Témbongkeun sumber pikeun Bupivakaine

{{Penyangkalan-medis}}
{{Drugbox
| Verifiedfields = changed
| Watchedfields = changed
| verifiedrevid = 477374547
| IUPAC_name = (''RS'')-1-Butyl-''N''-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide
| image = Bupivacaine skeletal.svg
| drug_name =
| image2 = 
<!-- Clinical data -->
| pronounce = {{IPAc-en|b|juː|ˈ|p|ɪ|v|ə|k|eɪ|n}}
| tradename = Marcaine, Sensorcaine, Vivacaine, others
| Drugs.com = {{drugs.com|monograph|bupivacaine-hydrochloride}}
| pregnancy_AU = A
| legal_AU = S4
| routes_of_administration = [[parenteral]], [[topikal]]
<!-- Pharmacokinetic data -->
| bioavailability = n/a
| protein_bound = 95%
| metabolism = [[Liver]]
| onset       = Dina 15 menit
| duration_of_action= 2 to 8 hr<ref name=Wh1997/>
| elimination_half-life = 3.1 jam (dewasa) 8.1 jam(neonatus)
 excretion = [[Ginjal]], 4–10%
<!-- Identifiers -->
| index_label = 
| index2_label =
| ATC_prefix = N01
| ATC_suffix = BB01
| PubChem2 = 5282419
| IUPHAR_ligand = 2397
| DrugBank_Ref = {{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}
| DrugBank = DB00297
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| UNII = Y8335394RO
| KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}}
| KEGG = D07552
| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|changed|EBI}}
| ChEBI = 60789
| ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
| ChEMBL = 1098
| CAS_number = 38396-39-3
| CAS_number_Ref = {{cascite|changed|??}}
| CAS_number2_Ref = {{cascite|changed|??}}
| CAS_number2 = 2180-92-9
| PubChem = 2474
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
| ChemSpiderID = 2380
<!-- Chemical data -->
| C=18 | H=28 | N=2 | O=1
| smiles = O=C(C1N(CCCC1)CCCC)NC2=C(C)C=CC=C2C
| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChI = 1S/C18H28N2O/c1-4-5-12-20-13-7-6-11-16(20)18(21)19-17-14(2)9-8-10-15(17)3/h8-10,16H,4-7,11-13H2,1-3H3,(H,19,21)
| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChIKey = LEBVLXFERQHONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N
| melting_point     = 107
| melting_high      = 108
}}
'''Bupivakaine''' nyaéta salah sahiji ubar bius atawa anastesi lokal tina golongan kelas anastetik<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00297|title=Bupivacaine|website=www.drugbank.ca|accessdate=2020-06-24}}</ref> nu ngahambat pembentukan jeung konduksi impuls [[saraf]] nu dipaké pas tindakan medis, persalinan, atawa operasi.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/mtm/bupivacaine.html|title=Bupivacaine Uses, Side Effects & Warnings|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-24}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.alodokter.com/bupivacaine|title=Bupivacaine|website=Alodokter|accessdate=2020-06-24}}</ref> Panghambatan rangsangan nyeri nu dikirimkeun ku saraf ka [[Uteuk|otak]] ieu nu dipaké jadi ubar bius wanci ubar ieu diinjéksikeun (disuntikkeun). Bupivakaine miboga waktu gawé nu gancang sarta lila gawé na panjang.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://hellosehat.com/obatan-suplemen/obat/bupivacaine/|title=Bupivacaine : Fungsi, Dosis, Efek Samping, Cara Pakai|website=Hello Sehat|language=id-ID|accessdate=2020-06-24}}</ref>

== Ngaran lian jeung ngaran dagang ==
Ieu di handap sababaraha ngaran lian tina bupivakaine:<ref name=":0" />

* Bupivacaina
* Bupivacaine
* Bupivacainum

Ngaran dagang tina bupivakaine nyéta:<ref name=":1" />

* Regivell Spinal, 
* Quanocaine Spinal Heavy, 
* Bupivacaine HCL Spinal Heavy, 
* Marcain, 
* Levica, 
* Vopicain, 
* Levobupivacaine, 
* Bunascan Spinal, 
* Chirocaine, 
* Decain Spinal.

