Given two positive integers N and S, the task is to count the number of unique outcomes possible when S flip operations are performed on N coins.
Examples:
Input: N = 3, S = 4
Output: 3
Explanation: Considering the initial configuration of coins to be "HHH", then the possible combinations of 4 flips are:
- Flipping the 1st and 2nd coins once and the third coin twice modifies the configuration to "TTH".
- Flipping the 1st and 3rd coins once and the 2nd coin twice modifies the configuration to "THT".
- Flipping the 2nd and 3rd coins once and the 1st coin twice modifies the configuration to "HTT".
The above three combinations are unique. Therefore, the total count is 3.
Input: N = 3, S = 6
Output: 4
Naive Approach: The given problem can be solved by using recursion whose recursive state is defined as:
- Consider F(N, S) represents the number of unique outcomes when N coins are tossed with the total number of flips equals to S.
- Then F(N, S) can also be expressed as the sum of all combinations with 1 flip or 2 flips i.e.,
F(N, S) = F(N - 1, S - 1) + F(N - 1, S - 2)
- The base case for this recurrence relation is F(K, K) whose value is 1 for all (K > 1).
- Below is the table that shows the distribution of F(N, S) = F(N - 1, S - 1) + F(N - 1, S - 2), where F(K, K) = 1.
Follow the below steps to solve the problem:
- Declare a function, say numberOfUniqueOutcomes(N, S) that takes the number of coins and flips allowed as the parameters respectively and perform the following steps:
- If the value of S is less than N, then return 0 from the function.
- If the value of N is S or 1, then return 1 from the function as this is one of the unique combinations.
- Recursively return summation of the two recursive states as:
return numberOfUniqueOutcomes(N - 1, S - 1) + numberOfUniqueOutcomes(N - 1, S - 2)
- After completing the above steps, print the value returned by the function numberOfUniqueOutcomes(N, S) as the resultant number of outcomes.
Below is the implementation of the above approach:
// C++ program for the above approach
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
// Function to recursively count the
// number of unique outcomes possible
// S flips are performed on N coins
int numberOfUniqueOutcomes(int N, int S)
{
// Base Cases
if (S < N)
return 0;
if (N == 1 || N == S)
return 1;
// Recursive Calls
return (numberOfUniqueOutcomes(N - 1, S - 1)
+ numberOfUniqueOutcomes(N - 1, S - 2));
}
// Driver Code
int main()
{
int N = 3, S = 4;
cout << numberOfUniqueOutcomes(N, S);
return 0;
}
// Java program for the above approach
import java.io.*;
class GFG
{
// Function to recursively count the
// number of unique outcomes possible
// S flips are performed on N coins
static int numberOfUniqueOutcomes(int N, int S)
{
// Base Cases
if (S < N)
return 0;
if (N == 1 || N == S)
return 1;
// Recursive Calls
return (numberOfUniqueOutcomes(N - 1, S - 1)
+ numberOfUniqueOutcomes(N - 1, S - 2));
}
// Driver Code
public static void main (String[] args)
{
int N = 3, S = 4;
System.out.println(numberOfUniqueOutcomes(N, S));
}
}
// This code is contributed by avanitrachhadiya2155
# Python3 program for the above approach
# Function to recursively count the
# number of unique outcomes possible
# S flips are performed on N coins
def numberOfUniqueOutcomes(N, S):
# Base Cases
if (S < N):
return 0
if (N == 1 or N == S):
return 1
# Recursive Calls
return (numberOfUniqueOutcomes(N - 1, S - 1) +
numberOfUniqueOutcomes(N - 1, S - 2))
# Driver Code
if __name__ == '__main__':
N, S = 3, 4
print (numberOfUniqueOutcomes(N, S))
# This code is contributed by mohit kumar 29
// C# program for the above approach
using System;
class GFG{
// Function to recursively count the
// number of unique outcomes possible
// S flips are performed on N coins
static int numberOfUniqueOutcomes(int N, int S)
{
// Base Cases
if (S < N)
return 0;
if (N == 1 || N == S)
return 1;
// Recursive Calls
return (numberOfUniqueOutcomes(N - 1, S - 1) +
numberOfUniqueOutcomes(N - 1, S - 2));
}
// Driver Code
static public void Main()
{
int N = 3, S = 4;
Console.WriteLine(numberOfUniqueOutcomes(N, S));
}
}
// This code is contributed by sanjoy_62
<script>
// Javascript program for the above approach
// Function to recursively count the
// number of unique outcomes possible
// S flips are performed on N coins
function numberOfUniqueOutcomes(N, S) {
// Base Cases
if (S < N)
return 0;
if (N == 1 || N == S)
return 1;
// Recursive Calls
return (numberOfUniqueOutcomes(N - 1, S - 1)
+ numberOfUniqueOutcomes(N - 1, S - 2));
}
// Driver Code
let N = 3, S = 4;
document.write(numberOfUniqueOutcomes(N, S))
// This code is contributed by Hritik
</script>
Output:
3
Time Complexity: O(2N)
Auxiliary Space: O(N)
Efficient Approach: The above approach can also be optimized by storing the recursive states as it contains overlapping subproblems. Therefore, the idea is to use memoization to store the repeated states. Follow the steps below to solve the problem:
- Initialize a 2D array, say dp[][] of dimensions N*M such that dp[i][j] stores the number of possible outcomes using i coins and j number of flips.
