View source for Disinformation

'''Disinformation''' is [[Lie|false]] or inaccurate [[information]] spread on purpose<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bl.uk/learning/cult/disinfo/disinformation.html|title=Learning Disinformation|publisher=The British Library Board|accessdate=14 December 2011|archive-date=25 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071025061754/http://www.bl.uk/learning/cult/disinfo/disinformation.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> to deceive the targeted audience. Disinformation may include the distribution of [[Forgery|forged]] [[Document|documents]], [[Manuscript|manuscripts]] and [[Photograph|photographs]], or the promotion of harmful [[Rumor|rumors]], [[Conspiracy theory|conspiracy theories]] and fake [[intelligence]].<ref>
* {{cite book |title=Conspiracy Theories |chapter=Conspiracy Theories and Conspiracy Theorizing |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315259574-6/conspiracy-theories-conspiracy-theorizing-steve-clarke |last=Clarke |first=Steve |edition=1 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781315259574 |year=2006 |access-date=December 14, 2024}}
* {{cite journal |journal=U of Chicago Law & Economics, Olin Working Paper |title=Conspiracy Theories |url=https://download.ssrn.com/08/01/21/ssrn_id1084585_code254274.pdf?response-content-disposition=inline&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEDkaCXVzLWVhc3QtMSJGMEQCIF0nD%2B43BYByslf4b%2BC346LoZuodQ%2FPhU5pWyZsHiCF6AiAO0OxFmqkYyDsgog58wPANP69HX4PqBVXvNQqmvZcAsyrHBQjy%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F8BEAQaDDMwODQ3NTMwMTI1NyIMt%2Bdm7vX6Y9t3y%2BpzKpsF74gls%2FghzHoQxpUQCfqo5%2BUW0dLYVutKENaeiGAeLLgPgrG8g6tNIwSsjXUZ4S%2FIU8IGLFR8qoVR1%2Bj3LPzFRCd49wRHDGyS8LLWcHa1jPl%2FLhVE5rhqco%2BSZy4dXcI95nQEw0zWIXdGbAZn8aN35LyIWUbNAroQKSBGe%2Fy%2FBBSahbcSXHlOCdJolZGoV0b3ktOJSH5PUdPsEKFkSKoG7iYU%2BKHiTMdeHk1Ln%2Fyvk1xiCC0nS3j%2B%2BnLOmUgjqj4Uj%2FCyY4mHzHrXnyJbMmoEp1fih8%2BQtfvkSubfwMU1oZMMjDk5D3O6HrpGzTYa7ZcVQmxrHdtoqP07i0%2BsjFf6iRkxq4%2BzcQdGLZwUCRfiHd5AAKsg4d6DRWCahdyWuMbIMFXoa9ddzmXMzeZ0uAH37uav4lLJfJc3a0D2KK4hmnCxRskQuvP0%2FS1nkILImY7EF1q8ty5vZTIFiwCmElsmW0EPx806ORwBy5njHcvAf6Xz0EboukhbY70Ff0y3pMNAG96eFJdgCD1UGJpFT4Mqxl7Nxq7MDJ%2F5RWOnU95ATcjrLBXTvT7sy%2BX6beteQVJEVsT8P23CT%2Frw5j2%2Fz22bwIG31qo49u2XCqY%2BIhrzOLdK9ONsQ%2FNqGRmSobR3lBamInVBaKqy9aN8YRECmpY7jqvOO5zBQ%2BeRWbOp5ZIARu7qdEcv0ig4OnKoC0CZq0vtTrQEpS1qOXvKqTAMmOzD2Whj8LeRjWLQXCN6l9Lc%2FfpnFDA1PXkOoN3CIkihmRoUbo2ErwIclnPzncamxAscBUqSp8WUPp7UgipQDsZGQTVcz1kIr0W0%2BXpKOx%2BjuvkJ1TFT%2FMKviuwtKmsYUPTu%2FgIfzi%2FNzy%2F633d3v0CRVRFWeqZHwVzaNGWl0DDc9Pa6BjqyAebXBcR3Z0zRSCjNfEit2qBcuv7EgdUJatVf1j2zzGjSw779zJ1%2BmHLSo7medLega0bsTKHHQhn%2B3%2BaoXduqkFvLxxkiu7ss8Ut6uiMxUlrbbwTsGteSMgLbo9PjBQUz394OnANwQMNsvixYZ5yglEuEFmz4iRUpcqaWOijM1AZWGfZGqMt3YTUhmOV5%2FrxmJJiqEPtzAQaJvii%2BztreA%2F1mUQG621S9k3zsmruA0%2B%2BLT9s%3D&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Date=20241214T172314Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=300&X-Amz-Credential=ASIAUPUUPRWE5MOM2A4Z%2F20241214%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Signature=2ea270441d286c5baf67dd22fbf4dd74e69375a9b76623f39cfce87e8e7e8f42&abstractId=1084585 |last1=Sunstein |first1=Cass R. |last2=Vermeule |first2=Adrian |issue=387 |date=January 17, 2008 |access-date=December 14, 2024 |quote=Last revised: 7 Feb 2008}}
* {{cite journal |journal=Memory Studies |title=Conspiracy theories as part of history: The role of societal crisis situations |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1750698017701615 |last1=van Prooijen |first1=Jan-Willem |last2=Douglas |first2=Karen M |volume=10 |issue=3 |doi=10.1177/1750698017701615 |date=June 29, 2017 |access-date=December 14, 2024}}
* {{cite journal |journal=Advances in Political Psychology |title=Understanding Conspiracy Theories |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/pops.12568 |last1=Douglas |first1=Karen M. |last2=Uscinski |first2=Joseph E. |last3=Sutton |first3=Robbie M. |last4=Cichocka |first4=Aleksandra |last5=Nefes |first5=Turkay |last6=Ang |first6=Chee Siang |last7=Deravi |first7=Farzin |volume=40 |issue=S1 |date=March 20, 2019 |pages=3–35 |doi=10.1111/pops.12568 |access-date=December 14, 2024}}
* {{cite journal |journal=Annual Review of Psychology |title=What Are Conspiracy Theories? A Definitional Approach to Their Correlates, Consequences, and Communication |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-psych-032420-031329 |last1=Douglas |first1=Karen M. |last2=Sutton |first2=Robbie M. |volume=74 |pages=271–298 |doi=10.1146/annurev-psych-032420-031329 |date=September 28, 2022 |access-date=December 14, 2024}}</ref><ref>
* {{cite web |website=University of Edinburgh Research Archive |title=Metaphysical conspiracism: UFOs as discursive object between popular millennial and conspiracist fields |url=https://era.ed.ac.uk/handle/1842/10586 |last=Robertson |first=David George |date=November 25, 2014 |access-date=December 14, 2024}}
* {{cite journal |journal=Antisemitism Studies |title=Conspiracy Fetishism, Community, and the Antisemitic Imaginary |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/767680 |last=Bronner |first=Stephen Eric |pages=371–387 |volume=4 |issue=2 |publisher=[[Indiana University]] Press |year=2020 |doi=10.2979/antistud.4.2.06 |access-date=December 14, 2024}}
* {{cite journal |journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology |title=What breeds conspiracy antisemitism? The role of political uncontrollability and uncertainty in the belief in Jewish conspiracy |url=https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2020-00767-001 |last1=Kofta |first1=Mirosław |last2=Soral |first2=Wiktor |last3=Bilewicz |first3=Michał |pages=900–918 |volume=118 |issue=5 |doi=10.1037/pspa0000183 |year=2020 |access-date=December 14, 2024}}
* {{cite book |title=Handbook of UFO Religions |chapter=Chapter 7 They Knew Too Much: The Entangled History of Conspiracy Theories, UFOs and New Religions |url=https://brill.com/display/book/9789004435537/BP000017.xml |last=Robertson |first=David G. |pages=178–196 |doi=10.1163/9789004435537_009 |year=2021 |access-date=December 14, 2024}}
* {{cite book |title=The Routledge Handbook of Religion and Secrecy |chapter=Conspiracy Theories about Secret Religions: Imagining the Other |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003014751-33/conspiracy-theories-secret-religions-imagining-david-robertson |last=Robertson |first=David G. |edition=1 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781003014751 |year=2022 |access-date=December 14, 2024}}</ref>

