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        <title>Frontiers in Microbiology | Phage Biology section | New and Recent Articles</title>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/microbiology/sections/phage-biology</link>
        <description>RSS Feed for Phage Biology section in the Frontiers in Microbiology journal | New and Recent Articles</description>
        <language>en-us</language>
        <generator>Frontiers Feed Generator,version:1</generator>
        <pubDate>2026-08-28T03:31:02.790+00:00</pubDate>
        <ttl>60</ttl>
        <item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2026.1916998</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2026.1916998</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Seasonal metabolomics and antibacterial activity of Abutilon pannosum reveal positive interaction with the lytic phage CF01 against Escherichia coli O157:H7 (strain 161–84)]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-08-21T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Khaloud Mohammed Alarjani</author><author>Ohood Sallam</author><author>Tareq M. Osaili</author><author>Meriem Bekliz</author><author>Yousef Alhaj Hamoud</author><author>Attiat Elnaggar</author><author>Ali El-Keblawy</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionSeasonal variation can influence plant metabolite composition and modify antimicrobial performance; however, the relationship between seasonal metabolomic changes and antibacterial activity remains poorly understood in many arid-land medicinal plants. To our knowledge, this is the first study to integrate GC–MS metabolomics, antibacterial screening, and phage–extract interaction testing in Abutilon pannosum.MethodsLeaf extracts of Abutilon pannosum collected during late summer (S1, September 2024), autumn (S2, November 2024), and winter (S3, February 2025) were analyzed using GC–MS. Antibacterial activity was evaluated against selected bacterial isolates using diffusion-based assays and MIC/MBC determination. The interaction between seasonal extracts and phage CF01 was further assessed against Escherichia coli O157:H7 under sub-MIC extract concentrations.ResultsGC–MS analysis resolved the curated dataset into 350 putatively annotated parent metabolites, and PCA demonstrated clear season-dependent metabolomic separation, with 16 metabolites differing significantly among collection periods. S2 exhibited the broadest diversity of literature-supported antibacterial candidates, including α-linolenic acid, citronellol, dodecanoic acid, farnesol, ferulic acid, and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, whereas S3 was enriched in caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, D-limonene, and xylitol. Antibacterial activity varied according to season and bacterial isolate, with Staphylococcus aureus showing the highest susceptibility, while Escherichia coli exhibited weaker direct sensitivity. Phage–extract interaction assays demonstrated that CF01 enhanced Escherichia coli O157:H7 suppression at sub-MIC extract concentrations, particularly when extract-only treatment resulted in incomplete bacterial inhibition, with stronger enhancement patterns observed for S2 and S3 extracts.DiscussionIntegrated metabolomics–bioactivity analysis identified citronellol and α-linolenic acid as candidate metabolites potentially associated with extract-mediated Escherichia coli reduction, while p-coumaric acid, citronellol, and α-linolenic acid showed positive associations with phage-enhanced antibacterial activity. These findings demonstrate that the antibacterial potential of Abutilon pannosum is season-dependent and support combining seasonal metabolomics, plant extract screening, and phage–extract strategies as an approach for identifying bioactive desert-plant metabolites against Escherichia coli O157:H7.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2026.1909709</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2026.1909709</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Genome-guided isolation and characterization of a novel bacteriophage infecting Escherichia coli reveal a putative new genus]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-08-20T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Julia Oberdorfer</author><author>Jasmin Tesani</author><author>Thaysa Leite Tagliaferri</author><author>Simon Maurice Schmitz</author><author>Eva Miriam Buhl</author><author>Florian Kraft</author><author>Alex Krüttgen</author><author>Hans-Peter Horz</author>
        <description><![CDATA[We have isolated and characterized a novel bacteriophage termed Jab, with lytic activity against multidrug-resistant clinical isolates of Escherichia coli. Phage Jab was identified from liquid manure by means of metagenome sequencing of a phage community enrichment using an E. coli clinical isolate ECH07 as host. The initial enrichment was composed of four phages, of which phage Jab represented only a minute fraction (less than 1%). Jab isolation strategy comprised a targeted approach using iterative replication rounds while equipping ECH07 with resistance against the numerically dominant phages coupled with a subsequent host switch to E. coli BL21. Whole-genome sequence analysis revealed only a remote evolutionary distance to known phages within the subfamily Vequintavirinae. The dsDNA genome of phage Jab comprises 142,100 bp (GC content 40.09%) and encodes 264 proteins and five transfer RNAs (tRNAs). No lysogeny-associated proteins were detected, suggesting an obligate lytic lifestyle. In silico genome analysis revealed the presence of at least four putative depolymerases. The closest homology of phage Jab is with members of the new genus Septuagintavirus with around 34% nucleotide identity. VIRIDIC and network analyses strongly suggest that phage Jab belongs to a putative novel genus. The host range of phage Jab is likely restricted to E. coli, displaying a moderately narrow host range (i.e., productive lysis in 8 out of 27 isolates tested). Notably, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed the occurrence of conspicuous unique spherical structures attached at the end of the tail fibers when propagated on BL21 but not when propagated on ECH07. Although their function remains enigmatic, the possible role of those structures as a bacterial (vesicle-based) defense mechanism warrants further investigation.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2026.1906882</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2026.1906882</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Evolutionary dynamics and research hotspots of phage applications against Klebsiella pneumoniae infections from the past to the new era]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-08-19T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Systematic Review</category>
