Knowledgeable Research A Multidisciplinary Journal
Knowledgeable Research (KR), (ISSN: 2583-6633) CODEN: KRABAU an International open-access peer-reviewed refereed monthly journal publishes quality-oriented articles and research papers on Education, Humanities, Social Sciences, Science, Tourism, Hospitality and Management, Linguistics, Information, and Communication Technology, Business, and others. Knowledgeable Research (KR) provides immediate open access to its content on the principle of making research freely accessible to scholars and academicians for a greater global exchange of knowledge. Frequency: Monthly
Society for Academic Facilitation and Extension (Regd.) 53-Karamchari Nagar, Bareilly, 243001 (UP) India
CYANOLIPIDS: STRUCTURE, CYANOGENESIS, DISTRIBUTION, AND BIOSYNTHESIS IN SAPINDACEOUS PLANTS
Cyanolipids constitute a rare and specialized class of nitrogen-containing plant lipids predominantly localized within the botanical family Sapindaceae. These compounds are structurally defined by long-chain fatty acids esterified to a cyanohydrin moiety, serving dual physiological functions as both formidable defensive metabolites and dynamic reservoirs of reduced nitrogen. Upon enzymatic or chemical hydrolysis, cyanolipids release hydrogen cyanide through a process known as cyanogenesis, acting as a potent deterrent against herbivory and pathogenic invasion. This paper provides a comprehensive academic overview of cyanolipid structural taxonomy, restricted ecological distribution, and the mechanisms governing their cyanogenic activation. Furthermore, we propose a structured methodological framework for the extraction, structural elucidation, and evaluation of these unique lipids. By synthesizing current biochemical knowledge and outlining targeted analytical workflows, this research aims to bridge existing gaps in the study of cyanolipid biosynthesis and ecological utility.
Cyanolipids, Cyanogenesis, Sapindaceae, Hydrogen Cyanide, Plant Defense, Secondary Metabolites
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
PONGAMIA PINNATA: AN HEIRLOOM HERBAL MEDICINE
Pongamia pinnata, or Karanja or Indian Beech has been among the pillars of ancient Indian medicine and invaluable ecological resource. It is a popular Ayurvedic, Siddha, and Unani medicine, an indigenous Indian sub-continental plant with centuries of human experience of its vast curing power. A rich constitution of bioactive compounds, which are flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, steroids and fatty acids, are found in the leaves, seeds and oil and basically characterizes its medicinal image. More recent scientific findings support these old claims and demonstrate that P. pinnata is a good antioxidant, anti-microbial agent, anti-inflammatory, anti-glycemia and anti-wound-healing agent. Furthermore, its application is significantly broader since farmers apply it to improve the soil, environmentalists to restore the land and engineers to make the oil a possibly promising source of clean biofuel. The current paper will build a progressive argument of how P. pinnata has evolved into a modern medicine and environmental resource as well as a traditional medicine and how intergenerational ethnomedicinal knowledge is connected to the scientific paradigm of drug development
Pangamia, Herbal medicine, Drug development, Bioactive compound
Multi-objective Integrated Modeling of Resource Utilization For Stability of Port Operating System
In this paper, a novel heart-shaped UWB antenna with quintuple band-notched characteristics is proposed and demonstrated. The proposed antenna has a small size of 26 mm by 34 mm and it consists of a heart-shaped radiating element, a microstrip feed-line and ground planes with round corners. The measured results show that the proposed antenna has an ultrawideband(UWB) frequency range from 2.23 to 10.75 GHz with VSWR (voltage wave standing ratio) less than 2, except in the frequency bands of 2.31 to 2.62 GHz, 3.35 to 3.79 GHz, 5.14 to 5.9 GHz, 7.12 to 7.76 GHz and 8 to 8.43 GHz for filtering some existing narrowband communication systems such as WLAN (wireless local area networks), WiMAX (worldwide interoperability for microwave access), downlink of X-band satellite communication and ITU (International Telecommunication Union) 8-GHz band, respectively. The simulated and measured results of proposed antenna are in good correlation. It also has good omnidirectional radiation patterns and gain characteristics in the required frequency bands.