==Conspiracy theories==
A major form of disinformation is [[Conspiracy theory|conspiracy theories]]. Examples of conspiracy theories include but not limited to
* [[Holocaust denial]]
* Irish slaves [[myth]]<ref>
* {{cite web |website=[[Southern Poverty Law Center]] (SPLC) |title=How the Myth of the "Irish slaves" Became a Favorite Meme of Racists Online |url=https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2016/04/19/how-myth-irish-slaves-became-favorite-meme-racists-online |date=April 19, 2016 |access-date=December 17, 2024}}
* {{cite news |work=[[Associated Press]] (AP) |title=AP FACT CHECK: Irish "slavery" a St. Patrick's Day myth |url=https://apnews.com/article/920e1c738df04555bccd56c09770b36d |last=Pogatchnik |first=Shawn |date=March 16, 2017 |access-date=December 17, 2024}}
* {{cite web |website=Trinity College Dublin |title=The myth of the Irish slave, white supremacy and social media |url=https://www.tcd.ie/news_events/articles/the-myth-of-the-irish-slave-white-supremacy-and-social-media |date=October 3, 2019 |access-date=December 17, 2024}}
* {{cite news |work=[[Reuters]] |title=Fact check: ‘Irish slaves’ meme repeats discredited article |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/world/fact-check-irish-slaves-meme-repeats-discredited-article-idUSKBN23Q1KO |date=June 19, 2020 |access-date=December 17, 2024}}
* {{cite web |website=[[University of California, San Diego|UCSD]] Department of History |title=Slaves To A Myth: Irish Indentured Servitude, African Slavery, and the Politics of White Nationalism |url=https://history.ucsd.edu/_files/undergraduate/honors-theses/Slaves-To-A-Myth.pdf |last=McKee |first=Liam |year=2021 |access-date=December 17, 2024}}</ref><ref>
* {{cite news |work=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] (CBC) |title=Myth of Irish 'slavery' promoted by white supremacists ahead of St. Patrick's Day |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/ireland-slaves-conspiracy-theory-debunked-st-patricks-day-1.4028855 |date=March 16, 2017 |access-date=December 17, 2024 |quote=Last Updated: March 17, 2017}}
* {{cite news |work=Rebel News (Ireland) |title=‘Irish Slaves’: Debunking the Myth |url=https://www.rebelnews.ie/2020/07/02/irish-slaves-debunking-myth |last=Kelly |first=Brian |date=July 2, 2020 |access-date=December 17, 2024}}
* {{cite news |work=AFP Fact Check |title=More false claims about ‘Irish slaves’ spread on social media |url=https://factcheck.afp.com/more-false-claims-about-irish-slaves-spread-social-media |date=July 7, 2020 |access-date=December 17, 2024}}
* {{cite magazine |magazine=UWEC Spectator |title=The Irish were never slaves |url=https://www.spectatornews.com/opinion/2021/11/the-irish-were-never-slaves |last=Ftouhi |first=Sabrina |date=November 2, 2021 |access-date=December 17, 2024}}
* {{cite news |work=Alton Telegraph |title='Irish slaves' book based on outright lie |url=https://www.thetelegraph.com/opinion/article/Irish-slaves-book-based-on-outright-lie-17492050.php |date=October 7, 2022 |access-date=December 17, 2024}}</ref>
* [[September 11 attacks|9/11]] conspiracy theories<ref>
* {{cite journal |journal=New German Critique |title=Outrageous Conspiracy Theories: Popular and Official Responses to 9/11 in Germany and the United States |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27669225 |last=Knight |first=Peter |issue=103 |pages=165–193 |publisher=[[Duke University]] Press |year=2008 |access-date=December 14, 2024}}
* {{cite journal |journal=Journal of Contemporary Antisemitism |title=Antisemitic Conspiracy Theories and Violent Extremism on the Far Right: a Public Health Approach to Counter-Radicalization |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.26613/jca/2.1.19/pdf |last=Byington |first=Bradley |doi=10.26613/jca/2.1.19 |date=December 19, 2020 |access-date=December 14, 2024}}
* {{cite journal |journal=Language and Literature: International Journal of Stylistics |title=Antisemitic conspiracy fantasy in the age of digital media: Three ‘conspiracy theorists’ and their YouTube audiences |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0963947020971997 |last1=Allington |first1=Daniel |last2=Buarque |first2=Beatriz L |last3=Flores |first3=Daniel Barker |volume=30 |issue=1 |doi=10.1177/0963947020971997 |date=December 27, 2020 |access-date=December 14, 2024}}
* {{cite journal |journal=Polyphony |title=Does Antisemitism Provide the Blueprint for Nearly All Conspiracy Theories? |url=https://www.polyphonyjournal.com/_files/ugd/110a40_815d58f1316344cb8a302a1e972e483d.pdf#page=35 |last=Dye |first=Isobel |volume=5 |issue=2 |publisher=American Studies Press |date=June 24, 2023 |access-date=December 14, 2024}}
* {{cite book |title=Handbook of Prejudice, Stereotyping, and Discrimination |chapter=The Psychology of Contemporary Antisemitism |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003399162-14/psychology-contemporary-antisemitism-neil-kressel |last=Kressel |first=Neil J. |edition=3 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781003399162 |year=2024 |access-date=December 14, 2024}}</ref>
* [[Unidentified flying object|UFO]] conspiracy theories<ref>
* {{cite web |website=University of Edinburgh Research Archive |title=Metaphysical conspiracism: UFOs as discursive object between popular millennial and conspiracist fields |url=https://era.ed.ac.uk/handle/1842/10586 |last=Robertson |first=David George |date=November 25, 2014 |access-date=December 14, 2024}}
* {{cite journal |journal=Antisemitism Studies |title=Conspiracy Fetishism, Community, and the Antisemitic Imaginary |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/767680 |last=Bronner |first=Stephen Eric |pages=371–387 |volume=4 |issue=2 |publisher=[[Indiana University]] Press |year=2020 |doi=10.2979/antistud.4.2.06 |access-date=December 14, 2024}}
* {{cite journal |journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology |title=What breeds conspiracy antisemitism? The role of political uncontrollability and uncertainty in the belief in Jewish conspiracy |url=https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2020-00767-001 |last1=Kofta |first1=Mirosław |last2=Soral |first2=Wiktor |last3=Bilewicz |first3=Michał |pages=900–918 |volume=118 |issue=5 |doi=10.1037/pspa0000183 |year=2020 |access-date=December 14, 2024}}
* {{cite book |title=Handbook of UFO Religions |chapter=Chapter 7 They Knew Too Much: The Entangled History of Conspiracy Theories, UFOs and New Religions |url=https://brill.com/display/book/9789004435537/BP000017.xml |last=Robertson |first=David G. |pages=178–196 |doi=10.1163/9789004435537_009 |year=2021 |access-date=December 14, 2024}}
* {{cite book |title=The Routledge Handbook of Religion and Secrecy |chapter=Conspiracy Theories about Secret Religions: Imagining the Other |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003014751-33/conspiracy-theories-secret-religions-imagining-david-robertson |last=Robertson |first=David G. |edition=1 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781003014751 |year=2022 |access-date=December 14, 2024}}</ref>
* [[Chemtrail]] conspiracy theory<ref>
* {{cite journal |journal=Visual Anthropology Review |title=Chemtrails, Crisis, and Loss in an Interconnected World |url=https://anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/var.12089 |last=Bakalaki |first=Alexandra |pages=12–23 |volume=32 |issue=1 |doi=10.1111/var.12089 |date=May 12, 2016 |access-date=December 14, 2024 |quote=Special Issue:Uncertain Visions: Crisis, Ambiguity, and Visual Culture in Greece}}
* {{cite journal |journal=The Geographical Journal |title=Climates of suspicion: ‘chemtrail’ conspiracy narratives and the international politics of geoengineering |url=https://rgs-ibg.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/geoj.12116 |last=Cairn |first=Rose |pages=70–84 |volume=182 |issue=1 |year=2016 |doi=10.1111/geoj.12116 |access-date=December 14, 2024 |quote=First published: 25 November 2014}}
* {{cite journal |journal=Missouri Review |title=Chemtrails and Solar Geoengineers: Governing Online Conspiracy Theory Misinformation |url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/molr85&div=26&id=&page= |last=Corbett |first=Charles R. |volume=85 |issue=3 |year=2020 |access-date=December 14, 2024}}