        <author>Jiawei Zhang</author><author>Yanan Liu</author><author>Yaru Wang</author><author>Wei Zhang</author><author>Jianhua Liu</author><author>Zhihua Zhang</author>
        <description><![CDATA[BackgroundKlebsiella pneumoniae is a critical opportunistic pathogen, with carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae and hypervirulent K. pneumoniae posing severe threats to global public health due to escalating antimicrobial resistance. As natural bacterial predators, phages represent a highly promising alternative to conventional antibiotics. The aim of this study was to systematically evaluate the research landscape, collaborative networks, and evolutionary trends of phage applications against Klebsiella pneumoniae infections through bibliometric analysis.MethodsCore bibliographic data were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection, Scopus, and PubMed databases. Following rigorous literature screening based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria, mainstream bibliometric analysis tools, including VOSviewer and CiteSpace, were comprehensively deployed to map and analyze the temporal dynamics of publication outputs, international collaboration networks among countries, institutions, authors, and journals, reference co-citation matrices, and keyword co-occurrence configurations, alongside timeline visualizations and citation burst detection, thereby systematically delineating the evolutionary blueprint of this research domain.ResultsA total of 1,275 valid original publications were ultimately enrolled. Chronologically, the global annual publication volume exhibited a pronounced exponential growth trajectory (y = 3.4589⋅e0.2381(x−2007), R2 = 0.9706). Geographically and structurally, China ranked first globally in research productivity with 242 documents (18.98%), the Chinese Academy of Sciences (49 documents) and investigator Jianqiang Li (30 documents) were identified as the most prolific institution and core author, respectively. Regarding publishing channels, Frontiers in Microbiology dominated in both publication scale (55 documents) and network integration density (TLS = 237). Research hotspot evolution indicated a profound paradigm shift, where contemporary citation bursts are significantly dominated by “phage resistance” (strength = 3.34) and “lytic activity” (strength = 2.77), with both frontiers remaining actively sustained into 2026.ConclusionOver the past two decades, research has expanded exponentially, with the knowledge architecture transitioning from descriptive biological characterization to deep genetic mechanisms and engineering-driven design. Future efforts should prioritize elucidating the molecular mechanisms of phage resistance, optimizing lytic enzyme efficacy, and accelerating multicenter translational interventions to combat multi-drug resistant K. pneumoniae.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2026.1944669</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2026.1944669</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Editorial: Phage-based interventions in livestock: from genomics to translational applications]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-08-17T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Editorial</category>
        <author>Sonia Zapata-Mena</author><author>Christian Vinueza-Burgos</author><author>William Calero-Cáceres</author>
        <description></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2026.1922952</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2026.1922952</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Broad-spectrum lytic potential of endolysins derived from prophages of clinical Salmonella isolates]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-08-14T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Yuhui Liu</author><author>Xiuxiu Zeng</author><author>Hui Su</author><author>Jianing Zhao</author><author>Jiayi Dong</author><author>Fanfan Yang</author><author>Shuo Ye</author><author>Wenping Lin</author><author>Yuanbin Yang</author><author>Yuechao Sun</author>
        <description><![CDATA[In the post-antibiotic era, alternative therapeutic strategies were urgently needed. Here, we characterized 514 prophages from 105 clinical Salmonella isolates, assessing their carriage of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes and virulence factors (VFs) to evaluate biosafety and evolutionary dynamics. Our analyses revealed significant correlations between the abundance of each prophage and host serotypes, as well as between prophage-borne AMR genes and host age or serotype background. Phylogenetic analysis showed that most prophages are related to known Salmonella phages, though a subset shares homology with Burkholderia viruses, suggesting inter-generic evolutionary connections. A comprehensive screening of prophage-encoded proteins identified a large repertoire of endolysins, with 80.93% of prophages carrying at least one such enzyme. Sequence-based clustering grouped these endolysins into seven families, three of which are widely distributed across the isolate collection. Structural modeling indicated that representative enzymes from these major groups are structurally analogous to thermostable, broad-spectrum lysozymes, which revealed the potential of the proteins as alternatives to antibiotics for treatment. To validate the therapeutic potential of prophage-derived lytic enzymes, we expressed the candidate endolysin Lys2823 and demonstrated its lytic activity against outer-membrane-permeabilized Salmonella. These results indicate that Lys2823 holds promise as a biocontrol agent for the prevention and treatment of Salmonella infections, thereby contributing to food safety and public health. This study provides experimental evidence supporting the development of prophage-derived endolysins as novel antimicrobial agents.