UWB antenna, quintuple band notched, heart-shaped
India's Soft Power Policy in South Asia and Its Effectiveness
This research paper first explains the situation in South Asia and India's central role in it. Subsequently, while attempting to understand the need for India's security and foreign policy in this region, it discusses India's hard power policy and soft power policy in this region in parallel. Following this, an effort is made to understand the concept of soft power. Furthermore, analyzing Indian soft power, an attempt has been made to understand its use by India in South Asia so far and its effectiveness. This research paper concludes by understanding the potential for India to implement its soft power policy in South Asia and its possible outcomes
South Asia, Foreign Policy, Soft Power, Hard Power, Smart Power, Indian Culture, Cultural Diplomacy
Lord Rama is a symbol of public faith and the epitome of righteousness
The personality of Lord Rama holds a central place in Indian cultural, religious, and philosophical traditions, and he is widely accepted as a symbol of piety, moral discipline, and ideal leadership. Venerated as the epitome of righteousness (Maryada Purushottam), Lord Rama represents the highest ideals of human conduct, exemplifying unwavering dedication to truth, justice, and duty. The present study examines the significance of Rama as a symbol of public faith and moral values in Indian society. Through a qualitative analysis of ancient texts such as the Ramayana and the Ramcharitmanas, as well as interpretations by scholars, this research analyzes various dimensions of Rama’s character—the ideal son, ideal king, ideal husband, ideal brother, and moral leader. This study also elucidates how the ideals associated with Rama—such as piety, sacrifice, compassion, and ethical governance—have profoundly influenced cultural traditions, religious faiths, and social values over the centuries. Furthermore, the study highlights the contemporary relevance of Rama’s ideals in inspiring moral leadership, social harmony, and responsible citizenship in modern society. The findings suggest that the life and teachings of Lord Rama continue to inspire individuals and communities today, as they provide a timeless moral compass that strengthens public faith and reaffirms the importance of righteousness and justice in personal and social life
Maryada Purushottam, Lord Rama, Public Faith, Ramayana, Dharma, Ram Rajya, Moral Leadership
Women's Discourse in Modern Hindi Novels
Women's discourse in modern Hindi novels has emerged as a significant foundation for the multi-dimensional analysis of women's existence, identity, freedom, and social status. This research paper outlines the journey of women from their traditional image to a modern, autonomous personality. From Munshi Premchand's realistic approach to the ideological progressiveness of Krishna Sobti, Mannu Bhandari, and Mridula Garg, an in-depth study of the development of female consciousness has been conducted.
Women's Discourse, Female Identity, Patriarchy, Modern Hindi Novels, Gender Equality, Self-Reliance
Thermal conductivity enhancement of asbestos reinforced phenolic resin frictional composites by Abaqus-Python
The main problem of using organic frictional materials as brake lining materials is to solve the problem of stability of friction coefficient and wear rate; to prevent the dramatic temperature rise during braking and thermal decomposition of the resin matrix. To solve this problem, it is common to add materials with good thermal conductivity such as graphite, but at the same time there is disadvantage of low friction coefficient. Thus, to maintain a constant friction coefficient and also to improve the thermal conductivity of the material sufficiently, it is necessary to determine not only the optimum composition of the other fillers but also the binder and reinforcement components of the friction composite. Recently, the wide application of various engineering analysis programs and optimization algorithms has attracted considerable attention in increasing the speed and accuracy of material design and saving much cost. In this paper, a method for predicting the thermal conductivity of asbestos frictional composites with Abaqus-Python is proposed and the optimum composition is determined using PSO algorithm. We have manufactured composite specimens of the corresponding composition and tested for friction coefficient, wear rate and thermal conductivity measurements, and the simulated result goes will with experimental result.