* {{cite journal |journal=symplokē |title=Salvational Super-Agents and Conspiratorial Secret Agents: Conspiracy, Theory, and Fantasies of Control |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/773842 |last=Saltman |first=Kenneth J. |pages=51–63 |volume=28 |issue=1–2 |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |doi=10.5250/symploke.28.1-2.0051 |year=2020 |access-date=December 14, 2024}}
* {{cite journal |journal=Anthropologie sociale (Social Anthropology) |title=Of fascists and dreamers: conspiracy theory and anthropology |url=https://www.berghahnjournals.com/view/journals/saas/30/1/saas300104.xml |last=Rakopoulos |first=Theodoros |doi=10.3167/saas.2022.300104 |year=2022 |access-date=December 14, 2024}}</ref>
* [[Moon landing conspiracy theories]]<ref>
* {{cite book |title=Rumor Mills |chapter=Negatory Rumors: From the Denial of Reality to Conspiracy Theory |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315128795-20/negatory-rumors-jean-bruno-renard |last=Renard |first=Jean-Bruno |edition=1 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781315128795 |year=2005 |access-date=December 14, 2024}}
* {{cite book |title=The Moon Hoax? |chapter=What Can We Learn? |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-05460-1_15 |last=Eversberg |first=Thomas |pages=123–136 |date=February 7, 2019 |access-date=December 14, 2024}}
* {{cite journal |journal=Social Research: An International Quarterly |title=Political Conspiracy Beliefs and Their Alignment on the Left-Right Political Spectrum |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/867505/pdf |last1=Bilewicz |first1=Michał |last2=Imhoff |first2=Roland |pages=679–706 |volume=89 |issue=3 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |doi=10.1353/sor.2022.0039 |year=2022 |access-date=December 14, 2024}}
* {{cite book |title=Off the edge: Flat earthers, conspiracy culture, and why people will believe anything |url=https://search.library.wisc.edu/catalog/9913487309302121 |last=Kelly |first=Weill |year=2022 |access-date=December 14, 2024}}
* {{cite web |website=The University of Vermont |title=A Computational Journey Through Conspiracy Theories: A Genealogical Approach |url=https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/1841 |last=Ghasemizade |first=Mohsen |year=2024 |access-date=December 14, 2024}}</ref>
* [[John F. Kennedy|John F. Kennedy's assassination]] conspiracy theories<ref>
* {{cite journal |journal=The Virginia Quarterly Review |title=America's conspiratorial imagination |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26437308 |last=Pinsker |first=Sanford |pages=605–625 |volume=68 |issue=4 |publisher=University of Virginia |jstor=26437308 |year=1992 |access-date=December 14, 2024}}
* {{cite journal |journal=Theory and Society |title=Review: Theorizing Conspiracy |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3108580 |last=Pratt |first=Ray |pages=255–271 |volume=32 |issue=2 |publisher=Springer Nature |jstor=3108580 |year=2003 |access-date=December 14, 2024}}
* {{cite web |website=University of East Anglia |title=A Paranoid Style? : The JFK Assassination and the Politics and Culture of Conspiracy Theory |url=https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/id/eprint/48793/1/2014BroadbentJMA.pdf |last=Broadbent |first=Joseph |year=2014 |access-date=December 14, 2024}}
* {{cite journal |journal=Antisemitism Studies |title=Anti-Jewish Conspiracy Theories in Putin's Russia |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/3/article/736381/pdf |last=Yablokov |first=Ilya |pages=291–316 |volume=3 |issue=2 |publisher=[[Indiana University]] Press |doi=10.2979/antistud.3.2.05 |year=2019 |access-date=December 14, 2024}}
* {{cite book |title=Thinking Critically About the Kennedy Assassination: Debunking the Myths and Conspiracy Theories |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781003222460/thinking-critically-kennedy-assassination-michel-jacques-gagn%C3%A9 |last=Gagné |first=Michel Jacques |edition=1 |publisher=Routledge |location=[[London]] |isbn=9781003222460 |doi=10.4324/9781003222460 |date=March 27, 2022 |access-date=December 15, 2024}}</ref>
* [[Illuminati]] and [[Freemasonry]]-related conspiracy theories<ref>
* {{cite journal |first=Svetlana |last=Boym |title=Conspiracy theories and literary ethics: Umberto Eco, Danilo Kis and ''The Protocols of Zion'' |journal=Comparative Literature |date=Spring 1999 |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=97–122 |doi=10.2307/1771244 |jstor=1771244}}
* {{cite book|author=Leonidas Donskis|title=Forms of Hatred: The Troubled Imagination in Modern Philosophy and Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M7Tdl6vgbmUC&pg=PA41|date=1 January 2003|publisher=Rodopi|isbn=90-420-1066-5|pages=41–}}
* {{cite thesis |last1=Williford |first1=Thomas J. |title=Armando los espiritus: Political Rhetoric in Colombia on the Eve of La Violencia, 1930-1945 |chapter=Chapter IV: Conservative Political Rhetoric: The Judeo-Masonic Conspiracy Theory |chapter-url=https://ir.vanderbilt.edu/bitstream/handle/1803/13410/WillifordFChap4.pdf?sequence=5&isAllowed=y |type=PhD dissertation |publisher=[[Vanderbilt University]] |date=2005 |language=en}}
* {{cite book |chapter=The Judeo-Masonic Conspiracy: The Path from the Cemetery of Prague to Arab Anti-Zionist Propaganda |title=Conspiracy Theories in the United States and the Middle East
 |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110338270.251/html?lang=en |author=Barbara De Poli |publisher=De Gruyter |year=2014 |doi=10.1515/9783110338270.251 |access-date=October 26, 2024}}
* {{cite web |website=World Jewish Congress |url=https://www.worldjewishcongress.org/en/conspiracy-myths/the-myth-that-jews-control-the-world |title=The Myth that Jews Control the World |access-date=October 26, 2024}}
* {{cite journal |journal=Center on Terrorism, Extremism, and Counterterrorism |title=The Violent Impact of Anti-Semitic Conspiracy Theories: Examining the Jewish World Domination Narratives and History |url=https://www.middlebury.edu/institute/academics/centers-initiatives/ctec/ctec-publications/violent-impact-anti-semitic-conspiracy |last=S. Broschowitz |first=Michael |publisher=Middlebury Institute of International Studies at Monterey |date=May 6, 2022 |access-date=October 26, 2024}}</ref>
* [[Diana, Princess of Wales]]' death-related conspiracy theories<ref>
* {{cite journal |journal=Continuum |title=Conspiracy Theories and Academic Discourses: The necessary possibility of popular (over)interpretation |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/713657760 |last=Birchall |first=Clare |pages=67–76 |volume=15 |issue=1 |doi=10.1080/713657760 |year=2001 |location=Brighton and Hove, England |access-date=December 15, 2024 |quote=Published online: 01 Jul 2010}}
* {{cite journal |journal=The Journal of Social Psychology |title=The Hidden Impact of Conspiracy Theories: Perceived and Actual Influence of Theories Surrounding the Death of Princess Diana |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3200/SOCP.148.2.210-222 |last1=Douglas |first1=Karen M. |last2=Sutton |first2=Robbie M. |volume=148 |issue=2 |pages=210–222 |doi=10.3200/SOCP.148.2.210-222 |year=2008 |access-date=December 15, 2024 |quote=Published online: 07 Aug 2010}}
* {{cite journal |journal=Applied Cognitive Psychology |title=Belief in Conspiracy Theories and Susceptibility to the Conjunction Fallacy |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/acp.2995 |last1=Brotherton |first1=Robert |last2=French |first2=Christopher C. |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=238–248 |doi=10.1002/acp.2995 |date=January 15, 2014 |access-date=December 15, 2024}}
* {{cite journal |journal=European Review of Social Psychology |title=Why conspiracy theories matter: A social psychological analysis |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10463283.2018.1537428 |last1=Douglas |first1=Karen M. |last2=Sutton |first2=Robbie M. |pages=256–298 |volume=29 |issue=1 |doi=10.1080/10463283.2018.1537428 |date=November 1, 2018 |access-date=December 15, 2024}}
* {{cite book |title=Investigative Journalism: A Survival Guide |chapter=Conspiracy Theories |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-16752-3_7 |last=Leigh |first=David |pages=99–110 |date=August 26, 2019 |access-date=December 15, 2024}}</ref>