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2026.1861197</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2026.1861197</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Characterization of a newly isolated broad-host-range lytic phage WEN7 against multidrug-resistant clinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-08-12T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Chang Wen</author><author>Xiaohong Xiao</author><author>Jinyi Chen</author><author>Xuan Zou</author><author>Shi Chen</author><author>Lianrong Wang</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionPseudomonas aeruginosa is a Gram-negative opportunistic pathogen with intrinsic and acquired resistance to multiple classes of antibiotics. Phage therapy has emerged as a promising approach to combat multidrug-resistant bacterial infections.MethodsIn this study, a lytic P. aeruginosa phage, WEN7, was isolated from hospital wastewater using PAO1-SZ1 as the host. We systematically characterized its morphology, growth kinetics, stability, host range, whole-genome sequence and bactericidal performance.ResultsWEN7 formed clear plaques. Transmission electron microscopy revealed an icosahedral 66 nm head attached to a contractile tail, with intact virions captured in both fully extended (140 nm total tail length) and sheath-contracted (60 nm) states—this classic myoviral morphology places the phage within the class Caudoviricetes. One-step growth curve analysis revealed a latent period of approximately 25 min and an average burst size of about 165 PFU/cell. WEN7 remained stable under various temperatures, pH values, UV exposure, and ethanol concentrations. The phage displayed a broad host range, lysing 19 of the 29 clinical P. aeruginosa isolates tested (65.5%). Its genome is a circular double-stranded DNA molecule of 66,379 bp with a GC content of 55.62%. Notably, no known antibiotic resistance genes or virulence factors were annotated. WEN7 shares the highest genomic similarity with the Pseudomonas phage PCCM_PaP004 (genus Pbunavirus). At low multiplicities of infection, WEN7 showed strong bactericidal activity in both milk and hospital wastewater.DiscussionTogether, these results indicate that phage WEN7 is a promising candidate for phage therapy against multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa infections.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2026.1877260</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2026.1877260</link>
        <title><![CDATA[A novel bacteriophage capable of efficiently lysing multi-drug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-08-05T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Haipeng Zhang</author><author>Qianwen Cheng</author><author>Xiaohong Nie</author><author>Jinlian Gao</author><author>Yunxian Yang</author><author>Youhong Zhong</author><author>Liyuan Shi</author><author>Xiao Jin</author><author>Peng Wang</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionThe increasing prevalence of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) has posed a major challenge to clinical infection management. Phage therapy represents a promising alternative against multidrug-resistant bacterial infections; however, its application is limited by the scarcity of effective therapeutic phages. Therefore, the identification and characterization of novel phages are urgently needed.MethodsA novel Klebsiella pneumoniae phage was isolated and purified from hospital wastewater using the double-layer agar plate method with K. pneumoniae ATCC 700603 as the host strain. A total of 95 bacterial strains were used to evaluate the host range and lytic activity of the phage. The biological characteristics of the phage, including optimal multiplicity of infection (MOI), one-step growth curve, and stability under different environmental conditions (temperature, pH, ethanol, and ultraviolet exposure), were systematically investigated. Morphological characterization was performed by transmission electron microscopy. Whole-genome sequencing and bioinformatics analyses were conducted to determine genomic characteristics, taxonomic classification, and the presence of antibiotic resistance genes, virulence factors, or lysogeny-related genes to assess the therapeutic potential and biosafety of the phage.ResultsThe novel phage vB_KpnD_A2 exhibited potent lytic activity against multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strains. Host range analysis showed that vB_KpnD_A2 lysed 57.1% of carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae isolates and 63.6% of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing strains, while displaying specificity toward K. pneumoniae. The phage showed excellent biological properties, with an optimal MOI of 10-⁶, a latent period of 40 min, and a burst size of 8.6×10⁴PFU/cell. In addition, vB_KpnD_A2 maintained infectivity over a broad temperature range (4-70°C) and pH range (pH 2-13). Whole-genome analysis identified vB_KpnD_A2 as a strictly lytic Webervirus phage within the family Drexlerviridae, without detectable antibiotic resistance genes, virulence factors, or lysogeny-associated genes, supporting its therapeutic potential and biosafety.DiscussionThe newly characterized phage vB_KpnD_A2 exhibited potent lytic activity against selected multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, favorable genomic safety, and good environmental stability. These findings support its potential as a therapeutic phage candidate for CRKP control and expand anti-Klebsiella phage resources for future phage-based interventions against antimicrobial-resistant bacterial infections.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2026.1851321</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2026.1851321</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Application of bacteriophages in the prevention and control of bacterial infectious diseases in animals]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-08-05T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Review</category>