- Declare a function, say numberOfUniqueOutcomes(N, S), that takes the number of coins and flips allowed as the parameters respectively and perform the following steps:
- If the value of S is less than N, then update the value of dp[N][S] as 0 and return this value from the function.
- If the value of N is S or 1, then update the value of dp[N][S] as 1 and return this value from the function as this is one of the unique combinations.
- If the value of dp[N][S] is already calculated, then return the value dp[N][S] from the function.
- Recursively update the value of dp[N][S] summation of the two recursive states as shown below and return this value from the function.
dp[N][S] = numberOfUniqueOutcomes(N - 1, S - 1) + numberOfUniqueOutcomes(N - 1, S - 2)
- After completing the above steps, print the value returned by the function numberOfUniqueOutcomes(N, S) as the resultant number of outcomes.
Below is the implementation of the above approach:
// C++ program for the above approach
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
// Dimensions of the DP table
#define size 1001
// Stores the dp states
int ans[size][size] = { 0 };
// Function to recursively count the
// number of unique outcomes possible
// by performing S flips on N coins
int numberOfUniqueOutcomes(int n, int s)
{
// Base Case
if (s < n)
ans[n][s] = 0;
else if (n == 1 || n == s)
ans[n][s] = 1;
// If the count for the current
// state is not calculated, then
// calculate it recursively
else if (!ans[n][s]) {
ans[n][s] = numberOfUniqueOutcomes(n - 1,
s - 1)
+ numberOfUniqueOutcomes(n - 1,
s - 2);
}
// Otherwise return the
// already calculated value
return ans[n][s];
}
// Driver Code
int main()
{
int N = 5, S = 8;
cout << numberOfUniqueOutcomes(N, S);
return 0;
}
// Java program for the above approach
import java.util.*;
class GFG{
// Dimensions of the DP table
static int size = 100;
static int [][]ans = new int[size][size];
static void initialize()
{
// Stores the dp states
for(int i = 0; i < size; i++)
{
for(int j = 0; j < size; j++)
{
ans[i][j] = 0;
}
}
}
// Function to recursively count the
// number of unique outcomes possible
// by performing S flips on N coins
static int numberOfUniqueOutcomes(int n, int s)
{
// Base Case
if (s < n)
ans[n][s] = 0;
else if (n == 1 || n == s)
ans[n][s] = 1;
// If the count for the current
// state is not calculated, then
// calculate it recursively
else if (ans[n][s] == 0) {
ans[n][s] = numberOfUniqueOutcomes(n - 1,
s - 1)
+ numberOfUniqueOutcomes(n - 1,
s - 2);
}
// Otherwise return the
// already calculated value
return ans[n][s];
}
// Driver Code
public static void main(String args[])
{
initialize();
int N = 5, S = 8;
System.out.println(numberOfUniqueOutcomes(N, S));
}
}
// This code is contributed by SURENDRA_GANGWAR.