==Online disinformation==
Disinformation is particularly common on the most visited websites worldwide,<ref>{{cite web |website=Semrush |title=Most Visited Websites in Worldwide 2024 {{!}} Open .Trends |url=https://www.semrush.com/trending-websites/global/all |access-date=December 12, 2024}}</ref> including Wikipedia,<ref name="WikiAS1">
* {{cite web |url=http://www.dailydot.com/politics/croatian-wikipedia-fascist-takeover-controversy-right-wing |title=How pro-fascist ideologues are rewriting Croatia's history |last=Sampson |first=Tim |work=dailydot.com |access-date=July 1, 2015 |date=October 1, 2013}}
* {{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2014/08/04/mens-rights-activists-think-a-hateful-feminist-conspiracy-is-ruining-wikipedia/ |title=Men's rights activists think a "hateful" feminist conspiracy is ruining Wikipedia |last=Dewey |first=Caitlin |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=8 April 2020 |date=4 August 2014}}
* {{cite web |website=Wired |url=https://www.wired.com/story/wikipedia-state-sponsored-disinformation |title=The Hunt for Wikipedia's Disinformation Moles |date=October 17, 2022 |access-date=October 17, 2024}}
* {{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet Magazine |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/wikipedia-jewish-problem |title=Wikipedia’s Jewish Problem |last=Tabarovsky |first=Izabella |date=July 25, 2024 |access-date=October 24, 2024 |quote=[...] Wikipedia’s articles are [...] [[Big lie|feeding]] [[World population|billions of people]] [...] dangerously skewed narratives [...] “[[Holocaust trivialization|minimize[d]]] [[Racism in Poland#Jews|Polish antisemitism]], [[Exaggeration|exaggerate[d]]] the Poles’ role in saving Jews,” [[Victim blaming|blamed Jews for the Holocaust]] [...].}}
* {{cite web |website=Australia/Israel & Jewish Affairs Council (AIJAC) |url=https://aijac.org.au/australia-israel-review/essay-wikipedias-jewish-problem |title=Essay: Wikipedia's Jewish Problem |first=Izabella |last=Tabarovsky |date=August 14, 2024 |access-date=October 17, 2024}}</ref><ref name="WikiAS2">
* {{cite news |work=Haaretz |title=‘Jews Helped the Germans Out of Revenge or Greed’: New Research Documents How Wikipedia Distorts the Holocaust |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-02-14/ty-article-magazine/.premium/new-research-documents-how-wikipedia-distorts-the-holocaust/00000186-4f0f-d02c-af9e-cfffa9900000 |date=February 14, 2023 |access-date=December 3, 2024}}
* {{cite magazine |magazine=The Forward |url=https://forward.com/opinion/550600/wikipedia-holocaust-disinformation |title=The shocking truth about Wikipedia’s Holocaust disinformation |last=Klein |first=Shira |date=June 14, 2023 |access-date=October 24, 2024 |quote=Why Wikipedia cannot be trusted: It repeatedly allows [[Troll|rogue editors]] to [[Holocaust denial|rewrite Holocaust history]] and [[Victim blaming|make Jews out to be the bad guys]] [...].}}
* {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=Wikipedia's page on Zionism is partly edited by an anti-Zionist - investigation |url=https://jpost.com/diaspora/article-825520 |last=Heller |first=Mathilda |date=October 22, 2024 |access-date=December 12, 2024 |quote=The Post found that DMH223344 was suspended on 9 October 2024 from editing the Zionism page, "for violating the one-revert rule at Zionism."}}
* {{cite news |work=World Religion News |url=https://www.worldreligionnews.com/wikipedia/wikipedia-and-judaism-how-holocaust-denial-became-embedded-in-the-worlds-go-to-source-of-misinformation |title=Wikipedia and Judaism: How Holocaust Denial Became Embedded in the World’s Go-To Source of (Mis)Information |access-date=October 24, 2024}}
* {{cite web |website=Michael Geist |url=https://www.michaelgeist.ca/2024/10/law-bytes-podcast-episode-215 |title=The Law Bytes Podcast, Episode 215: Jan Grabowski on Wikipedia’s Antisemitism Problem |date=October 7, 2024 |access-date=October 24, 2024}}</ref> [[Reddit]]<ref>
* {{cite web |website=Southern Poverty Law Center |url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2015/reddit-shuts-down-some-racist-anti-semitic-web-forums |title=Reddit Shuts Down Some Racist, Anti-Semitic Web Forums |date=October 27, 2015 |access-date=October 23, 2024}}
* {{cite news |work=Sky News| url=https://news.sky.com/story/amp/racism-is-fine-on-our-site-says-reddits-chief-executive-11327584 |title='Racism is fine on our site,' says Reddit's chief executive |date=April 12, 2018 |access-date=October 23, 2024}}
* {{cite web |website=Brookings |url=https://www.brookings.edu/articles/combating-racism-on-social-media-5-key-insights-on-bystander-intervention |title=Combating racism on social media: 5 key insights on bystander intervention |date=December 1, 2021 |access-date=October 23, 2024}}
* {{cite news |work=Business Insider |title=A moderator of one of the biggest Kanye West internet forums says the page has been a 'bloodbath' since the rapper's descent into antisemitism and conspiracy theories |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/kanye-west-ye-reddit-forum-moderator-reacts-antisemitism-conspiracy-theories-2022-11 |date=November 16, 2022 |access-date=December 5, 2024}}
* {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=Holocaust denial finds new life in Oct. 7 revisionism |url=https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/article-783228 |date=January 22, 2024 |access-date=December 5, 2024}}</ref> and [[Instagram]].<ref name="InstaAS1">
* {{cite news |work=Harvard Crimson |title=‘Unmistakably Antisemitic’: Harvard College Dean Khurana Slams Student Groups Over Instagram Post |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2024/2/21/khurana-slams-student-groups-antisemitism |date=February 21, 2024 |access-date=December 13, 2024}}
* {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=Is Instagram antisemitic? Jewish, pro-Israel influencers speak out |url=https://jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/article-791922 |date=March 15, 2024 |access-date=December 13, 2024}}
* {{cite news |work=[[The Guardian]] |title=Gove accuses UK university protests of ‘antisemitism repurposed for Instagram age’ |url=https://theguardian.com/world/article/2024/may/21/gove-accuses-uk-university-protests-of-antisemitism-repurposed-for-instagram-age |date=May 21, 2024 |access-date=December 13, 2024}}
* {{cite web |website=Combat Antisemitism Movement (CAM) |title=CAM Monitoring Uncovers More Post-10/7 Students for Justice in Palestine Support for Hamas on Instagram |url=https://combatantisemitism.org/studies-reports/cam-monitoring-uncovers-more-post-10-7-sjp-support-for-hamas-on-instagram |date=July 17, 2024 |access-date=December 13, 2024}}
* {{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] (ADL) |title=Online Antisemitism: How Tech Platforms Handle User Reporting Post 10/7 |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/report/online-antisemitism-how-tech-platforms-handle-user-reporting-post-107 |date=September 30, 2024 |access-date=December 13, 2024}}</ref><ref name="InstaAS2">
* {{cite news |work=ABC News |title=I posted on Instagram about my anti-Semitic trolls and their persistent abuse. Instagram deleted my post: OPINION |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/posted-instagram-anti-semitic-trolls-persistent-abuse-instagram/story?id=58875150 |date=October 31, 2018 |access-date=December 14, 2024}}
* {{cite news |work=London Even Standard |title=Patel demands social media giants explain why Wiley posts were left up |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/uk/priti-patel-wiley-twitter-instagram-explanation-a4508821.html |date=July 26, 2020 |access-date=December 14, 2024}}
* {{cite news |work=[[Sky News]] |title=Antisemitism 'rife' on social media platforms like Instagram and TikTok, research finds |url=https://news.sky.com/story/antisemitism-rife-on-social-media-platforms-like-instagram-and-tiktok-research-finds-12432690 |date=October 13, 2021 |access-date=December 14, 2024}}
* {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=Meta to remove posts targeting 'Zionists' when aiming at Jews, Israelis |url=https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-809610 |date=July 9, 2024 |access-date=December 14, 2024}}
* {{cite news |work=Jewish News |title=Gay club accused of being ‘poisoned with antisemitism’ changes tune |url=https://www.jewishnews.co.uk/london-gay-club-accused-of-aggressive-racism-changes-tune |date=August 9, 2024 |access-date=December 14, 2024}}</ref>
===Wikipedia===
====Croatian Wikipedia====
{{Main|Croatian Wikipedia}}
Between 2009 and 2021, Croatian Wikipedia was controlled by a group of far-right administrators who promoted [[Holocaust denial]] by [[Censorship|censoring]]<ref name="WikiAS1" /> the war crimes of the [[Axis powers#Client states|pro]]-[[Nazi Germany|Nazi]] [[Ustaše]]-ruled [[Independent State of Croatia]] (NDH)<ref>{{cite web |website=[[Yad Vashem]] |url=https://www.yadvashem.org/righteous/stories/the-holocaust-in-croatia.html |title=The Holocaust in Croatia |access-date=October 24, 2024}}</ref> and blocking dozens of rule-abiding users for trying to remove the false content.<ref name="WikiAS1" /> 