        <author>Junyao Li</author><author>Huan Zhang</author><author>Haihua Yu</author><author>Peiyi Liang</author><author>Songbai Xu</author><author>Lili Zhong</author><author>Xiying Fu</author><author>Yifan Zhang</author><author>Yicun Wang</author>
        <description><![CDATA[The global spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has intensified the search for alternatives to conventional antibiotics in animal production systems. Bacteriophages can be engineered beyond narrow-spectrum antibacterial agents into multifunctional biological platforms that integrate direct killing, immune modulation, and antigen delivery. We summarize recent advances across livestock, poultry, and aquaculture, delineating mechanistic distinctions between lytic phage therapy, phage display-derived interventions, and engineered platforms including CRISPR-Cas-enabled theranostic systems. However, as detailed below, most evidence remains preclinical, and translational gaps are substantial. Unlike prior descriptive reviews, we analyze translational bottlenecks—host range constraints, pharmacokinetic limitations, regulatory fragmentation—and assess the existing research evidence for claimed advantages such as microbiota preservation and biofilm penetration while upfront acknowledging inconsistent experimental outcomes and inherent application limitations behind these beneficial effects. We conclude that realizing phages’ therapeutic potential in veterinary medicine requires coordinated progress in synthetic biology, scalable manufacturing, and regulatory harmonization within a One Health framework.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2026.1823245</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2026.1823245</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Characterization of novel mycobacteriophages with a focus on phage Pisa4 and its interaction with human innate immune cells]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-08-04T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Andrea Bonacorsi</author><author>Alessandro Fusco</author><author>Davide Manessi</author><author>Fabio Filippini</author><author>Enrico Casu</author><author>Magda Marchetti</author><author>Ivana Palucci</author><author>Michela Sali</author><author>Michele Lai</author><author>Giulia Freer</author><author>Silvia Dominici</author><author>Giovanni Delogu</author><author>Federico Pratesi</author><author>Arianna Tavanti</author><author>Laura Rindi</author><author>Mariagrazia Di Luca</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Four mycobacteriophages Pisa1, Pisa4, Florence1 and Florence4, taxonomically classified as new species, were isolated using Mycobacterium smegmatis mc2155 as a host strain. Genomic analysis revealed dsDNA genomes devoid of virulence or antibiotic-resistance genes. All encoded lysogeny-associated elements, but Pisa4 lacked the integrase gene and showed a partial immunity repressor gene, suggesting a potentially impaired lysogenic cycle. Phages exhibited siphoviral morphology, short replication cycles (≤30 min) and burst sizes of 50–150 PFUs/bacterial cell. All phages remained active between pH 4–12 and up to 45 °C. Given its potentially impaired lysogeny, Pisa4 was considered a promising candidate for antibacterial applications; therefore, its interaction with THP-1 macrophages was investigated. The phage was internalized in THP-1 and co-localized with its host both after co-incubation with bacteria prior to infection and upon post-infection administration. However, phage replication was restricted to the co-incubation condition. Importantly, Pisa4 did not trigger neutrophil extracellular trap release and elicited minimal cytokine responses in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, with no TNF-α or IFN-γ induction. In contrast, a significant increase in IL-6 production was observed at high phage concentrations, which may be influenced by co-purified bacterial components. Finally, Pisa1 and Pisa4 infected 12 and 8 out of the 48 Mycobacterium abscessus clinical isolates tested, respectively, while Florence phages were inactive. Collectively, these results highlight that Pisa phages, particularly Pisa4, are promising candidates for future therapeutic development.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2026.1853113</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2026.1853113</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Isolation of a complementary bacteriophage from a phage-resistant mutant expands control strategies against Xanthomonas campestris]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-08-03T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Qing Yu</author><author>Qingshan Wu</author><author>Tao Lu</author><author>Ruina Yang</author><author>Zheng Fang</author><author>Lan Xiang</author><author>Qiuping Liu</author><author>Leitao Tan</author><author>Xiaosheng Zhao</author><author>Chuangen Lin</author><author>Qingbei Weng</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Bacterial resistance to bacteriophages represents a major limitation for the durable use of phage-based biocontrol strategies in agriculture. Here, we used a phage-resistance