== Sifak fisik jeung kimia ==
Bupivakaine ngabogaan struktur kimia C<sub>18</sub>H<sub>28</sub>N<sub>2</sub>O, ngaran kimia na 1-butil-N-(2,6-dimetilfenil)piperidin-2-karboksamida, beurat molekul 288,4 g/mol, titik lebur 107-108 °C. Kelarutanna 2400 mg/L dina suhu 25 °C, dina jero cai sifatna deionisasi kelarutanna 9,17x10-5 mg/L dina suhu 25 °C, tekanan uapna 1,31x10-7 mmHg dina suhu 25 °C, konstanta disosiasi asamna 8,1 jeung koefisien partisi cai/oktanolnya 3,41. Bupivakaine nyaéta bubuk padet nu ngabentuk kayaning kristal, warna bodas, euweuh bau, larut saeutik dina [[aseton]], [[kloroform]], jeung eter.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/2474|title=Bupivacaine|last=PubChem|website=pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.2380.html|title=Bupivacaine {{!}} C18H28N2O {{!}} ChemSpider|website=www.chemspider.com|accessdate=2020-06-25}}</ref>

== Cara maké ==
Bupivacaine sadia dina bentuk suntik, ku kituna pamakéan ubar ieu kudu dilakukeun ku [[dokter]], atawa ku patugas médis kalawan instruksi dokter. Pikeun bius épidural. buvipakaine dibérékeun kucara disuntikeun ka daérah [[cangkéng]] handap atawa daérah tulang tukang. Pikeun prosedur [[huntu]], bupivakaine disuntikeun langsung ka [[gusi]] deukeut huntu nu rék dioperasi. Dokter jeung tanaga médis bakal ngawaskeun sistem nafas, tekanan darah, kadar oksigén, atawa tanda-tanda vital anjeun salila dibius bupivacaine. Sababaraha ubar bius  epidural bakal méré éfék nu leuwih lila atawa permanen di sababaraha fungsi awak kayaning fungsi séksual, kontrol dina sistem pencernaan, jeung kandung kemih, sarta pagerakan suku anjeun. Diskusikeun ka dokter ngeunaan résiko karukakan sistem saraf nu aya kamungkinan timbul salaku réaksi tina bupivakaine.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" />

== Cara gawé ==
Anastési lola atawa bius lokal kayaning bupivakaine ngahambat pambentukan jeung konduksi impuls saraf, kucara ningkatkeun ambang eksitasi listrik di saraf, ku ngalaunkeun panyebaran impuls saaf, jeung ngurangan laju kanaékan poténsial aksi. Bupivakaine nyegah depolarisasi kucara ngiket bagéan intraseluler saluran natrium jeung ngablokir asupna ion natrium ka jero neuron. Sacara umum, kamekaran anastesi aya patalina jeung diameter, mielinisasi jeung kecepatan konduksi serabut saraf nu ka keunaan. Sacara klinis, urutan leungitna fungsi saraf nyaéta : nyeri, suhu, sentuhan, propriosepsi, jeung tonus otot rangka. Éfék analgesik tina Bupivicaine dianggep miboga poténsi ku sabab pangikatanna jeung reseptor prostaglandin E2, subtipe EP1 (PGE2EP1), nu ngahambat  produksi prostaglandin, ngurangan panas awak, peradangan, jeung hiperalgesia.<ref name=":0" />

== Hal nu kudu diperhatikeun ==
Teu dianjurkeun pikeun ngonsumsi ubar ieu mun anjeun kungsi ngarandapan r'eaksi alérgi nu parah kana ubar bius. Ubar bupivakaine téh ubar nu aman dipaké, pastikeun anjeun teu ngarandapan panyakit:<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" />

* Anémia, panyakit [[ginjal]] atawa haté, gangguan pendarahan atawa pambekuan [[getih]]
* [[Sifilis|Sipilis]], [[polio]], [[tumor otak]] atawa saraf tulang belakang
* Baal atawa singsireumeun
* [[Nyeri tonggong]] akut, nyeri sirah pascaoperasi
* Darah rendah atawa darah tinggi
* Tulang tonggong nu  bengkok
* ''[[Arthritis]]''
* Numutkeun US Food and Drugs Administration (FDA) ubar ieu miboga résiko kahamilan kategori C, 
* Jéntrékeun ka dokter mun anjeun keur maké ubar-ubaran lain, kaasup suplemen jeung produk herbal.
* Mun karasa réaksi alérgi atawa overdosis, langsung tepungan dokter.

