Wire Knowledge

W-1
 Stranding Comparison

W-2
Conductor Coatings/Coverings

PURPOSE

• To facilitate stripping of components applied over

the conductor
• To prevent compound fall-in
• Improve solderability
• Prevent Incompatibility Issues
• Provide electrostatic shielding for overlying
insulation

TYPES

• Electroplate or Hot Dip Tin Alloy Metallic Coating

• Mylar (Opaque), Polyester or Paper Tape
• Extruded Semi-conducting Polymer Shield for MV
Designs

W-3
 Insulation Types

Thermoplastic

Definition: A classification for a solid insulation material

that can be softened and made to flow by heating,
extruded onto wire and quenched in cool water to make
solid again. It can readily be softened and re-softened by
repeated heating, but remains in a safely usable solid
form when operated within its rated temperature limits.

Normal
Types Temperature Rating
ƒ High Molecular Weight Polyethylene HMPE 75o
ƒ PolyVinyl Chloride (PVC) 60o, 75o, 90oC
ƒ Polypropylene 80o
ƒ Tefzel 150o
ƒ Teflon 150o or 200oC

W-4
 Insulation Types

Thermoset

Definition: A classification for an insulation that is

extruded onto wire and then, when subject to heat and
pressure, undergoes a chemical change known as
vulcanization, cross-linking or curing. The process fixes
(sets) the physical properties of the material so that if it is
again exposed to heat, the material will not melt, flow or
drip.

Normal
Types Temperature Rating
ƒ XLPE 90oC
ƒ XLPO (LSZH) 90oC
ƒ FR-EP 90oC
ƒ Silicone Rubber 125oC
ƒ Hypalon (Chlorosulfonated Polyethylene) 90oC

W-5
 Insulation Types

Thermoset (Cont.)

The preceding insulations are typically those used for low

voltage applications (2000V or less). Listed below are
insulations that are currently used in medium voltage
(2001V and above) applications and high Integrity, low
voltage cable designs.

Normal
Types Temperature Rating
ƒ Cross-linked Polyethylene (XLPE) 105°C
ƒ Ethylene-Propylene-Rubber (EPR) 105°C
ƒ Ethylene Propylene Polymer (EPM) 105°C
ƒ Ethylene Propylene Diene Polymer (EPDM 105°C
ƒ Ethylene Alkene Co-Polymer (EAM) 105°C

W-6
 Insulation Types

Thermoset (Cont.)

Thermoset insulations normally include a chemical

catalyst additive such as sulfur or peroxide that provides
the means for cross-linking of the material on the
molecular level. Heat kicks off the cross-linking process
and pressure is required to prevent bubbles/voids from
forming due to out-gassing that occurs during the process.
Following are processes typically used to make a material
thermoset:

x Pressurized high temperature steam or Nitrogen

cure (CV-Continuous Vulcanization)
x Lead or polymer mold - steam autoclave cure
x Moisture catalyst cure/cross-linking
x High energy electron beam cross-linking

W-7
 Jackets

PURPOSE

• To protect the underlying cable core from mechanical,

moisture and chemical damage during the installation
and service life of the cable
• Enhance flame resistance
• Improve sunlight and electrical surface tracking
resistance
• Facilitate installation
• Provide means for cable identification and grouping

W-8
 Types of Jackets

Thermoplastic

ƒ Polyvinyl Chloride PVC

ƒ Polyethylene PE
ƒ Nylon (Polyamide)
ƒ Chlorinated Polyethylene CPE
ƒ Thermoplastic Polyolefin TPO

Thermoset

ƒ Neoprene (Polychloroprene) CR
ƒ Hypalon (Chlorosulfonated Polyethylene) CSPE, CP
ƒ Nitrile / PVC (Blend of Nitrile Rubber & PVC) NBR/PVC
ƒ Chlorinated Polyethylene CPE
ƒ Cross-linked Polyolefin XLPO

W-9
 Single Conductor 600 Volt Cables

THW THHN / THWN XLP-XHHW EPR HYPALON

Supply Problem Stock Stock Stock

Lowest Cost Low Cost-Circuit Sizes Low Cost-Large Sizes Highest Cost

75oC 90oC / 75oC 90oC 90oC / 75oC

Colors Colors Colors Black Only

Larger OD Small OD Small OD Larger OD

Fair Electricals Fair Electricals Good Electricals Good Electricals

Good Moisture Res. Good Moisture Res. Excellent Moisture Res. Excellent Moisture Res.

Pulls Easy Pulls Easy Pulls Easy Pulls Harder

Good Flame Res. Good Flame Res. Poor Flame Res. Good Flame Res.

Good Oil Res. Good Oil Res. Poor Oil Res. Good Oil Res.

Good Chemical Good Chemical Good Chemical Good Chemical

Poor Low Temp. -10oC(+14o) Poor Low Tep. -10oC (+14o) Excellent Low Temp. Good Low Temp.