Random particle reinforced composite, Thermal Conductivity, RVE, ABAQUS
JunIl Jin,PhyongIl Jang,CholHyok Song and JuSong Jong
Quintuple Band Notched Small Monopole Antenna for UWB Applications
A planar CPW-fed quad-port multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) antenna with high isolation is proposed for ultra-wideband (UWB) applications. This antenna is printed on low-cost FR-4 substrate with dielectric constant of 4.3 and its overall size is 50 × 50 × 1.6 mm3. The measured results show that the operating bandwidth with 10 dB return loss is about 8.8 GHz (3.2-12GHz). High isolation of 20dB between four radiating elements is acquired by etching new strip structure on the substrate. Furthermore, the antenna has a simple planar structure, easy fabrication and low cost. Good radiation characteristics and acceptable peak gains are obtained over the operating bands. Good agreement between the simulated and the measured results can be observed
UWB application, MIMO antenna, isolation
Un Chol Kim,Ung Ho Ji,Myong Su Song,Tae Sob U and Hyok Bom Pak
Relationship Between Pornography Addiction and Students’ Academic Performance in Oshimili North Local Government Area of Delta State
This study examined the relationship between pornography addiction and academic performance among secondary school students in Oshimili North Local Government Area of Delta State, Nigeria. A correlational survey design was adopted, with a sample of 250 Senior Secondary 2 and 3 students selected from five public schools using random sampling. Data were collected using two instruments: the Pornography Addiction Scale (PAS) and the Academic Performance Scale (APS), both validated by experts and demonstrating high reliability (α = 0.90). Statistical analyses, including Pearson correlation, regression analysis, and Fisher’s Z-test, were conducted at a 0.05 level of significance. The findings revealed a significant relationship between pornography addiction and students’ academic performance, with gender also influencing this relationship. Based on these results, the study recommends the establishment of functional counselling units in schools to support affected students. It also emphasizes the need for regular guidance programmes addressing socio-personal and behavioural issues to promote healthy lifestyles and improved academic outcomes
Pornography Addiction, Academic Performance, Secondary School Students, Gender Differences
Nwachukwu, Ekene Jude and Dr. Ossai,Moses Chukwugi
Design and implementation of quad-port MIMO antenna with high isolation for UWB applications
In this paper, a novel heart-shaped UWB antenna with quintuple band-notched characteristics is proposed and demonstrated. The proposed antenna has a small size of 26 mm by 34 mm and it consists of a heart-shaped radiating element, a microstrip feed-line and ground planes with round corners. The measured results show that the proposed antenna has an ultrawideband(UWB) frequency range from 2.23 to 10.75 GHz with VSWR (voltage wave standing ratio) less than 2, except in the frequency bands of 2.31 to 2.62 GHz, 3.35 to 3.79 GHz, 5.14 to 5.9 GHz, 7.12 to 7.76 GHz and 8 to 8.43 GHz for filtering some existing narrowband communication systems such as WLAN (wireless local area networks), WiMAX (worldwide interoperability for microwave access), downlink of X-band satellite communication and ITU (International Telecommunication Union) 8-GHz band, respectively. The simulated and measured results of proposed antenna are in good correlation. It also has good omnidirectional radiation patterns and gain characteristics in the required frequency bands
Un Chol Kim,Hyok Bom Pak,Myong Su Song,Won Guk Kim and Il Ho Kim
Determinants of E-Learning Platform Adoption and Learning Outcomes in Adult Education Programmes in Post-COVID in Nigeria
The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted education systems globally and accelerated the adoption of digital learning technologies. In Nigeria, adult education programmes increasingly adopted e-learning platforms to maintain learning continuity during and after the pandemic. However, the level of adoption and its impact on learning outcomes remain uneven due to various technological, institutional, and learner-related challenges. This study examines the key determinants of e-learning adoption, including perceived usefulness, ease of use, digital literacy, internet accessibility, and institutional support. Using insights from technology adoption theories and existing literature, the paper analyzes how these factors influence learners’ willingness to use digital platforms and their effect on cognitive, affective, and skill-based outcomes. The findings reveal persistent challenges such as inadequate infrastructure, high internet costs, limited training, and weak policy implementation. The study concludes that while e-learning offers significant potential for expanding adult education, its success depends on improved infrastructure, effective support systems, and stronger institutional frameworks
Determinants, E-Learning Platform, Adult Education Programmes, Post-COVID.
