Thus, New coordinates of corner B after
shearing = (0, 0, 0).
shearing = (5, 5, 2).
For Coordinates C(1, 1, 3)
Let the new coordinates of corner C after shearing = (Xnew, Ynew, Znew).
Applying the shearing equations, we have-
● Xnew = Xold + Shx x Zold = 1 + 2 x 3 = 7
● Ynew = Yold + Shy x Zold = 1 + 2 x 3 = 7
● Znew = Zold = 3

Thus, New coordinates of corner C after shearing = (7, 7, 3).

Thus,New coordinates of the triangle after shearing in Z axis = A (0, 0, 0), B(5, 5, 2),
C(7, 7, 3).
Thanks!!