Željko Jovanović, the Minister of Science of Croatia back then, also advised against the use of the Croatian Wikipedia.<ref name="novi">{{cite web |url=http://www.novilist.hr/Vijesti/Hrvatska/Jovanovic-Djeco-ne-baratajte-hrvatskom-Wikipedijom-jer-su-sadrzaji-falsificirani |title=Jovanović: Djeco, ne baratajte hrvatskom Wikipedijom jer su sadržaji falsificirani |work=Novi list |date=September 13, 2013 |trans-title=Jovanović: "Children, do not use the Croatian Wikipedia because its contents are forgeries" |access-date=September 13, 2013 |language=hr}}</ref> The most serious violation by the far-right administrators was their anti-historical designation of the [[Jasenovac concentration camp]], in which 77,000–99,000 were killed,<ref>
* {{cite web |website=[[Holocaust Encyclopedia]] |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/jasenovac |title=Jasenovac |access-date=October 24, 2024}}
* {{cite web |website=[[Jewish Virtual Library]] |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jasenovac-camp |title=Concentration Camps: Jasenovac |doi=10.1080/00085006.2024.2356453 |isbn=978-1-032-35379-1 |access-date=October 24, 2024}}
* {{cite journal |journal=East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures |title=Jasenovac—A Past That Does Not Pass: The Presence of Jasenovac in Croatian and Serbian Collective Memory of Conflict |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0888325416653657 |last1=Odak |first1=Stipe |last2=Benčić |first2=Andriana |volume=30 |issue=4 |date=July 10, 2016 |doi=10.1177/0888325416653657 |access-date=December 11, 2024}}
* {{cite journal |journal=Heritage, Memory and Conflict Journal |title=Exhibiting Jasenovac: Controversies, manipulations and politics of memory |url=https://www.aup-online.com/content/journals/10.3897/ijhmc.3.71583 |last1=Kuznar |first1=Andriana Bencic |last2=Pavlakovic |first2=Vjeran |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=65–69 |publisher=Amsterdam University Press |doi=10.3897/ijhmc.3.71583 |date=May 10, 2023 |access-date=December 11, 2024}}
* {{cite journal |journal=Canadian Slavonic Papers |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00085006.2024.2356453 |title=Jasenovac concentration camp: an unfinished past |author=Marko Attila Hoare |volume=66 |issue=1–2 |pages=291–293 |date=June 5, 2024 |access-date=October 24, 2024}}</ref> as a "collection camp".<ref name="WikiAS1" /> Their Holocaust denial was condemned by scholars, officials, [[advocacy]] groups and media critics.<ref name="WikiAS1" /> 