Dr. Chukwunweike Barnabas Onyesom and OVIAWE Isoken Iyore
Public Funding Mechanisms and Service Delivery Outcomes in Adult and Non-Formal Education in Nigeria
Adult and non-formal education are essential for promoting literacy, lifelong learning, and socio-economic development, especially in developing countries like Nigeria where many people lack access to formal schooling. However, the effectiveness of these programmes is significantly limited by inadequate and poorly structured public funding systems. This paper examines how public funding mechanisms influence service delivery in adult and non-formal education in Nigeria, using a conceptual and analytical approach based on existing literature and policy documents. It highlights the roles of federal, state, and local governments, along with international partners, in financing these programmes. The study finds that low budget allocations, delays in fund disbursement, weak accountability, and funding disparities hinder programme effectiveness. These issues lead to poor facilities, insufficient learning materials, unmotivated instructors, and limited access for learners. The paper concludes that stronger funding systems, better coordination, and improved financial management are crucial for enhancing adult education outcomes and supporting national development
Adult education, non-formal education, public funding mechanisms, service delivery outcomes, literacy programmes
Dr. Chukwunweike Barnabas Onyesom and Dr. Nyeche Gloria Joyce
Development, Poverty and Inequality in the Twenty-First Century World
In the late 2000s, multiple global crises intensified existing economic inequality and poverty, particularly in developing nations. These crises placed additional pressure on already vulnerable populations and exposed significant weaknesses in global governance systems designed to address poverty. Despite a growing international consensus on reducing human suffering, poverty levels remained high and inequality continued to widen. The challenges also raised concerns about achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), especially within the United Nations framework. This chapter examines the evolution of global governance in addressing poverty and inequality, tracing its roots to international development debates during the Bretton Woods era. It highlights the limited success of international organizations, bilateral aid, and non-state actors such as NGOs and financial institutions in reducing poverty and inequality. Although some progress has been made, especially in agriculture, it has been undermined by inadequate policies and resources. The chapter argues that meaningful change is possible but constrained by political resistance and lack of global consensus
Development, International Development, International Financial Institutions, Governance, Poverty, Inequality.
A Survey of Widowhood Practices In Edo State
This study surveyed widowhood practices in Edo State. Three (3) research questions were raised to guide the study. The study adopted the descriptive survey research design. The population of this study consists of all widows living in Edo State, Nigeria, who had gone through widowhood arrangements and the major instruments used for data collection was the questionnaire. The questionnaire was validated using the content method and the reliability was determined through test-retest method which produced a reliability index of 0.86. The data collected were analyzed using frequency count percentage and mean score analysis. A sample size of Three hundred (300) widows were purposively selected from the major ethnic groups in Edo State which are Binis and Esan. All the respondents were identified as widows from their various communities in the States. This was selected through purposive sampling procedure. The findings of the study revealed that widows are confined to indoors practice throughout the period of mourning, subjected to oath taking exercise to prove they are not responsible for the death of their husband, forced to marry their late husband brothers, made to wear black or white mourning clothes and, their head, pubic areas and eye brows are also shaved during mourning. Though not too prevalent these days as it was in the past but in some places in Edo state, they still practice these inhuman acts, especially in the rural areas. It was recommended that; an aggressive enlightenment programme should be instituted to educate or provide the understanding on the problems associated with widowhood practices. It was further recommended that widows should also be encouraged and given the opportunity to engage in income generating or poverty alleviation programmes. This would help improve their lot and raise their dignity and respect.
Integrating Industry Based Electrical and Electronics Training into TVET Programmes for Entrepreneurial Skill Development and Sustainable Employment in Nigeria
Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) plays a pivotal role in equipping individuals with the technical, practical, and entrepreneurial competencies necessary for economic development and employment generation. In Nigeria, the effectiveness of TVET in addressing youth unemployment and fostering entrepreneurship has been limited by weak industry collaboration, inadequate practical exposure, and outdated training infrastructure. This opinion paper contends that integrating industry-based electrical and electronics training into TVET programmes can significantly enhance graduates’ entrepreneurial skills and promote sustainable employment. Drawing on recent scholarly literature, the paper underscores the importance of experiential learning, workplace attachments, and structured industry partnerships in bridging the gap between technical education and labour market requirements. It further illustrates how industry-integrated training strengthens technical competence, fosters innovation, and equips learners with the knowledge and skills necessary to establish viable technical enterprises. The paper concludes that strategic collaboration among government agencies, industries, and training institutions is essential to reposition electrical and electronics TVET as a catalyst for entrepreneurship, workforce readiness, and sustainable economic development in Nigeria.