derivative of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) as a selective host to isolate an additional phage with activity against resistant bacteria. A spontaneous mutant, designated Xcc 8004R, was isolated following exposure of Xcc 8004 to phage X1. Xcc 8004R exhibited a growth profile comparable to that of the wild-type strain, but differed in colony appearance, X1 adsorption efficiency, and motility phenotypes. Whole-genome resequencing identified mutations in genes annotated as encoding a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) core biosynthesis protein, PilY1, N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase, and IS1404 transposase, and a conserved hypothetical protein. Using Xcc 8004R as the isolation host, we recovered a bacteriophage, vB_Xcc_GYRb1 (GYRb1), from agricultural soil. GYRb1 infected both Xcc 8004 and Xcc 8004R and exhibited different adsorption kinetics on the two strains. Transmission electron microscopy showed an icosahedral head and a long, non-contractile tail. Genome sequencing revealed a circularly assembled 91,478-bp double-stranded DNA genome encoding 128 predicted open reading frames and two tRNAs. No recognizable antibiotic resistance or bacterial virulence genes were detected. Phylogenomic, ANI, and gene-sharing network analyses suggest that GYRb1 is highly divergent from currently available related phages and may represent a candidate genus-level lineage within the class Caudoviricetes. GYRb1 suppressed the growth of Xcc 8004 and Xcc 8004R in vitro and reduced disease severity in cabbage leaf. A cocktail containing GYRb1 and X1 reduced OD600-based bacterial regrowth compared with single-phage treatments in vitro. Together, these findings support the feasibility of using phage-resistant bacterial mutants as selective hosts to obtain complementary candidate phages, while highlighting the need for receptor identification, resistance-frequency analysis, lysogeny assessment, and broader host-range testing before practical application.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2026.1834523</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2026.1834523</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Key directions of fundamental research on bacteriophage Receptor Binding Proteins with applied potential]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-07-21T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Review</category>
        <author>Bożena Szermer-Olearnik</author><author>Tomasz Mrokowski</author><author>Andrzej Gamian</author><author>Karolina Filik-Matyjaszczyk</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Over the past decade, interest in research on bacteriophage Receptor Binding Proteins (RBPs) of tailed bacteriophages has increased substantially, reflecting a broader resurgence in phage research. Once underestimated, RBPs have now become the focus of extensive investigation, largely due to their promising applications in pathogen diagnostics, host-range engineering for improved phage therapy, and the development of tailocins, protein-based antibacterial agents capable of inhibiting or eliminating bacterial cells. This review aims to synthesize current knowledge on RBPs function and applications, with particular emphasis on their translational potential. We systematically analyzed recent literature, focusing on structural, biochemical, and functional studies that elucidate mechanisms of host recognition and explore emerging biotechnological and therapeutic uses. The reviewed studies highlight significant advances in understanding RBPs specificity, modular architecture, and adaptability. These features enable targeted bacterial recognition and manipulation of host range. Furthermore, we demonstrate that RBPs can be effectively engineered to be repurposed for diagnostic and antimicrobial applications. Together, these findings position RBPs as a foundational platform for next-generation phage-based technologies and their translation into clinical and industrial applications.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2026.1856757</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2026.1856757</link>
        <title><![CDATA[The Zoetrope effect in phage evolution]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-07-20T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Opinion</category>
        <author>Francisco Rodriguez-Valera</author><author>Ana-Belen Martin-Cuadrado</author>
        <description></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2026.1868543</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2026.1868543</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Targeted isolation of TolC-dependent phages reveals dual strategies for combating multidrug-resistant avian Escherichia coli: from evolutionary trade-offs to antibiotic synergy]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-07-14T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Xinwei Luo</author><author>Yiting Wu</author><author>Yue Ming</author><author>Jian Wang</author><author>Zhenbao Ma</author><author>Anding Zhang</author><author>Shengdi Hu</author>