# Python3 program for the above approach
# Dimensions of the DP table
size = 100
# Stores the dp states
ans = [[0 for i in range(size)]
for j in range(size)]
# Function to recursively count the
# number of unique outcomes possible
# by performing S flips on N coins
def numberOfUniqueOutcomes(n, s):
# Base Case
if (s < n):
ans[n][s] = 0;
elif (n == 1 or n == s):
ans[n][s] = 1;
# If the count for the current
# state is not calculated, then
# calculate it recursively
elif(ans[n][s] == 0):
ans[n][s] = (numberOfUniqueOutcomes(n - 1, s - 1) +
numberOfUniqueOutcomes(n - 1, s - 2))
# Otherwise return the
# already calculated value
return ans[n][s];
# Driver Code
N = 5
S = 8
print(numberOfUniqueOutcomes(N, S))
# This code is contributed by rag2127
// C# program for the above approach
using System;
class GFG{
// Dimensions of the DP table
static int size = 100;
static int [,]ans = new int[size, size];
static void initialize()
{
// Stores the dp states
for(int i = 0; i < size; i++)
{
for(int j = 0; j < size; j++)
{
ans[i, j] = 0;
}
}
}
// Function to recursively count the
// number of unique outcomes possible
// by performing S flips on N coins
static int numberOfUniqueOutcomes(int n, int s)
{
// Base Case
if (s < n)
ans[n, s] = 0;
else if (n == 1 || n == s)
ans[n, s] = 1;
// If the count for the current
// state is not calculated, then
// calculate it recursively
else if (ans[n, s] == 0)
{
ans[n, s] = numberOfUniqueOutcomes(n - 1,
s - 1) +
numberOfUniqueOutcomes(n - 1,
s - 2);
}
// Otherwise return the
// already calculated value
return ans[n,s];
}
// Driver Code
public static void Main(string []args)
{
initialize();
int N = 5, S = 8;
Console.WriteLine(numberOfUniqueOutcomes(N, S));
}
}
// This code is contributed by AnkThon
<script>
// JavaScript program for the above approach
// Dimensions of the DP table
let size = 100;
let ans = new Array(size);
function initialize()
{
// Stores the dp states
for(let i = 0; i < size; i++)
{
ans[i] = new Array(size);
for(let j = 0; j < size; j++)
{
ans[i][j] = 0;
}
}
}
// Function to recursively count the
// number of unique outcomes possible
// by performing S flips on N coins
function numberOfUniqueOutcomes(n, s)
{
// Base Case
if (s < n)
ans[n][s] = 0;
else if (n == 1 || n == s)
ans[n][s] = 1;
// If the count for the current
// state is not calculated, then
// calculate it recursively
else if (ans[n][s] == 0) {
ans[n][s] = numberOfUniqueOutcomes(n - 1,
s - 1)
+ numberOfUniqueOutcomes(n - 1,
s - 2);
}
// Otherwise return the
// already calculated value
return ans[n][s];
}
initialize();
let N = 5, S = 8;
document.write(numberOfUniqueOutcomes(N, S));
</script>
Output:
15
Time Complexity: O(N*S)
Auxiliary Space: O(N*S)
Efficient approach : Using DP Tabulation method ( Iterative approach )
The approach to solve this problem is same but DP tabulation(bottom-up) method is better then Dp + memorization(top-down) because memorization method needs extra stack space of recursion calls.
Steps to solve this problem :
- Declare and initialize the 2D DP table with 0s.
- Set base cases, i.e., if there is only one coin or if the number of flips is equal to the number of coins, then there is only one way to get the outcome.
- Use bottom-up approach to fill up the DP table, iterating over the number of coins and number of flips.
- For each (i, j) combination, calculate the number of outcomes by flipping i-th coin and the number of outcomes by not flipping it.
- The total number of unique outcomes is the value at dp[n][s], where n is the number of coins and s is the number of flips.
- Return the final answer stored in dp[n][s].