Following a year-long investigation (2020–21) by the Wikimedia Foundation, several complicit users and administrators were either banned or demoted, with one of the administrators found to have consolidated his or her power with [[:hr:Kategorija:Popis potvrđenih čarapaka (suradnik Kubura)|80 sockpuppet accounts]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Croatian Wikipedia Disinformation Assessment-2021 – Meta |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Croatian_Wikipedia_Disinformation_Assessment-2021 |access-date=2021-06-14 |website=Meta Wikimedia |language=en |quote=Many articles created and edited by the members of this group present the views that match political and [[Sociocultural theory|socio-cultural]] positions advocated by a loosely connected group of Croatian [[Far-right politics|radical right]] political parties and [[National conservatism|ultra-conservative]] [[Populism|populist]] movements. The group has been [[Wikipedia:Gaming the system|using its positions of power]] to attract new like-minded contributors, silence and ban dissenters, manipulate community elections and [[Subversion|subvert]] Wikipedia's and the broader movement's native conflict resolution mechanisms.}}</ref>
====English Wikipedia====
{{Main|English Wikipedia}}
The English Wikipedia was criticized for having condoned the systematic whitewashing of Nazi war criminals in thousands of [[World War II|WWII]]-related articles.<ref name="KC">
* {{cite web |website=Aish |title=The One-Woman Battle Against Pro-Nazi Bias on Wikipedia |url=https://aish.com/the-one-woman-battle-against-pro-nazi-bias-on-wikipedia |author=Dr. Yvette Alt Miller |access-date=January 9, 2025}}
* {{cite web |website=Wired |title=One Woman’s Mission to Rewrite Nazi History on Wikipedia |url=https://www.wired.com/story/one-womans-mission-to-rewrite-nazi-history-wikipedia |date=September 7, 2021 |access-date=January 9, 2025 |quote=Ksenia Coffman’s fellow editors have called her a vandal and a McCarthyist. She just wants them to stop glorifying fascists—and start citing better sources.}}
* {{cite web |website=History News Network (HNN) |title=Ksenia Coffman's Struggle to Root out Nazi Sympathy on Wikipedia |url=https://www.hnn.us/article/ksenia-coffmans-struggle-to-root-out-nazi-sympathy |date=September 7, 2021 |access-date=January 9, 2025}}</ref> 