W-10
 Single Conductor Assemblies
Tray Cable & Interlocked Armor

WHY USED:

• Lower installed cost system compared to pipe & wire

• Complete system installed at one time
• Accidental installation damage easily found and repaired when
installed in tray
• Easier/cheaper to accommodate future changes in branch
circuits/taps when installed in tray
• Same cable can be used in wide variety of installations – tray,
duct, conduit, aerial or direct buried
• Jacket on UL Type TC (Tray Cable) and Armored (UL Type
MC) provides mechanical, moisture and chemical protection
during installation
• Greatly enhanced flame retardant system

W-11
Tray Cable & Interlocked Armor

Comparison

TRAY CABLE INTERLOCKED CABLE

Lighter More Rugged
Easier To Install Better Flame
Lower Cost

Color Coding / Phase Identification

ƒ Color Coding Methods (8 total)

o Method 1 – Full Colored Phase Conductors
o Method 2 – Printed Numbers & Color (1-Black)
o Method 4 – Black Phase Conductors With Printed Numbers (1-One)
ƒ NEC Requirements
ƒ ICEA Standard Color Coding Tables (7 total)
ƒ Table E-2 for NEC Applications (ICEA S-73-532)

W-12
 Tray Cable & Interlocked Armor

WHERE USED:

• In Industrial Establishments
• In Process Industries:
– Petrochemical
– Pulp & Paper
– Chemical Plants
– Automotive
– Steel Mills
– Cogeneration
– Waste Water Treatment
• On Cable Tray Support Systems
• Some Usage In:
– Conduit
– Direct Burial
– Underground Duct
– Aerial – Messenger Supported

W-13
 Medium Voltage Cable
2001 Volt Through 35kV

MEDIUM VOLTAGE CABLE: Cables having a voltage rating of 2001

volts and higher

CONSTRUCTION COMPARISON: BASIC CABLE

600V MV
Conductor Conductor
Insulation Conductor Shield
Jacket (optional) Insulation
Insulation Shield (5kV-35kV)
Jacket

DEFINITION OF SHIELDING:

Shielding of an electric power cable is the practice of confining the electric field
of the cable within the insulation surrounding the conductor. It is accomplished
by means of semiconducting conductor shield and, semiconducting insulation
shield that is in combination with an overlying metallic shield

W-14
 Medium Voltage Cable
Conductor (Strand) Shield

PURPOSE

• To prelude excessive voltage stress on voids between conductor and

insulation and eliminate voltage stress enhancing protrusions/
dimensional irregularities to provide a smooth electrode

TYPE

• Extruded semi-conducting material compatible with the insulation and

the conductor and shall have allowable operating temperatures equal to
or higher than those of the insulation

BASIC
REQUIREMENTS

• Firmly bonded to the overlying insulation

• Easily removable from the conductor
• Chemically, physically and thermally compatible with conductor and
insulation

W-15
 Medium Voltage Cable

Conductor (Strand) Shielding

• The semi-conductive layer between conductor and insulation which

compensates for air voids that exist between conductor and insulation.
• Air is a poor insulator, having a nominal dielectric strength of only 55
volts per mil, while most cable insulations have dielectric strengths over
700 volts/mil. Without strand shielding an electrical potential exists that
will over-stress these air voids.
• As air breaks down or ionizes, it goes into corona (partial discharges).
This forms ozone which chemically deteriorates cable insulations. The
semi-conductive strand shielding eliminates this potential by simply
“shorting out” the air.
• Modern cables are generally constructed with an extruded strand shield.

Corona
Strand
Discharges
Shielding
Conductor

Insulation

W-16
 Medium Voltage Cable

Insulation Types

• Cross-linked Polyethylene
(XLP)
– Unfilled vs. Mineral Filled
– Tree Retardant (TRXLPE)
• Ethylene – propylene –
rubber (EPR)
– EPDM, EPM and EAM
• XLP or EPR
– Both are excellent solid
dielectric
– 105oC rated for XLP
– 105oC rated for EPR

XLP EPR

ƒ Lower Cost ƒ More Flexible – Easier to Install

ƒ Better Electricals ƒ Better Water Treeing Resistance

(Electric Utility Application)

ƒ Mechanically Tougher ƒ Better Flame Resistance

ƒ Increased Thermal Stability

W-17
 Medium Voltage Cable

INSULATION

Insulation Level

100% = GROUND FAULT CLEARING TIME <= 1 MIN.

133% = GROUND FAULT CLEARING TIME <= 1 HR.