Implementation :
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
// Function to count the number of unique outcomes possible
// by performing S flips on N coins
int numberOfUniqueOutcomes(int n, int s)
{
// Declare and initialize the DP table with 0s
int dp[n + 1][s + 1];
memset(dp, 0, sizeof(dp));
// Base cases
for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++) {
for (int j = i; j <= s; j++) {
if (i == 1 || j == i) {
dp[i][j] = 1;
}
}
}
// Fill up the DP table using bottom-up approach
for (int i = 2; i <= n; i++) {
for (int j = i + 1; j <= s; j++) {
dp[i][j] = dp[i - 1][j - 1] + dp[i - 1][j - 2];
}
}
// Return the final answer
return dp[n][s];
}
// Driver Code
int main()
{
int N = 5, S = 8;
cout << numberOfUniqueOutcomes(N, S);
return 0;
}
// this code is contributed by bhardwajji
import java.util.Arrays;
public class Main
{
// Function to count the number of unique outcomes possible
// by performing S flips on N coins
static int numberOfUniqueOutcomes(int n, int s)
{
// Declare and initialize the DP table with 0s
int[][] dp = new int[n + 1][s + 1];
for (int[] row : dp) {
Arrays.fill(row, 0);
}
// Base cases
for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++) {
for (int j = i; j <= s; j++) {
if (i == 1 || j == i) {
dp[i][j] = 1;
}
}
}
// Fill up the DP table using bottom-up approach
for (int i = 2; i <= n; i++) {
for (int j = i + 1; j <= s; j++) {
dp[i][j] = dp[i - 1][j - 1] + dp[i - 1][j - 2];
}
}
// Return the final answer
return dp[n][s];
}
// Driver Code
public static void main(String[] args) {
int N = 5, S = 8;
System.out.println(numberOfUniqueOutcomes(N, S));
}
}
# Function to count the number of unique outcomes possible
# by performing S flips on N coins
def number_of_unique_outcomes(n, s):
# Declare and initialize the DP table with 0s
dp = [[0 for i in range(s + 1)] for j in range(n + 1)]
# Base cases
for i in range(1, n + 1):
for j in range(i, s + 1):
if i == 1 or j == i:
dp[i][j] = 1
# Fill up the DP table using bottom-up approach
for i in range(2, n + 1):
for j in range(i + 1, s + 1):
dp[i][j] = dp[i - 1][j - 1] + dp[i - 1][j - 2]
# Return the final answer
return dp[n][s]
# Driver Code
if __name__ == '__main__':
N = 5
S = 8
print(number_of_unique_outcomes(N, S))
// Function to count the number of unique outcomes possible
// by performing S flips on N coins
function numberOfUniqueOutcomes(n, s) {
// Declare and initialize the DP table with 0s
let dp = new Array(n + 1).fill(null).map(() => new Array(s + 1).fill(0));
// Base cases
for (let i = 1; i <= n; i++) {
for (let j = i; j <= s; j++) {
if (i == 1 || j == i) {
dp[i][j] = 1;
}
}
}
// Fill up the DP table using bottom-up approach
for (let i = 2; i <= n; i++) {
for (let j = i + 1; j <= s; j++) {
dp[i][j] = dp[i - 1][j - 1] + dp[i - 1][j - 2];
}
}
// Return the final answer
return dp[n][s];
}
// Driver Code
let N = 5, S = 8;
console.log(numberOfUniqueOutcomes(N, S));
// C# program for the above approach
using System;
public class Program {
// Function to count the number of
// unique outcomes possible by performing
// S flips on N coins
static int numberOfUniqueOutcomes(int n, int s)
{
// Declare and initialize the DP
// table with 0s
int[, ] dp = new int[n + 1, s + 1];
// Base cases
for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++) {
for (int j = i; j <= s; j++) {
if (i == 1 || j == i) {
dp[i, j] = 1;
}
}
}
// Fill up the DP table using
// bottom-up approach
for (int i = 2; i <= n; i++) {
for (int j = i + 1; j <= s; j++) {
dp[i, j]
= dp[i - 1, j - 1] + dp[i - 1, j - 2];
}
}
// Return the final answer
return dp[n, s];
}
// Driver Code
public static void Main()
{
int N = 5, S = 8;
Console.WriteLine(numberOfUniqueOutcomes(N, S));
}
}
Output
15
Time Complexity: O(N*S)
Auxiliary Space: O(N*S)