For instance, Arthur Nebe, a senior [[SS]] official who invented mobile [[Gas chamber|gas chambers]] to kill Jews, was portrayed as a [[savior]] of Jews based on distortion of a cited source that actually said the opposite,<ref name="KC" /> while claims of several Nazi war criminals "opposing" [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] were made up.<ref name="KC" /> SS units responsible for the Holocaust were either depicted as brave fighters or described in [[Voice (grammar)|passive voice]] to the effect of debasing the victims.<ref name="KC" /> 

Those correcting the false content also faced persistent harassment from pro-Nazi users, some of whom were found to have cited material from [[Holocaust denial|Holocaust-denying]] publications, such as the ''[https://www.auschwitz.org/en/history/holocaust-denial/the-institute-for-historical-review Journal of Historical Review]'', in their edits, with limited administrative intervention.<ref name="KC" />

In 2023, Holocaust [[Historian|historians]] Prof. [[Jan Grabowski (historian)|Jan Grabowski]] and Dr. Shira Klein published a 57-page article titled ''Wikipedia’s Intentional Distortion of the History of the Holocaust''<ref name="WikiAS3">{{cite journal |journal=The Journal of Holocaust Research |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/25785648.2023.2168939 |title=Wikipedia’s Intentional Distortion of the History of the Holocaust |last1=Grabowski |first1=Jan |last2=Klein |first2=Shira |pages=133–190 |volume=37 |issue=2 |doi=10.1080/25785648.2023.2168939 |date=February 9, 2023 |access-date=October 24, 2024}}</ref> in ''[https://www.tandfonline.com/toc/rdap21/37/2 The Journal of Holocaust Research]'' wherein they reported to have found widespread distortion of the Polish Holocaust history on the English Wikipedia,<ref name="WikiAS2" /><ref name="WikiAS3" /> which involved the [[exaggeration]]<ref name="WikiAS2" /><ref name="WikiAS3" />  of Jewish collaboration with Nazi/Soviet occupiers, invention of Jewish "atrocities" against [[Poles]], downplaying of Polish collaboration with Nazi/Soviet occupiers and [[Victim blaming|blaming]] Jews for their own suffering in the Holocaust.<ref name="WikiAS2" /><ref name="WikiAS3" /> 

Prof. Grabowski and Dr. Klein also criticized English Wikipedia's administrators and Wikimedia Foundation's lack of will to handle,<ref name="WikiAS2" /><ref name="WikiAS3" /> leaving the site vulnerable to state-sponsored disinformation:

{{blockquote|text=Wikipedia’s administrators have largely failed to uphold Wikipedia’s policies [. ...] unable to deal with the issue of persistent distortion [...] Wikipedia’s articles [...] have become a hub of misinformation and [[Antisemitism#Lies about Jews|antisemitic canards]].}}

On another occasion, Prof. Grabowski said,<ref name="WikiAS2" />

{{blockquote|text=As a historian, I was aware [...] of various distortions [...] of the Holocaust on Wikipedia. What I found shocking, was the sheer scale [...] and the small number of individuals needed to distort the history of [[The Holocaust|one of the greatest tragedies in the history of humanity]].}}

In 2024, independent journalist investigations uncovered a large-scale [[Wikipedia:Canvassing|off-site canvassing]] campaign to rewrite [[Jew#History|Jewish history]] and reshape the narrative surrounding the [[Israel–Palestine conflict]], which involved 40 accounts having made at least 2,000,000 edits to over 10,000 Jewish-related articles.<ref name="WikiAS4">
* {{cite news |work=Jewish Insider |title=Inside the war over Israel at Wikipedia |url=https://jewishinsider.com/2024/06/wikipediai-israeli-palestinian-conflict-zionism-adl-encyclopedia |last=Deutch |first=Gabby |date=June 26, 2024 |access-date=December 12, 2024 |quote=Behind the scenes, ideologically motivated actors are working to shape the knowledge shared on the world’s largest [[encyclopedia]]}}
* {{cite news |work=Pirate Wires |title=How Wikipedia’s Pro-Hamas Editors Hijacked the Israel-Palestine Narrative |url=https://www.piratewires.com/p/how-wikipedia-s-pro-hamas-editors-hijacked-the-israel-palestine-narrative |last=Rindsberg |first=Ashley |date=October 24, 2024 |access-date=December 12, 2024}}
* {{cite news |work=Jewish Journal |title=Wikipedia Editors Place a Near Total Ban on Calling Gaza Health Ministry “Hamas-Run” |url=https://jewishjournal.com/news/united-states/376157/wikipedia-editors-place-a-near-total-ban-on-calling-gaza-health-ministry-hamas-run |last=Bandler |first=Aaron |date=October 25, 2024 |access-date=December 12, 2024}}
* {{cite news |work=Voz Media |title=At least 40 pro-Hamas Wikipedia editors misrepresented information about Israel |url=https://voz.us/en/world/241025/17537/at-least-40-pro-hamas-wikipedia-editors-misrepresented-information-about-israel.html |date=October 25, 2024 |access-date=December 13, 2024}}
* {{cite news |work=Jewish News Syndicate (JNS) |title=‘Wikipedia editors colluded to delegitimize Israel’ |url=https://www.jns.org/wikipedia-editors-colluded-to-delegitimize-israel |date=November 3, 2024 |access-date=December 12, 2024}}
* {{cite news |work=Jewish News Syndicate (JNS) |title=Wikipedia’s anti-Israel propaganda mocks objectivity and destroys its credibility |url=https://www.jns.org/wikipedias-anti-israel-propaganda-mocks-objectivity-and-destroys-its-credibility |last=Shvili |first=Jason |date=November 13, 2024 |access-date=December 12, 2024}}</ref> 

The off-site canvassing campaign was coordinated by an 8,000-member ''Tech for Palestine'' Discord channel,<ref name="WikiAS4" /> where the organizers provided the participants in-depth [[training]] (e.g. strategy planning sessions, group audio "office hour" chats)<ref name="WikiAS4" /> on getting used to Wikipedia's site operation, assigning participants (in groups of 2~3) to edit hundreds of articles in rotation,<ref name="WikiAS4" /> and [[Wikipedia:Gaming the system|gaming the rules]] to block others from correcting them.<ref name="WikiAS4" />

