Turkey

Republic of Turkey ; الجُمْهُورِيَّة التُّرْكِيَّة
Jhanda	Coat of arms
Des ke jaankari
Des ke motto:	Peace at Home, Peace in the World (Yurtta Barış, Dünyada Barış)
National anthem:	The Anthem of Independence (İstiklal Marşı)
Log ke baare me
Official bhasa:	Turkish
	Abaadi:
- Total:	80.810.525 ab. (2017) (ranked 16°)
- Density:	105 per km²
Jagha
	country map Hian pe des ke dunia ke map me dekhawa jaawe hae.
Capital City:	Ankara
Sab se barraa City:	Istanbul
	Area
- Total:	783,562 km² (ranked 37°)
- Water:	%1.3 km²
Politics / Government
Established:	- Independence: Turkish War of Independence May 19, 1919; - Formation: Formation of Parliament April 23, 1920; - Declared: Declaration of Republic October 29, 1923
Leader:	President: Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
Economy / Money
Paisa ke naam:	Turkish Lira (TL)
International information
Time ke zone:	UTC + 2; Summer:+ 3
Telephone ke dialing code:	+90
Internet domain:	.tr

Turkey (الجُمْهُورِيَّة التُّرْكِيَّة jiske Anatolia bhi bila jaae hai), jiske sarkari naam, Republic of Turkiye hae, Anatolia West Asia me aur southeast Europe ke ek chhotaa hissa, jiske East Thrace bola jaae hae, ke au ek des hai. Iske north me Black Sea hae, east me Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan aur Iran, Irag, Syria aur Mediterranean Sea south me aur Aegean Sea, Greece aur Bulgaria west me hae. Turkey ke puura ilaka 780,000 square kilometres hae aur iske population 85 million hae. Iske jaada log Turks hae aur ethnic minority me sab se jaada Kurds hae. Turkey ke official bhasa Turkish hai. Turkey ke jaada log Muslim hae , lekin ii officially ek secular des hae. Ankara Turkey ke capital aur duusra sab se barraa city hae, jab Istanbul sab se barraa city aur des ke economic aur financial center hae. Aur barraa city hae Izmir, Bursa aur Antalya

Turkey, ek republic hai. Turkey me 81 cities hai. Turkish ke paisa Turkish Lira bola jaawe hai.

Iske capital Ankara hai jon ki Anatolia ke biich me hai lekin iske cultural aur economic center Istanbul.

Turkey me 50,000BC se 15,000BC talak insaan aae ke rahe lage rahin.^[1] Ii jagha me dher jaat ke log rahat rahin.^[2] Alexander the Great ke conquest ke baad, hian pe Greek sanskriti jarr pakarr liis.^[3] 11th century me ii jagha me Seljuk Turks aain aur Turkish saskriti hian pe bhi sael gais.^[4] 1243 me Mongol log invade karin aur des chgota-chhota raj me vibhajit hoe gais.^[5] 1299 me Ottomans des ke unite kar diin aur iske aur barraa karin. 1453 me Istanbul, Ottoman Empire ke niche hoe gais.^[6]^[7] Baad me ii dunia ke ek sab se taagatwar des ban gais rahaa. 1789 ke baad Ottoman Empire gire ke suruu karis.^[8]

19th aur 20th century me Russia me base Muslim log ke virod me bhed bhaao ke kaaran dher Muslim log Balkans, Caucasus aur Crimea se aae ke abhi ke Turkey me rahe lagin.(Karpat 2001, p. 343) Ottoman Empire, Germany aur Austrua-Hungary ke saathe World War I me larris. Ii samay Turkey me base dher Armenian, Greek aur Assyrian ke maar dewa gias, nai to uu logan ke ghar se nikaal dewa gais rahaa.^[9] World War I ke baad Turkey me sultanate khalaas hoe gais aur 29 October 1923 me iske ek Republic banaawa gais.^[10]

Modern Turkey ke 1923 me Atatürk suruu karis rahaa. Ise pahile ii Ottoman Empire ke naam se jaana jaawat rahaa.

Purana jamana me ii jagah pe dher civilizations rahaa, jaise ki Hittites aur Byzantine Roman Empire.

