pyhon编程：从入门到实战游戏案例代码。

Author: python0github

.gitignore

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+__pycache__/

README.rd

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+    在游戏《外星人入侵》中,玩家控制着一艘最初出现在屏幕底部中央的飞船。玩家
+可以使用箭头键左右移动飞船,还可使用空格键进行射击。游戏开始时,一群外星人出
+现在天空中,他们在屏幕中向下移动。玩家的任务是射杀这些外星人。玩家将所有外星
+人都消灭干净后,将出现一群新的外星人,他们移动的速度更快。只要有外星人撞到了
+玩家的飞船或到达了屏幕底部,玩家就损失一艘飞船。玩家损失三艘飞船后,游戏结束。

alien.py

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+import pygame
+from pygame.sprite import Sprite
+
+
+class Alien(Sprite):
+    """表示单个外星人的类"""
+
+    def __init__(self, ai_settings, screen):
+        """初始化外星人并设置其起始位置"""
+
+        super().__init__()
+        self.screen = screen
+        self.ai_settings = ai_settings
+
+        # 每个外星人图像，并设置其rect属性
+        self.image = pygame.image.load('images/alien.bmp')
+        self.rect = self.image.get_rect()
+
+        # 每个外星人最初都在屏幕左上角附近
+        self.rect.x = self.rect.width
+        self.rect.y = self.rect.height
+
+        # 存储外星人的准确位置
+        self.x = float(self.rect.x)
+
+    def blitme(self):
+        """在指定位置绘制外星人"""
+
+        self.screen.blit(self.image, self.rect)
+
+    def check_edges(self):
+        """如果外星人位于屏幕边缘，就返回True"""
+
+        screen_rect = self.screen.get_rect()
+        if self.rect.right >= screen_rect.right:
+            return True
+        elif self.rect.left <= 0:
+            return True
+
+    def update(self):
+        """向左或向右移动外星人"""
+        self.x += (self.ai_settings.alien_speed_factor *
+                self.ai_settings.fleet_direction)
+        self.rect.x = self.x

alien_invasion.py

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+import pygame
+from pygame.sprite import Group
+
+from settings import Settings
+from game_stats import GameStats
+from ship import Ship
+import game_functions as gf
+
+
+def run_game():
+    # 初始化pygame、设置和屏幕对象
+    pygame.init()
+    ai_settings = Settings()
+    screen = pygame.display.set_mode((ai_settings.screen_width,
+        ai_settings.screen_height))
+    pygame.display.set_caption("Aline_Invasion")
+
+    # 创建一个用于存储游戏统计信息的实例
+    stats = GameStats(ai_settings)
+
+    # 创建一艘飞船、一个子弹编组和一个外星人编组
+    ship = Ship(ai_settings, screen)
+    bullets = Group()
+    aliens = Group()
+
+    # 创建外星人群
+    gf.create_fleet(ai_settings, screen, ship, aliens)
+
+    # 开始游戏的主循环
+    while True:
+        gf.check_events(ai_settings, screen, ship, bullets)
+
+        if stats.game_active:
+            ship.update()
+            gf.update_bullets(ai_settings, screen, ship, aliens, bullets)
+            gf.update_aliens(ai_settings, stats, screen, ship, aliens, bullets)
+
+        gf.update_screen(ai_settings, screen, ship, aliens, bullets)
+
+
+run_game()

bullet.py

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+import pygame
+from pygame.sprite import Sprite
+
+
+class Bullet(Sprite):
+    """一个对飞船发射的子弹进行管理的类"""
+
+    def __init__(self, ai_settings, screen, ship):
+        """在飞船所处的位置创建一个子弹对象"""
+        super().__init__()
+        self.screen = screen
+
+        # 在（0,0）处创建一个表示子弹的矩形，再设置正确的位置
+        self.rect = pygame.Rect(0, 0, ai_settings.bullet_width,
+                ai_settings.bullet_height)
+        self.rect.centerx = ship.rect.centerx
+        self.rect.top = ship.rect.top
+
+        # 存储用小数表示的子弹位置
+        self.y = float(self.rect.y)
+
+        self.color = ai_settings.bullet_color
+        self.speed_factor = ai_settings.bullet_speed_factor
+
+    def update(self):
+        """向上移动子弹"""
+
+        # 更新表示子弹位置的小数值
+        self.y -= self.speed_factor
+
+        # 更新表示子弹的rect的位置
+        self.rect.y = self.y
+
+    def draw_bullet(self):
+        """在屏幕上绘制子弹"""
+
+        pygame.draw.rect(self.screen, self.color, self.rect)