Technical, Vocational Education Training, Industry, Electrical And Electronics Education, Entrepreneurship, Sustainable Employment
AI-Based Railway Accident Prediction and Prevention System
The issue of the safety of railways is particularly a challenge in the countries that have extensive and active rail systems such as India. The given research suggests an AI-driven solution that will help to predict and prevent railway accidents. It does so by constantly checking the state of the operations and detecting the possible hazard in real time. The system is based on the idea of computer vision, sensor fusion, and predictive analytics processing data obtained by cameras and IoT-sensors deployed on the railways and on trains. An intelligent centralized AI unit with edge computing can help make fast decisions and react promptly to threatening circumstances. Early warnings can be given through this system and there are automated safety options such as the gate controls, alert systems and track-switching support system. The primary aim is to minimize the non-compliance, enhance the safety in the crossings, and enhance the overall operational reliability. Also, the system is equipped with microcontroller-based automation that can guarantee rapid and effective safety measures. The proposed system provides an effective and low-cost answer to the present day railway system by minimizing human participation, and bypassing the time delay caused by manual decision-making
Artificial Intelligence, Computer Vision, Predictive Analytics, IoT Sensors, Railway Safety, Embedded Systems
Sundeep Kumar Awasthi and Er. Anamika Shukla
The Vernacular Pivot: Evaluating AI-Driven Voice Search and Multilingual Content in Rural Indian Consumer Engagement
As India traverses its "Techade," the digital divide is being bridged not by English-centric interfaces, but by a "Vernacular Pivot." This paper investigates the role of AI-driven voice search and multilingual content in engaging the "Next 500 Million" consumers in rural India. Through a mixed-methods approach involving a survey of 400 rural respondents and secondary data analysis from 2024–2026 reports (IAMAI, Kantar, and ONDC), the study reveals that voice-first interfaces reduce the "literacy barrier" by 64%, significantly boosting e-commerce adoption. The findings suggest that AI-driven linguistic inclusion is no longer a luxury but a strategic necessity for brands aiming for deep market penetration
Vernacular AI, Voice Search, Rural Marketing, Multilingual Content, Digital Inclusion, ONDC, Bhashini.
THE VIRTUES OF KARMA IN SHAKESPEARE’S PLAY THE MERCHANT OF VENICE: A TIMELESS TALE OF PEDAGOGICAL EXPLORATION
In civilised society traders and their trade practices are there in market since ages, throughout the world, irrespective of race, religion, caste, and creed. Here Shakespeare barely decipher the surface level of trade practices in renaissance period based on the surrounding vicinity where he dwells and puts forth along with fantacised fictional character in the play. This paper ponders on those intertwined trade practices (modus operandi) and tried to show that some characters which are antagonist and protagonist based on the situation the character stands in the play. Being an avid reader feels like spilled beans in between the play, So understanding in layman terms that Shakespeare putforth all perplex things in a small nut shell and feels easy to grasp, and a puzzle to understand deep mystery pandora box simultaneously. This play sometimes looks like linear and nonlinear in nature, due to juxtaposition. Karma in the play is like Newtons third law, which is well reflected based on the characters deed. There is not any spoiler in between play.
Trade, Decipher, Intertwined, Spilled beans, Karma, and Deed.
Challenges In Prosecuting Digital Arrest Crimes Across Jurisdictions
The enormous growth of information and communication technologies has supported the rise of advanced types of cyber-based fraud which is usually referred to as digital arrest crimes where the fraudsters claim to be law enforcement or regulation officials so that victims submit to intimidation, surveillance allegations, and legal threats. Such crimes are transnational in nature: criminals cross the borders with anonymization tools, spoof identities, encrypted communications, and systems of cross-border payments, and victims and digital evidence can be located in different jurisdictions. In this paper, the author critically evaluates the main issues in prosecuting the digital crimes of arrest across the jurisdictions with the emphasis on the areas of jurisdiction conflict, the issues of evidences and the inconsistencies in the substantive and procedural cybercrime laws. It examines the disintegration of national legal systems and the pragmatic constraints of the international cooperation systems, such as the Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty (MLAT) procedures and harmonisation projects under the instruments such as the Budapest Convention on Cybercrime. This paper contends that current territorial traditions of criminal jurisdiction are becoming ineffective in dealing with transnational digital coercion programs and that more procedural harmonisation, faster data-sharing structures, and capacity-building are key. Placing digital arrest crimes into the broader context of sovereignity, due process, and control of technology, this study makes a contribution to the discussion on enhancing transnational cybercrime prosecution and protecting basic rights in a global digital environment.