        <description><![CDATA[The escalating crisis of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in poultry production necessitates innovative therapeutic approaches beyond conventional antibiotics. The outer membrane protein TolC, an essential component of the AcrAB-TolC multidrug efflux system, is consistently overexpressed in multidrug-resistant (MDR) avian pathogenic Escherichia coli, rendering it an attractive target for phage-based interventions. Here, we describe the development of a sequential positive–negative selection strategy designed specifically to isolate TolC-dependent bacteriophages from poultry farm environments without conventional liquid enrichment, thereby preserving natural phage diversity. Using this approach, we successfully isolated two novel TolC-dependent bacteriophages, PTolC-28 and PTolC-69, demonstrating their ability to combat MDR E. coli through two distinct mechanisms. Among the five MDR isolates susceptible to PTolC-28, one strain (GDW21C03) displayed a pronounced, strain-specific evolutionary trade-off upon developing resistance: despite maintaining an intact coding sequence, tolC mRNA expression decreased by over 60%, resulting in collateral resensitization to multiple antibiotic classes. The most pronounced reductions in minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) occurred for fluoroquinolones (~5.3-fold), tetracyclines, and aminoglycosides, all substrates of the TolC-dependent efflux system(s). Conversely, PTolC-69 did not induce antibiotic resistance reversal but exhibited robust phage-antibiotic synergy (PAS) with doxycycline (DOX) and florfenicol (FLR) (both substrates of the AcrAB-TolC efflux system), reducing the required antibiotic dosage by 8-fold in vitro. Importantly, this synergistic effect was confirmed in vivo using a chick infection model, where combined phage-antibiotic therapy decreased bacterial loads in lung and spleen tissues by nearly two orders of magnitude compared to either treatment alone. Collectively, these findings provide proof-of-concept evidence for an evolution-informed, dual-mechanism phage-based strategy to address antibiotic resistance in poultry production.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2026.1859270</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2026.1859270</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Genomic profile and infection dynamics of Kashi_RDG1 (KRDG1), a novel cluster K1 mycobacteriophage infecting mycobacterial hosts]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-07-13T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Anuja Kakkar</author><author>Garima Kandwal</author><author>Tanmayee Nayak</author><author>Lav Kumar Jaiswal</author><author>Ankush Gupta</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionTuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, remains a major global health challenge, particularly due to the increasing emergence of multidrug-resistant strains and limited treatment options. Bacteriophages have gained attention as potential alternatives or adjuncts to conventional antibiotics owing to their host specificity and antibacterial efficacy.MethodsThis study reports the isolation and detailed characterization of mycobacteriophage Kashi_RDG1 (KRDG1), isolated using Mycobacterium smegmatis mc2155. Genomic analysis, transmission electron microscopy, host range analysis, one-step growth assay, adsorption assay, multiplicity of infection (MOI) determination, and infection kinetics were performed to characterize the phage.ResultsGenomic analysis identified KRDG1 as sub cluster K1 mycobacteriophage, with a genome size of 58,681 bp containing 95 predicted open reading frames (ORFs), of which 39 are functionally annotated. Transmission electron microscopy analysis confirmed its siphovirus-like morphology while host range analysis depicted its polyvalent activity against Mycobacterium fortuitum (opportunistic pathogen) and M. tuberculosis H37Ra (an attenuated Mtb strain) in addition to M. smegmatis. One-step growth analysis revealed latent period of 80 min and burst size of 100 phage/bacterial cell supporting its efficient infection dynamics. Notably, infection kinetics demonstrated strong host bacterial killing during the logarithmic phase.DiscussionWhile KRDG1 exhibits temperate characteristics, its close genomic similarity to previously engineered therapeutic phage (ZoeJ) highlights its potential for future genetic engineering and therapeutic exploration against pathogenic mycobacterial and non-mycobacterial infections.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2026.1876186</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2026.1876186</link>
        <title><![CDATA[A Burkholderia phage selects for attenuated virulence and antimicrobial hypersensitivity through increased outer membrane permeability]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-07-09T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Philip Lauman</author><author>Nora A. S. Hussain</author><author>James L. Stafford</author><author>Jonathan J. Dennis</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Burkholderia gladioli is an opportunistic pathogen with intrinsic antimicrobial resistance and is therefore a compelling target for phage therapy (PT), yet bacteriophages infecting this species remain largely uncharacterized. Here, we show that the functionally lytic (FL), lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-binding myovirus KS12, originally isolated against Burkholderia cenocepacia, suppresses B. gladioli growth in vitro and infection-associated mortality in Galleria mellonella. KS12 selects for resistant subpopulations carrying mutations in the O-antigen biosynthesis and export pathways that compromise outer membrane (OM) integrity, resulting in attenuated virulence in vivo and hypersensitivity to human serum, antimicrobial peptides, and polymyxins. Consistent with this trade-off, KS12 and colistin interact synergistically to substantially reduce bacterial densities, suggesting that predation by KS12 may impose an evolutionary trap on B. gladioli. Furthermore, comparative analyses indicate that outer membrane permeability correlates strongly with colistin susceptibility across Gram-negative pathogens, implying that antivirulence steering with LPS-binding phages could provide a strategy to sensitize intrinsically resistant pathogens to antibiotics of last resort. Although KS12 particles were inactivated by innate humoral immunity, they did not appear to be degraded by or stimulate pro-inflammatory responses in phagocytes, indicating that the antibacterial activity of this phage is not driven by direct immunostimulation. Together, these results identify KS12 as a promising phage targeting B. gladioli and highlight the potential of LPS-binding phages to steer bacterial populations toward attenuated virulence and hypersensitivity, thereby yielding more clinically tractable phenotypes.