game_functions.py

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+import sys
+from time import sleep
+
+import pygame
+from bullet import Bullet
+from alien import Alien
+
+
+def check_keydown_events(event, ai_settings, screen, ship, bullets):
+    """响应按键按下"""
+    if event.key == pygame.K_RIGHT:
+        ship.moving_right = True
+    elif event.key == pygame.K_LEFT:
+        ship.moving_left = True
+    elif event.key == pygame.K_SPACE:
+        fire_bullet(ai_settings, screen, ship, bullets)
+
+    elif event.key == pygame.K_q:
+        sys.exit()
+
+
+def fire_bullet(ai_settings, screen, ship, bullets):
+    """如果还没有到达限制，就发射一颗子弹"""
+
+    # 创建一颗子弹，并将其加入到编组bullets中
+    if len(bullets) < ai_settings.bullets_allowed:
+        new_bullet = Bullet(ai_settings, screen, ship)
+        bullets.add(new_bullet)
+
+
+def check_keyup_events(event, ship):
+    """响应按键弹起"""
+    if event.key == pygame.K_RIGHT:
+        ship.moving_right = False
+    elif event.key == pygame.K_LEFT:
+        ship.moving_left = False
+
+
+def check_events(ai_settings, screen, ship, bullets):
+    """响应按键和鼠标事件"""
+
+    for event in pygame.event.get():
+        if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
+            sys.exit()
+
+        elif event.type == pygame.KEYDOWN:
+            check_keydown_events(event, ai_settings, screen, ship, bullets)
+        elif event.type == pygame.KEYUP:
+            check_keyup_events(event, ship)
+
+
+def update_screen(ai_settings, screen, ship, aliens, bullets):
+    """更新屏幕上的图像，并切换到新屏幕"""
+
+    # 每次循环时都重绘屏幕
+    screen.fill(ai_settings.bg_color)
+
+    # 在飞船和外星人后面重绘所有子弹
+    for bullet in bullets.sprites():
+        bullet.draw_bullet()
+
+    ship.blitme()
+    aliens.draw(screen)
+
+    # 让最近绘制的屏幕可见
+    pygame.display.flip()
+
+
+def update_bullets(ai_settings, screen, ship, aliens, bullets):
+    """更新子弹的位置，并删除已消失的子弹"""
+
+    # 更新子弹的位置
+    bullets.update()
+
+    # 删除已消失的子弹
+    for bullet in bullets.copy():
+        if bullet.rect.bottom <= 0:
+            bullets.remove(bullet)
+
+    check_bullet_alien_collisions(ai_settings, screen, ship, aliens, bullets)
+
+
+def check_bullet_alien_collisions(ai_settings, screen, ship, aliens, bullets):
+    """响应子弹和外星人的碰撞"""
+
+    # 删除发生碰撞的子弹和外星人
+    collisions = pygame.sprite.groupcollide(bullets, aliens, True, True)
+
+    if len(aliens) == 0:
+        # 删除现有的子弹并新建一群外星人
+        bullets.empty()
+        create_fleet(ai_settings, screen, ship, aliens)
+
+
+def get_number_aliens_x(ai_settings, alien_width):
+    """计算每行可容纳多少个外星人"""
+
+    available_space_x = ai_settings.screen_width - 2 * alien_width
+    number_aliens_x = int(available_space_x / (2 * alien_width))
+    return number_aliens_x
+
+
+def get_number_rows(ai_settings, ship_height, alien_height):
+    """计算屏幕可容纳多少行外星人"""
+
+    available_space_y = (ai_settings.screen_height - (3 * alien_height) -
+            ship_height)
+    number_rows = int(available_space_y / (2 * alien_height))
+    return number_rows