Digital Arrest Crimes; Cross-Border Cybercrime; Jurisdictional Conflict; Mutual Legal Assistance (MLAT); Digital Evidence; Cybercrime Prosecution
Biological risk factors affecting fish growth and health in freshwater ecosystems of Inland fisheries of North 24 Parganas
Freshwater inland fisheries of North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, India, represent a critical resource for rural livelihoods, food security, and regional economic development. However, the health and productivity of fish populations in this region face multifaceted biological threats that remain inadequately documented and scientifically evaluated. Through a systematic review of available literature, field survey data, and fisheries extension reports from the region, this study identifies Aeromonas hydrophila, Edwardsiella tarda, ectoparasites such as Argulus spp. and Dactylogyrus spp., and proliferating populations of introduced exotic species as primary biological stressors impacting native and cultivated fish species including Catla catla, Labeo rohita, Cirrhinus mrigala, Channa striata, and Mystus vittatus. The paper further analyses the interaction between biological risk factors and the prevailing environmental conditions of the Bidyadhari and Jamuna river systems, the Sundarban-fringe water bodies, and the numerous bheris (tidal ponds) and culture ponds spread across the district.Findings indicate that polyculture systems in the district suffer an estimated 15–30% annual production loss attributable to biological stressors, with disease outbreaks predominantly occurring during the monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. Strategic recommendations are provided for integrated disease management, biosecurity protocols, stocking density regulation, and genetic stock improvement to sustain and enhance the fisheries productivity of North 24 Parganas.
Copyright (c) 2026 Malay Roy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A quality lifestyle is the foundation of a healthy life. The changing lifestyle and deteriorating health, in the name of so-called modernity, have become a significant part of our daily routine. Today, we are more friendly with technology than with nature. The increasing distance from nature, excessive attachment to technology, and lack of time have brought us closer to an artificial lifestyle. Due to this artificiality, lifestyle-related problems are increasing. Today, there is no shortage of facilities in the field of medicine, yet the number of patients is rising. A natural lifestyle enhances an individual's productivity, whereas an artificial daily routine reduces productivity. The root causes of moving away from nature and gravitating toward an artificial lifestyle are changes in our value system and cultural ethos, increasing population, declining morality, dependence on technology, physical inactivity, a disturbed biological clock, professional pressures, lack of strong determination, unhealthy habits, the desire for progress, and so-called development.
Lifestyle, Health, Modernity, Technology, Nature.
Copyright (c) 2023 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The evolution of the Indian monetary system reflects the broader transformation of the country’s economic structure and financial institutions. In ancient India, economic transactions began with the barter system, where goods and services were directly exchanged without a standardized medium of value. Over time, the limitations of barter—such as the lack of a common measure of value and the problem of double coincidence of wants—led to the introduction of metallic coins during early civilizations and later under various dynasties and colonial administrations. With the development of organized banking and financial governance, paper currency emerged as the dominant medium of exchange, eventually regulated and issued by the Reserve Bank of India after its establishment in 1935. In the post-independence era, India’s currency system continued to modernize through banking expansion, electronic payment systems, and digital financial services. The rapid growth of fintech and the need for secure, efficient digital transactions have recently led to the introduction of the Digital Rupee (e₹), India’s Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC). Issued by the Reserve Bank of India, the Digital Rupee represents the latest stage in the evolution of money, combining the reliability of sovereign currency with the technological advantages of digital platforms. This progression—from barter to digital currency—highlights India’s continuous adaptation to economic, technological, and societal changes in the monetary landscape.
Barter system, Digital Currency, Economic structure, Monetary landscape, electronic payment system
Adulterants Used in Food Products and their Harmful Effects on the Human Body
Food is essential for every living thing of this earth. All the living thing eat food and get energy for their different type of activities or metabolic activities of daily routine. No doubt all the creatures of this earth organised need food for not only their growth their work repair of the body but also maintain to life process in full life. As need of different types of people various types of Vegetarian and Non-vegetarian food available the Earth. Every living things require food to their survive. But be sorry to say that in present time eating food is dangerous due to its adulteration. Now Food Adulteration is very major causes in all types of disease in mankind. Generally there is no doubt that Food Adulteration is most harmful causes for human body in whole world. Hear the simple meaning of adulteration is a legal term meaning that a illegal food to consume to people, in simple word in short. In present era it is a common process of contaminating food or adding to the food components is a common phenomenon in developing countries.