Reported examples of their revisionist<ref>
* {{cite web |website=The Britannica Dictionary |title=revisionism |url=https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/revisionism |access-date=December 13, 2024}}
* {{cite web |website=Liberty University |title=Historical Revisionism: Revising or Rewriting |url=https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2319&context=honors |last=Shank |first=Tyce |year=2022 |access-date=December 13, 2024}}
* {{cite journal |journal=Open Research Europe |title=Information manipulation and historical revisionism: Russian disinformation and foreign interference through manipulated history-based narratives |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10509605 |last1=Arribas |first1=Cristina M |last2=Arcos |first2=Rubén |last3=Gértrudix |first3=Manuel |last4=Mikulski |first4=Kamil |last5=Hernández-Escayola |first5=Pablo |last6=Teodor |first6=Mihaela |last7=Novăcescu |first7=Elena |last8=Surdu |first8=Ileana |last9=Stoian |first9=Valentin |last10=García-Jiménez |first10=Antonio |volume=3 |issue=121 |version=1 |doi=10.12688/openreseurope.16087.1 |access-date=December 13, 2024}}</ref> edits include<ref name="WikiAS4" />

* Removal of "[[Land of Israel]]" from the [[Jew#History|origin of Jews]] in Jewish-related articles
* Removal of mentions of 16th century Jewish immigration to Israel in Jewish-related articles
* Removal of mentions of [https://embassies.gov.il/holysee/AboutIsrael/the-middle-east/Pages/The%20Hamas-Covenant.aspx Hamas' 1988 charter] which involved the incitement to mass murder of Jews
* Removal of mentions of the Palestinian Grand Mufti of Jerusalem's alliance with Hitler<ref>
* {{cite web |website=[[Holocaust Encyclopedia]] |title=Hajj Amin al-Husayni: Wartime Propagandist |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/hajj-amin-al-husayni-wartime-propagandist |access-date=December 14, 2024}}
* {{cite journal |journal=Middle East Quarterly |title=Nazis, Islamists, and the Making of the Modern Middle East. |url=https://www.meforum.org/middle-east-quarterly/book-reviews/nazis-islamists-and-the-making-of-the-modern |last1=Rubin |first1=Barry |last2=Schwanitz |first2=Wolfgang G. |volume=21 |issue=4 |year=2014 |publisher=Yale University Press |location=[[New Haven]] |access-date=December 13, 2024}}
* {{cite news |work=The Times of Israel |title=Full official record: What the mufti said to Hitler |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/full-official-record-what-the-mufti-said-to-hitler |date=October 21, 2015 |access-date=December 13, 2024 |quote=The Arabs were Germany’s natural friends, Haj Amin al-Husseini told the Nazi leader in 1941, because they had the same enemies — namely the English, the Jews and the Communists}}
* {{cite web |website=HonestReporting |title=Hitler’s Palestinian Ally: Grand Mufti Amin Al-Husseini |url=https://honestreporting.com/hitlers-palestinian-ally-grand-mufti-amin-al-husseini |date=February 10, 2021 |access-date=December 13, 2024}}
* {{cite news |work=i24NEWS |title=Erdan Presents Between Mufti And Hitler At UN Meeting On Gaza War |url=https://www.i24news.tv/en/news/international/artc-erdan-presents-between-mufti-and-hitler-at-un-meeting-on-gaza-war |date=April 9, 2024 |access-date=December 13, 2024 |quote="The UN, the organization founded to prevent Nazi ideology from spreading, has committed itself to reinforcing modern-day Nazi Jihadists" said Israel’s UN Ambassador Erdan}}</ref><ref>
* {{cite web |website=Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs |title=Haj Amin al-Husseini, the Nazis and the Holocaust: The Origins, Nature and Aftereffects of Collaboration |url=https://jcpa.org/article/haj-amin-al-husseini-the-nazis-and-the-holocaust-the-origins-nature-and-aftereffects-of-collaboration |last=Herf |first=Jeffrey |date=January 5, 2016 |access-date=December 13, 2024}}
* {{cite news |work=Haaretz |title=Never-before-seen Photos of Palestinian Mufti With Hitler Ties Visiting Nazi Germany |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2017-06-15/ty-article-magazine/revealed-photos-of-palestinian-mufti-visiting-nazi-germany/0000017f-ef6e-d0f7-a9ff-efefa25a0000 |date=June 15, 2017 |access-date=December 13, 2024}}
* {{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet Magazine |title=Photographic Evidence Shows Palestinian Leader Amin al-Husseini at a Nazi Concentration Camp |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/amin-al-husseini-nazi-concentration-camp |last=Schwanitz |first=Wolfgang G. |date=April 7, 2021 |access-date=December 13, 2024}}
* {{cite news |work=The Jewish Press |title=Part II: A War of Words: The Mufti Meets with Hitler in Berlin |url=https://www.jewishpress.com/indepth/opinions/part-ii-a-war-of-words-the-muftis-meeting-with-hitler-in-berlin/2024/07/07 |author=Alex Grobman PhD. |date=July 7, 2024 |access-date=December 13, 2024}}
* {{cite journal |journal=Jewish Journal |title=Hamas = Fascist Jew-Hatred - But the Palestinian Arab Nationalism and Nazi Connection Goes Way Back |url=https://jewishjournal.com/commentary/opinion/373997/hamas-fascist-jew-hatred-but-the-palestinian-arab-nationalism-and-nazi-connection-goes-way-back |date=August 14, 2024 |access-date=December 14, 2024}}</ref> in Holocaust-related articles
* Redefinition of Jews as an "ethnoreligious group and cultural community" from "ethnoreligious group and [[nation]] from the [[Levant]]" in Jewish-related articles

On 12 December 2024, English Wikipedia's arbitration committee announced that two editors<ref name="Dec12">
* {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=Wikipedia suspends pro-Palestine editors coordinating efforts behind the scenes |url=https://jpost.com/business-and-innovation/article-833180 |date=December 12, 2024}}
* {{cite news |work=JFeed |title=Wikipedia cracks down: Pro-Palestine editors suspended |url=https://www.jfeed.com/news-world/soe1n1 |date=December 12, 2024}}</ref> had been banned indefinitely for [[Wikipedia:Canvassing|off-site canvassing]]<ref name="WikiAS4" /><ref name="Dec12" /> and "encouraging other users to [[Wikipedia:Gaming the system|game]] the extended confirmed restriction and engage in [[Wikipedia:Disruptive changing|disruptive editing]]."<ref name="Dec12" /> Another three editors have also been slapped with sanctions for similar reasons.<ref name="Dec12" />

==Related pages==
* [[Antisemitism]]
* [[Cognitive bias]]
* [[Anti-intellectualism]]
* [[Antisemitism in Europe]]
* ''[[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion]]''
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Misinformation}}
{{Falsification of history}}
[[Category:History]]
[[Category:Politics]]
[[Category:Deception]]
[[Category:Government]]
[[Category:Psychology]]
[[Category:20th century]]
[[Category:21st century]]
[[Category:Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Disinformation]]

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