+
+
+def create_alien(ai_settings, screen, aliens, alien_number, row_number):
+    """ 创建一个外星人并将其加入当前行"""
+    alien = Alien(ai_settings, screen)
+    alien_width = alien.rect.width
+    alien.x = alien_width + 2 * alien_width * alien_number
+    alien.rect.x = alien.x
+    alien.rect.y = alien.rect.height + 2 * alien.rect.height * row_number
+    aliens.add(alien)
+
+
+def create_fleet(ai_settings, screen, ship, aliens):
+    """创建外星人群"""
+
+    # 创建一个外星人，并计算一行可容纳多少个外星人
+    alien = Alien(ai_settings, screen)
+    number_aliens_x = get_number_aliens_x(ai_settings, alien.rect.width)
+    number_rows = get_number_rows(ai_settings, ship.rect.height,
+            alien.rect.height)
+
+    # 创建外星人群
+    for row_number in range(number_rows):
+        for alien_number in range(number_aliens_x):
+            create_alien(ai_settings, screen, aliens, alien_number, row_number)
+
+
+def check_fleet_edges(ai_settings, aliens):
+    """有外星人到达边缘时采取相应的措施"""
+    for alien in aliens.sprites():
+        if alien.check_edges():
+            change_fleet_direction(ai_settings, aliens)
+            break
+
+
+def change_fleet_direction(ai_settings, aliens):
+    """将整群外星人下移，并改变它们的方向"""
+
+    for alien in aliens.sprites():
+        alien.rect.y += ai_settings.fleet_drop_speed
+    ai_settings.fleet_direction *= -1
+
+
+def ship_hit(ai_settings, stats, screen, ship, aliens, bullets):
+    """响应被外星人撞到的飞船"""
+
+    if stats.ships_left > 0:
+        # 将ships_left减1
+        stats.ships_left -= 1
+
+        # 清空外星人列表和子弹列表
+        aliens.empty()
+        bullets.empty()
+
+        # 创建一群新的外星人，并将飞船放到屏幕底端中央
+        create_fleet(ai_settings, screen, ship, aliens)
+        ship.center_ship()
+
+        # 暂停
+        sleep(0.5)
+
+    else:
+        stats.game_active = False
+
+
+def check_aliens_bottom(ai_settings, stats, screen, ship, aliens, bullets):
+    """检查是否有外星人到达屏幕底端"""
+
+    screen_rect = screen.get_rect()
+    for alien in aliens.sprites():
+        if alien.rect.bottom >= screen_rect.bottom:
+            # 像飞船被撞到一样进行处理
+            ship_hit(ai_settings, stats, screen, ship, aliens, bullets)
+            break
+
+
+def update_aliens(ai_settings, stats, screen, ship, aliens, bullets):
+    """
+    检查是否右外星人位于屏幕边缘，并更新整群外星人的位置
+    """
+
+    check_fleet_edges(ai_settings, aliens)
+    aliens.update()
+
+    # 检测外星人和飞船之间的碰撞
+    if pygame.sprite.spritecollideany(ship, aliens):
+        ship_hit(ai_settings, stats, screen, ship, aliens, bullets)
+
+    #检查是否有外星人到达屏幕底端
+    check_aliens_bottom(ai_settings, stats, screen, ship, aliens, bullets)

game_stats.py

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+class GameStats():
+    """跟踪游戏的统计信息"""
+
+    def __init__(self, ai_settings):
+        """初始化统计信息"""
+        self.ai_settings = ai_settings
+        self.reset_stats()
+
+        # 游戏刚启动时处于活动状态
+        self.game_active = True
+
+    def reset_stats(self):
+        """初始化在游戏运行期间可能变化的统计信息"""
+        self.ships_left = self.ai_settings.ship_limit