Geography

Turkey ke area 783,562 square kilometres (302,535 square miles) hae.^[11] Turkey Asia aur Southeartern Europe ke jorre hae.^[12] Turkey ke 97% hissa aur 90% abaadi Asia ke side, jiske Anatolia bola jaae hae, me rahe hae.Cite error: Closing </ref> missing for <ref> tag Dunia ke 36 "Biodiversity hotspots" me se 3 Turkey me hae.^[13] Ii hae Mediterranean Basin, Irano-Anatolian aur Causasus. 21st century me development aur "climate change" ke kaaran ii biodiversity pe khatraa hae. ^[14]

Gallery

President ke suchi

No.	Chhaapa	Naam (janam-maut)	Chuna gais	Presidency ke suruu	Presidency ke ant	Presidency ke lambaai	Party
1		Mustafa Kemal Ataturk (1881-1938)	1923 1927 1931 1935	29 October 1923	10 November 1938	15 saal, 12 din	Republican Peoples's Party
2		Ismet Inonu (1884-1973)	1938 1939 1943 1946	11 November 1938	27 May 1950	11 saal 197 din	Republican Peoples's Party
3		Celai Bayar (1883-1986)	1950 1954 1957	27 May 1950	27 May 1960	10 saal	Democrat Party
4		Cemal Gursel (1895-1966)	1961	10 October 1961	2 February 1966	4 saal, 115 din	Independent
5		Cevdet Sunay (1899-1982)	1966	28 March 1966	28 March 1973	7 saal	Independent
6	no image	Fahri Koruturk (1903-1987	1973	6 April 1973	6 April 1980	7 saal	Independent
7		Kenan Evren (1917 -2015)	9 November 1982	9 November 1989	Example	7 saal	Independent
8		Turgut Ozal (1927-1993)	1989	9 November 1989	17 April 1993	3 saal, 159 din	Motherland Party
9		Suleyman Demirel (1924-2015)	1993	16 May 1993	16 May 2000	7 saal	True Path Party
10		Ahmet Necdet Sezer	2000	16 May 2000	28 August 2007	7 saal, 104 din	Independent
11		Abdullah Gul (1950-)	2007	28 August 2007	28 August 20014	7 saal	Justice and Development Party
12		Recep Tayyip Erdogan	2014 2018 2023	28 August 20014	Incumbent	10 saal	Justice and Development Party

Bahaari jorr

CIA World Factbook - Turkey Archived 2017-09-20 at the Wayback Machine

References

↑ (Howard 2016, p. 24)
↑ (Howard 2016, p. 24)
↑ (Leonard 2006, p. 1576): "Subsequently, hellenization of the elites transformed Anatolia into a largely Greek-speaking region"
↑ (Howard 2016, pp. 33–44)
↑ (Howard 2016, pp. 38–39)
↑ (Howard 2016, p. 45)
↑ (Somel 2010, p. xcvii)
↑ (Heper & Sayari 2012, pp. 15–28)
↑ Tatz, Colin; Higgins, Winton (2016). The Magnitude of Genocide. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-4408-3161-4.
↑ (Heper & Sayari 2012, pp. 54–55)
↑ "UN Demographic Yearbook" (PDF). Retrieved 1 November 2010.
↑ (Kuzucuoğlu, Çiner & Kazancı 2019, p. 7)
↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Birben_2019
↑ Kazancı, Nizamettin; Kuzucuoğlu, Catherine (2019), Kuzucuoğlu, Catherine; Çiner, Attila; Kazancı, Nizamettin (eds.), "Threats and Conservation of Landscapes in Turkey", Landscapes and Landforms of Turkey, World Geomorphological Landscapes, Springer International Publishing, pp. 603–632, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-03515-0_36, ISBN 978-3-030-03515-0, S2CID 134498356

[1] (Howard 2016, p. 24)

[2] (Howard 2016, p. 24)

[Leonard_2006_p1576_h-3] (Leonard 2006, p. 1576): "Subsequently, hellenization of the elites transformed Anatolia into a largely Greek-speaking region"

[4] (Howard 2016, pp. 33–44)

[Howard_2016_38–39-5] (Howard 2016, pp. 38–39)

[Howard_p45-6] (Howard 2016, p. 45)

[Somel_p_xcvii-7] (Somel 2010, p. xcvii)

[8] (Heper & Sayari 2012, pp. 15–28)

[Tatz-9] Tatz, Colin; Higgins, Winton (2016). The Magnitude of Genocide. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-4408-3161-4.

[10] (Heper & Sayari 2012, pp. 54–55)

[11] "UN Demographic Yearbook" (PDF). Retrieved 1 November 2010.

[12] (Kuzucuoğlu, Çiner & Kazancı 2019, p. 7)

[Birben_2019-13] Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Birben_2019

[14] Kazancı, Nizamettin; Kuzucuoğlu, Catherine (2019), Kuzucuoğlu, Catherine; Çiner, Attila; Kazancı, Nizamettin (eds.), "Threats and Conservation of Landscapes in Turkey", Landscapes and Landforms of Turkey, World Geomorphological Landscapes, Springer International Publishing, pp. 603–632, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-03515-0_36, ISBN 978-3-030-03515-0, S2CID 134498356

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