adulteration, adulterating, daily routine, foreign substance, increasing the quantity of food, non-vegetarian, life process, contaminating food, coloring agents, Colour Enhancement, Adulteration with no Intentional, chemical residues, Metallic Adulteration, immune system
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A Study of the Removal of heavy metals from the influent of the Glass Companies
Science and technology have bestowed numerous advantages onto humankind; but, it is impossible to prevent nature from striking back when there is an excessive incursion into its sphere of influence. Gotass H. B. uence. Gotass H. B. 1948 made the astute observation that our planet is like to a car without an exhaust pipe because our natural resources are finite while our activities are boundless. As a result, we cannot continue adding contaminants to the hemisphere indefinitely and without control for an infinitely long length of time. The atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere collectively make up what we refer to as the environment. Environment can also be written as air, water, land, and life. The biosphere, in particular, is wholly reliant on the other components, including humanity, which makes up an essential element of it. The biosphere is an open system that allows individual living beings to accept resources from the lithosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere and incorporate them into their bodies. The biosphere is contaminated whenever these things get polluted. A beautiful, clean, and risk-free environment is just as important to one's health as maintaining a healthy diet. Therefore, "evolution not revolution" is what is required for the preservation of our natural resources. It is impossible to achieve environmental purity or safety by piecemeal efforts or by settling for short solutions; rather, we need to work in conjunction with the agencies, the elements of nature, and also with will continue to exist. the people. Today, the preservation of the environment or the protection of the environment is the single most important aspect in determining whether or not we will to continue to exist.
specific mathematical roots, potentially hazardous substances, undesirable foreign materials, industrialization and urbanization
Man-Woman Relationship in Poile Sengupta's Alipha: A Study
Poile Sengupta's play Alipha offers a realistic picture of man-woman relationship in a traditional Indian society where women, in spite of all their efforts to acquire education and self-reliance, remain on the margin. They may be good teachers, but they are made to learn bitter lessons of life by the patriarchy that is still in no mood to accord them equal status. In spite of all the progress that our society has made, women are still subservient to men and their life is, by and large, governed by the male members of the family and society. Man-woman relationship is marked by inequality. It is premised on the binary of subject/object, superior/inferior and colonizer/colonized. Women, in the play, are objects of male pleasure and gaze. They exist for men. They have no rights and autonomy. Their body is the battlefield where Male Ego violates Women's chastity and honour and, having lost them to men, they naturally become their trophy. Their relationship is like a game whose rules are framed to favour men. In the play, the Woman, her aunty and her disciple, Devi are all caught up in the web of patriarchy from which their coming out is impossible. The present study seeks to discuss Man-woman relationship in the play, Alipha, stressing the fact that as long as women are dependent on men, their misery will not be over. Their emancipation lies in their education and self-reliance. But it is a long battle which will require many sacrifices and if they are ready to make sacrifices, they will surely win it.
Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Sublethal Toxicity of Cadmium Chloride on Tissue Glycogen Reserves in Heteropneustes fossilis
This study looked at how cadmium chloride (CdCl₂) affects glycogen reserves in Asian stinging catfish (Heteropneustes fossilis) over two months. Fish were exposed to 75 mg/L of cadmium chloride, and researchers measured glycogen in the muscles, gills, liver, heart, and kidney at 30 and 60 days. The numbers tell a clear story: glycogen dropped in every tissue, and the heart, liver, and gills took the hardest hit. After 60 days, muscles went from 7.81 to 6.87 mg/g (a 12% drop), gills from 5.43 to 3.52 mg/g (down 35%), liver from 16.82 to 10.93 mg/g (down 35%), heart from 3.51 to 2.07 mg/g (down 41%), and kidney from 6.87 to 5.42 mg/g (down 21%). The heart always had the lowest glycogen, which means it’s especially vulnerable to the stress from cadmium. This sharp loss of glycogen shows that cadmium messes with how the fish use carbohydrates, ramps up the energy they need to detox, and probably causes some real damage to their organs. In short, even at levels that don’t kill them outright, cadmium throws the fish’s metabolism out of balance. Different organs react in their own way, but the end result is trouble for the fish’s health, growth, and overall chance to thrive—bad news for a species that matters in freshwater fisheries.
Cadmium chloride, sublethal toxicity, glycogen depletion, tissue-specific response, heavy metal pollution
Assessing Morphological and Behavioral Alterations in Fish Following Malathion Exposure
Behavioral changes are key indicators in ecotoxicology, revealing the impact of toxic environments on aquatic organisms. This study investigated the effects of malathion, a common pesticide, on the behavior of Heteropneustes fossilis. Fish exposed to malathion showed significant behavioral changes within 30 minutes, including loss of equilibrium, erratic swimming, and increased speed. Morphological changes, such as skin discoloration, chemical deposition, and lesions, were also noted. Behavioral symptoms progressed with higher concentrations and longer exposure, leading to increased activity, air gulping due to hypoxia, and reduced resting periods. Severe symptoms, including lethargy, unresponsiveness, and extensive skin peeling, emerged over prolonged exposure. Acute toxicity testing revealed immediate surfacing behavior followed by lethargy and signs of asphyxiation. The study concludes that malathion exposure disrupts normal behavior, likely due to stress and biochemical changes, highlighting the pesticide's ecological impact.