== Interaksi Bupivakaine ==

=== Interaksi jeung ubar séjén ===
Interaksi ubar bisa ngarobah gawé ubar atawa ngaronjatkeun résiko éfék samping nu leuwih serius. Ieu sababaraha ubar nu unteraksi jeung bupivakaine kayaning [[aspirin]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/drug-interactions/acetylsalicylic-acid-with-bupivacaine-243-3224-434-0.html|title=Acetylsalicylic Acid and bupivacaine Drug Interactions|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-25}}</ref> [[ropivacaine]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/drug-interactions/bupivacaine-with-ropivacaine-434-0-2028-0.html|title=Bupivacaine and ropivacaine Drug Interactions|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-25}}</ref>, [[acebutol]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/drug-interactions/acebutolol-with-bupivacaine-10-0-434-0.html|title=Acebutolol and bupivacaine Drug Interactions|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-25}}</ref> [[alprazolam]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/drug-interactions/alprazolam-with-bupivacaine-133-0-434-0.html|title=Alprazolam and bupivacaine Drug Interactions|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-25}}</ref> [[amiodarone]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/drug-interactions/amiodarone-with-bupivacaine-167-0-434-0.html|title=Amiodarone and bupivacaine Drug Interactions|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-25}}</ref>, [[bupivakaine liposome]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/drug-interactions/bupivacaine-with-bupivacaine-liposome-434-0-3370-0.html|title=Bupivacaine and bupivacaine liposome Drug Interactions|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-25}}</ref>, [[bretylium]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/drug-interactions/bretylium-with-bupivacaine-407-0-434-0.html|title=Bretylium and bupivacaine Drug Interactions|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-25}}</ref>, [[atenolol]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/drug-interactions/atenolol-with-bupivacaine-273-0-434-0.html|title=Atenolol and bupivacaine Drug Interactions|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-25}}</ref>, [[clobazam]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/drug-interactions/bupivacaine-with-clobazam-434-0-3350-0.html|title=Bupivacaine and clobazam Drug Interactions|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-25}}</ref>,[[chlordiazepoxide]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/drug-interactions/bupivacaine-with-chlordiazepoxide-434-0-585-0.html|title=Bupivacaine and chlordiazepoxide Drug Interactions|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-25}}</ref>, [[diazepam]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/drug-interactions/bupivacaine-with-diazepam-434-0-862-0.html|title=Bupivacaine and diazepam Drug Interactions|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-25}}</ref>, [[estazolam]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/drug-interactions/bupivacaine-with-estazolam-434-0-1016-0.html|title=Bupivacaine and estazolam Drug Interactions|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-25}}</ref>, [[flurazepam]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/drug-interactions/bupivacaine-with-flurazepam-434-0-1120-0.html|title=Bupivacaine and flurazepam Drug Interactions|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-25}}</ref> [[halazepam]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/drug-interactions/bupivacaine-with-halazepam-434-0-1226-0.html|title=Bupivacaine and halazepam Drug Interactions|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-25}}</ref> [[telithromycin]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/drug-interactions/bupivacaine-with-telithromycin-434-0-2151-0.html|title=Bupivacaine and telithromycin Drug Interactions|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-25}}</ref>.  Pamakéan jeung ubar ti golongan ''benzodiazepin'' (alprazolam, ''diazepam, klonazepam, lorazepam'') bisa ningkatkeun éfék déprési sistem saraf pusat nu geus aya dina bupivakaine. Hal ieu nyababkeun éfék tunduh, lieur, linglung nu kapapanjangan, turunna daya konsentrasi. 

=== Kaayaan kaséhatan ===
Kaayaan kaséhatan nu bisa mangaruhan pamakéan ubar ieu. Jéntrékeun ka dokter mun anjeun boga masalah kaséhatan lianna, utamana:<ref name=":3" />

* ''[[Chondrolysis]]'' (gangguan dina sendi jeung tulang) bisa ningkatkeun résiko éfék samping
* [[Panyakit ginjal]]; atawa
* [[Panyakit haté]].

== Éfék samping ==
Éfék samping mangrupa hiji éfék nu teu dipiharep tina ubar. Éfék samping ieu bisa mangrupa-rupa di sababaraha jalma gumantung kana kaayaan panyakit, umur, beurat awak, jinis kelamin, étnis, jeung sababaraha kaayaan kaséhatan lianna. Ieu di handap sababaraha éfék samping nu bisa karasa sanggeus nginum bupivakaine:<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" />

* Gampanng geumpeur, gulisah, linglung 
* Gangguan ngomong atawa titinggalian 
* [[Ceuli]] ngahiung, ciduh karasa saperti logam, rasa baal, atawa singsireumeun di daérah baham atawa tremor
* Detak [[jantung]] laun, nadi lemah
* Jarang kahampangan

* Sebel jeung utah 
* Katirisan jeung ngadégdég
* [[Nyeri sirah]], kejang
* Nyeri tonggong

== Tutumbu kaluar ==

* [https://www.drugs.com/sfx/bupivacaine-side-effects.html Éfék Samping Bupivakaine]
* [https://www.drugs.com/drug-interactions/bupivacaine.html Interaksi Bupivakaine]

== Rujukan ==

[[Kategori:Ubar]]