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2026.1827519</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2026.1827519</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Genomic and biological characterization of a novel bacteriophage X1 infecting Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris with biocontrol potential against cabbage black rot]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-07-07T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Qingshan Wu</author><author>Ni An</author><author>Qing Yu</author><author>Xuelian Li</author><author>Zheng Fang</author><author>Lan Xiang</author><author>Qiuping Liu</author><author>Leitao Tan</author><author>Chuangen Lin</author><author>Xiaosheng Zhao</author><author>Qingbei Weng</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Bacteriophages have emerged as promising alternatives to pesticides for controlling bacterial pathogens in crops. Black rot, caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc), is one of the most destructive bacterial diseases affecting cruciferous crops worldwide. In this study, a novel lytic bacteriophage, X1, infecting Xcc 8004, was isolated from sediment collected in an oligotrophic karst cave. Phage X1 formed clear plaques and exhibited myovirus-like morphology with an icosahedral head and a contractile tail. Biological characterization revealed productive infection of the tested Xcc strains but no detectable lytic activity against the non-Xcc strains included in the limited host panel. Phage X1 showed rapid adsorption to Xcc 8004 (> 99% within 10 min), a latent period of approximately 60 min, and a burst size of approximately 123 plaque-forming units per infected cell. Under laboratory conditions, the phage exhibited stable after incubation at 4–50 °C, pH 5–9, chloroform exposure, and the tested UV-A/UV-C irradiation regimes. Genome sequencing revealed that phage X1 harbors a large linear double-stranded DNA genome of 200,058 bp, encoding 311 predicted open reading frames and 34 tRNA genes. DRAM-v analysis identified 28 candidate auxiliary metabolic genes (AMGs), potentially associated with host metabolic regulation and environmental adaptation. No recognizable antibiotic resistance, virulence, integrase, or lysogeny-associated genes were identified in its genome. Comparative genomic and phylogenetic analyses indicated that X1 is most closely related to Xanthomonas phage BUDD within the class Caudoviricetes, but represents a distinct species-level genome based on intergenomic similarity. In controlled pot assays, preventive and therapeutic applications of X1 reduced lesion lengths by 88.27 and 73.25%, respectively, compared with Xcc-only treatment. Furthermore, preventive application treatment also reduced culturable Xcc populations to approximately one-fourth of the level observed after therapeutic treatment. These findings suggest that phage X1 has promising potential for further development as a phage-based biocontrol agent against cabbage black rot.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2026.1879434</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2026.1879434</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Isolation, characterization, and in vitro efficacy of phage Citro-6 against Citrobacter freundii-induced bovine mastitis]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-07-03T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Ziyi Wang</author><author>Hong Li</author><author>Rihua Xu</author><author>Ke Meng</author><author>Jun Zhu</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionBovine mastitis is a prevalent infectious disease in dairy herds worldwide, resulting in substantial economic losses. Citrobacter freundii has emerged as an opportunistic pathogen associated with mastitis, and its increasing antibiotic resistance poses significant therapeutic challenges.MethodsIn this study, a novel lytic phage, Citro-6, was isolated from dairy farm sewage and fecal samples using C. freundii Z6 as the host bacterium. The phage was characterized through morphological and genomic analyses. Its host range, stability under varying temperature and pH conditions, and effects on bacterial adhesion, invasion, cytotoxicity, and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in bovine mammary epithelial cells were evaluated in vitro.ResultsMorphological and genomic analyses identified Citro-6 as a member of the class Caudoviricetes. It encodes a complete endolysin sequence with an intact catalytic domain and lacks virulence or antibiotic resistance genes. Citro-6 exhibited broad lytic activity, lysing 83.3% of tested Citrobacter strains, and remained stable at temperatures up to 45 °C and across a pH range of 5.0 to 9.0. In cellular assays, Citro-6 treatment significantly reduced bacterial adhesion and invasion by approximately 1.66 and 1.19 log units, respectively. Furthermore, it effectively attenuated pathogen-induced cytotoxicity, reducing cell death by approximately 75.2% at 8 h post-infection compared with the Z6-infected group. Citro-6 also prevented morphological cellular damage and suppressed the overexpression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, resulting in decreases in IL-1β and TNF-α concentrations of approximately 37.1% and 47.6%, respectively, relative to the infected control.DiscussionThese findings demonstrate that phage Citro-6 is a promising biocontrol candidate against C. freundii-induced bovine mastitis; however, further in vivo evaluation is warranted to confirm its therapeutic potential.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2026.1850649</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2026.1850649</link>