Morphology, Behaviour, Fish, Melathion, Toxicology
Copyright (c) 2022 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Correlating Malaria Parasite Prevalence with Slide Positive Rates and Annual Parasite Incidence in Bareilly Districts
This study digs into malaria rates by measuring both the Spleen Rate (S.P.R.) and the Annual Parasite Incidence (A.P.I.). Plasmodium vivax (Pv) infections turned up in nearly every area surveyed. Plasmodium falciparum (Pf), on the other hand, showed up only at low levels in a few spots during the study. When comparing regions, one rural area stood out with the highest S.P.R., while a different rural area posted the highest A.P.I. over the same time frame
Malaria prevalence, Spleen Rate (SPR), Annual Parasite Incidence (API), Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium falciparum, Rural health, Epidemiological survey, Parasite distribution, Malaria surveillance, Endemicity.
Ghair-Chiragi: The Poetics of Erasure and the Language of Desolation of Mahua Dabar Massacre narrative
The paper will look at the colonial order of ghair-chiragi, which means without lamp, of the village of Mahua Dabar in the Gorakhpur district after the Indian Rebellion of 1857. Based on the proceedings of the North Western Provinces Judicial (Criminal) Department (1860) in October it is argued that ghair-chiragi was not only an administrative method of punishment but a performative linguistic action which created a legal and symbolic erasure of a community. The paper applies the theoretical ideas of speech-act theory and deconstructive legal philosophy to the interpretation of the decree as a type of colonial performative violence: a speech act which turned inhabited space into an administratively blank terrain. The analysis places the word in context of the larger symbolic and literary culture of South Asia poetics wherein the chiragh (lamp) is a symbol of continuity of the home, of spiritual enlightenment and of the community living in the house. The colonial decree brought an ontological dislocation to the village by rejecting this symbol using the prefix ghair, which turned the village into a place of nothingness. The work also incorporates archival witnesses, names of suspects, and documentation of dispersion as a kind of unintended elegiac fiction that is more reminiscent of the Urdu classical form of shahr-ashob that is poetry about the ruin of cities and communities. By contrasting two concepts of colonial law, terra nullius and the theory of waste land, the paper shows how linguistic names were used as a tool of spatial erasure of imperial rule in the world. Finally, the article concludes that the colonial archive is an unwitting archival of the same community that it was aimed at destroying. The study is based on reading of both legal records and literary traditions of lamentation to construct the repressed historical presence of Mahua Dabar and the paradox of erasure that creates traces of remembrance at the same time.
Mahua Dabar Massacre, Ghair-chiragi decree, Colonial performative violence, Urdu literary poetics, Archival memory and erasure
Sitayana: An Analysis of Nandini Sahu's Sita: A Poem
The poem titled "Sita: A Poem" by Nandini Sahu revisits the Hindu epic Ramayana from the perspective of Sita. Sita is the narrator of the epic poem. It is based on the eponymous character's life which is marked by movement from place to place. Hence, the study is titled Sitayana which means "Movement/Journey of Sita”. She exiles herself willingly to accompany her husband to the forest at first to perform her duty towards him. Her next exile is imposed on her by the same husband for whom she had sacrificed the pleasures of the palace. She is abducted and it is her abduction and stay in the Ashoka Vatika for a year that entails her first trial-by-fire which she stands successfully. But an allegation by a washer man drives a wedge between "the soul and the absolute", i.e., between the divine incarnations of Vishnu and Lakshmi (Rama and Sita). The present paper is an attempt to analyse the story of the Ramayana from the point of view of Sita whose unblemished chastity and absolute loyalty towards Rama earns the applause of all, while Rama's rejection of hers tarnishes his image as a Maryada Purushottam. The study takes into account how Sita undergoes all the trials and tribulations of life while remaining resolute and faithful to the one who doubts her chastity. The paper endeavours to highlight that Sita is not only a mythical character but also an ordinary woman with a delicate heart that aches when she is subjected to humiliation time and again. Sita’s invocation of the Mother Earth to take her back is a message for women to choose liberation and salvation when the pain of humiliation seems unbearable and unending.
Sita, Rama, Trial-by-fire, Valmiki, Mother Earth