173% = GROUND FAULT CLEARING TIME INDEFINITE

W-18
 Medium Voltage Cable

INSULATION

Cable Insulation Thickness Comparison Chart

Industry 5kV- 5kV- 8kV- 15kV- 15kV- 25kV- 25kV- 35kV-

Standard 100% 133% 100% 100% 133% 100% 133% 100%
UL MV-105, .090” .090” .115” .175” .220” .260” .345” .345
ICEA S-93-639
AEIC CS8 ICEA .090” .115” .115” .175” .220” .260” .345” .345
S-97-682

W-19
 Medium Voltage Cable

INSULATION SHIELD (NON-METALLIC)

PURPOSE

• To confine the electric field within the cable insulation

• To obtain symmetrical radial distribution of voltage stress
within the solid dielectric (insulation)
• To reduce hazard of shock to personnel
• To eliminate damaging effects of varying electrical
conductivity of installation environment
• To transfer cable insulation charging current to the metallic
shield

W-20
 Medium Voltage Cable

INSULATION SHIELD (METALLIC)

PURPOSE

• To safely carry the cable charging current off to a solid

ground point
• To provide a substantial barrier for an increase in flame
retardancy of the cable core
• To protect the cable core from mechanical damage,
including rodent/termite attack (Bronze tape)
• To assist in carrying fault current (Not primary function and
capability will depend on cross section/size of the metallic
shield)

W-21
 Medium Voltage Cable

INSULATION SHIELD (METALLIC)

TYPES

• Corrugated longitudinally applied copper wires

• Helically applied copper wires (drain wire/concentric neutral)
• Helically applied and overlapped copper tape
• Lateral serve, corrugated copper tape

W-22
 Medium Voltage Cable

JACKETS

Thermoplastic

ƒ Polyvinyl Chloride PVC

ƒ Linear Low Density Polyethylene LLDPE
ƒ Chlorinated Polyethylene CPE
ƒ Semiconducting Chlorinated Polyethylene CPE
ƒ Thermoplastic Polyolefin TPO

W-23
 Medium Voltage Cable

SHIELDED VS. NON-SHIELDED

Shielded Cable Non-Shielded Cable

• Most reliable, long-lived cable • Less costly than shielded cable

design • May be susceptible to surface
• Provides uniform stress discharges in wet,
distribution eliminating contaminated areas
possibility of surface tracking • No termination kits required –
and discharges lower cost installation
• Termination kits required • Shock hazard to personnel
• Reduces shock hazard to does exist
personnel • Convenient for terminating in
• Protection provided for cables motor terminal boxes where
connected to overhead lines or there is no room for stress
otherwise subject to induced cones on shielded cables
potentials • NOTE: NON-SHIELDED
AVAILABLE IN ONLY 2.4kV,
MAX

W-24
 XLP

EPR

Ratings:
TR-XLP
INSULATION

5
3

3
Thermal Stability

2 = Fair
1 = Poor
3 = Good
4
5

5
Moisture Resistance

4 = Excellent
5 = Exceptional
3
4

4
Ruggedness

3
1

1
Flexibility

4
3

3
Splicability

2
2

2
Oil Resistance

4
3

3
Chemical Res.

3
1

1
Flame Res.

3
2

2
Smoke Environment

4
4

4
Acid Gas Generation

3
5

4
Dissipation Factor

4
5

5
SIC

3
4
4 Dielectric Strength

4
5
5
Impulse Strength

5
4
4

Corona Resistance

5
4
4

3 Electrical Stability H20

4
5

Dielectric Losses
Medium Voltage Cable

W-25
INSULATION COMPOUND COMPARISONS

2
3
4

Cost
 Medium Voltage Cable

JACKET COMPOUND COMPARISONS

Low Temp. Properties

Smoke Emission Char

Chemical Resistance
Moisture Resistance

Sunlight Resistance
Physical Toughness

Acid Gas Emission

Flame Resistance
Heat Resistance

Oil Resistance

Coef Friction
Flexibility

Cost
JACKET
MATERIAL
PVC 3 2 3 3 3 3 4 2 3 2 1 3 5

LT-PVC 3 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 3 2 2 3 4

PE 3 1 2 5 1 4 4 4 4 1 5 5 5

CPE 4 4 1 3 4 4 4 3 3 3 2 5 3

HYP 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 2 2 2 2

POLYO 4 4 1 3 4 4 4 3 4 5 5 4 1

Ratings: 5 = Exceptional
4 = Excellent
3 = Good
2 = Fair
1 = Poor

W-26
All Products Flame Tests

• UL Horizontal Flame Test

• UL Vertical Flame Test
• VW-1 Vertical Wire Flame Test
• IEEE-383 & UL 70,000 BTU/HR Ribbon Burner
Flame Test
– UL-TC, For CT Use
– UL-LS
• ICEA T-29-520 210,000 BTU/HR Ribbon
Burner Flame Test
• IEEE-1202
• FT-4

W-27
 Codes & Standards

ƒ NEC National Electrical Code

ƒ UL Underwriters Laboratories

ƒ CSA Canadian Standards Association

ƒ ICEA Insulated Cable Engineers Association

ƒ NEMA National Electrical Manufacturers Association

ƒ AEIC Association of Edison Illuminating Co’s.

ƒ ASTM American Society for Testing & Materials

ƒ IEEE Institute of Electrical & Electronic Engineers

W-28