        <title><![CDATA[A novel putative genus phage CW39: implications for CRISPR-Cas9-based phage resistance in Streptomyces avermitilis]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-06-26T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Chang Wen</author><author>Yingying Wang</author><author>Lianrong Wang</author><author>Shi Chen</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Streptomyces avermitilis NRRL 8165 is an industrial model strain for the production of abamectin. Phage contamination during the fermentation process can lead to significant economic losses. At present, the known phages of S. avermitilis NRRL 8165 are scarce, making it difficult to meet the demands of research on pollution control mechanisms. Here, we isolated a novel phage, termed CW39, from soil samples. This phage exhibits a unique biological characteristic of solid-dependent infection. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that the head measures approximately 65 nm in diameter, while the tail has a length of roughly 266 nm. Whole-genome sequencing revealed phage CW39 was 122,122 bp in genome size, exhibiting a GC content of 49.34%. Average nucleotide identity (ANI) analysis showed that phage CW39 shares only 64.4% nucleotide identity with its closest relative in the genus Samistivirus, which is significantly below the 70% genus-level classification threshold set forth by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). Phylogenetic tree analysis further revealed that phage CW39 forms an independent monophyletic branch at the root. These findings indicate that phage CW39 likely represents a novel putative genus within the class Caudoviricetes. CRISPR-Cas9 plasmids targeting three key proteins of CW39 (the major capsid protein, head maturation protease, and portal protein) were separately transformed into S. avermitilis NRRL 8165, and all conferred enhanced phage resistance. This study not only enriches the Streptomyces phage resource library, but also provides a feasible strategy for using the CRISPR-Cas9 system to prevent and control phage contamination in industrial fermentation.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2026.1839739</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2026.1839739</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Advances in phage therapy for Acinetobacter baumannii: mechanisms and applications]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-06-25T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Review</category>
        <author>Sijia Cheng</author><author>Siwei Zhou</author><author>Xiaoyi Wang</author><author>Zhaoxi Yu</author><author>Lei Liu</author><author>Jie Liu</author><author>Lihua Qi</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Acinetobacter baumannii poses a severe global health threat due to its extensive multi-drug resistance. This review explores the evolving role of phage therapy as a promising alternative against multi-drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infections. We reviewed the latest key mechanisms by which phages exert their therapeutic effects, including direct lysis, biofilm disruption via depolymerases, resensitization of resistant strains to antibiotics through receptor-mediated fitness trade-offs, and the action of phage-derived enzymes such as endolysins. Recent preclinical studies have demonstrated robust efficacy, while clinical case reports and ongoing trials highlight both the potential and challenges of compassionate phage use, including emergence of phage resistance and variable patient responses. Advances in pharmacokinetic optimization, including PEGylation to enhance circulation and immune evasion, are discussed alongside synergistic phage-antibiotic combinations and novel delivery systems such as hydrogel formulations for topical applications. The review further examines emerging strategies in phage engineering and synthetic biology aimed at overcoming host-range limitations and resistance development, including chimeric lysins with enhanced outer membrane penetration and photosensitizer-conjugated phages for biofilm eradication. Finally, we highlight emerging strategies in phage engineering and synthetic biology aimed at overcoming host-range limitations and resistance development, so as the role of artificial intelligence in cocktail design and personalized therapeutics.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2026.1845440</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2026.1845440</link>
        <title><![CDATA[HtPIP: High-throughput phage isolation platform increases diversity and reduces isolation time using multiple bacteria]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-06-18T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Ben Diaz</author><author>Tessa House</author><author>Meghana Padala</author><author>Joseph S. Schoeniger</author><author>Catherine M. Mageeney</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Bacteriophages are ubiquitous in nature, but relatively few have been isolated and characterized compared to the number of bacterial strains. Phage biotechnology applications benefit from a diverse library of isolated phages to kill or transfer genetic material to a bacterium of interest. However, scaling up phage discovery for diverse bacterial hosts can be time-consuming and costly. We developed an approach to capture novel phages for multiple bacterial strains in parallel from an environmental sample using commercially available 0.2-μM filter plates. Using this High-throughput Phage Isolation Platform (HtPIP), 12 novel phages were isolated spanning 9 diverse bacterial host genera. Eleven of the isolated phages define new phage species, with nine also defining new genera. The HtPIP was used to discover both DNA and RNA phages, including a Tectiviridae infecting Pseudomonas putida mt-2 and a Leviviricetes infecting a Microbacterium isolate, which represents the first cultured RNA phage infecting a host outside of Proteobacteria. Using a metagenomic approach, we demonstrate that the HtPIP captures a higher proportion of novel phages compared to traditional low-throughput methods.]]></description>
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