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# class Net::HTTP

Class Net::HTTP provides a rich library that implements the client in a client-server model that uses the HTTP request-response protocol. For information about HTTP, see:

- Hypertext Transfer Protocol.

- Technical overview.

## About the Examples

Examples here assume that `net/http` has been required (which also requires `uri`):

    require 'net/http'

Many code examples here use these example websites:

- jsonplaceholder.typicode.com.

- example.com.

Some examples also assume these variables:

    uri = URI('https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/')
    uri.freeze # Examples may not modify.
    hostname = uri.hostname # => "jsonplaceholder.typicode.com"
    path = uri.path         # => "/"
    port = uri.port         # => 443

So that example requests may be written as:

    Net::HTTP.get(uri)
    Net::HTTP.get(hostname, '/index.html')
    Net::HTTP.start(hostname) do |http|
      http.get('/todos/1')
      http.get('/todos/2')
    end

An example that needs a modified `URI` first duplicates `uri`, then modifies the duplicate:

    _uri = uri.dup
    _uri.path = '/todos/1'

## Strategies

- If you will make only a few GET requests, consider using `OpenURI`.

- If you will make only a few requests of all kinds, consider using the various singleton convenience methods in this class. Each of the following methods automatically starts and finishes a session that sends a single request:

      # Return string response body.
      Net::HTTP.get(hostname, path)
      Net::HTTP.get(uri)

      # Write string response body to $stdout.
      Net::HTTP.get_print(hostname, path)
      Net::HTTP.get_print(uri)

      # Return response as Net::HTTPResponse object.
      Net::HTTP.get_response(hostname, path)
      Net::HTTP.get_response(uri)
      data = '{"title": "foo", "body": "bar", "userId": 1}'
      Net::HTTP.post(uri, data)
      params = {title: 'foo', body: 'bar', userId: 1}
      Net::HTTP.post_form(uri, params)
      data = '{"title": "foo", "body": "bar", "userId": 1}'
      Net::HTTP.put(uri, data)

- If performance is important, consider using sessions, which lower request overhead. This session has multiple requests for HTTP methods and WebDAV methods:

      Net::HTTP.start(hostname) do |http|
        # Session started automatically before block execution.
        http.get(path)
        http.head(path)
        body = 'Some text'
        http.post(path, body)  # Can also have a block.
        http.put(path, body)
        http.delete(path)
        http.options(path)
        http.trace(path)
        http.patch(path, body) # Can also have a block.
        http.copy(path)
        http.lock(path, body)
        http.mkcol(path, body)
        http.move(path)
        http.propfind(path, body)
        http.proppatch(path, body)
        http.unlock(path, body)
        # Session finished automatically at block exit.
      end

The methods cited above are convenience methods that, via their few arguments, allow minimal control over the requests. For greater control, consider using request objects.

## URIs

On the internet, a `URI` (Universal Resource Identifier) is a string that identifies a particular resource. It consists of some or all of: scheme, hostname, path, query, and fragment; see URI syntax.

A Ruby `URI::Generic` object represents an internet `URI`. It provides, among others, methods `scheme`, `hostname`, `path`, `query`, and `fragment`.

### Schemes

An internet URI has a scheme.

The two schemes supported in Net::HTTP are `'https'` and `'http'`:

    uri.scheme                       # => "https"
    URI('http://example.com').scheme # => "http"

### Hostnames

A hostname identifies a server (host) to which requests may be sent:

    hostname = uri.hostname # => "jsonplaceholder.typicode.com"
    Net::HTTP.start(hostname) do |http|
      # Some HTTP stuff.
    end

### Paths

A host-specific path identifies a resource on the host:

    _uri = uri.dup
    _uri.path = '/todos/1'
    hostname = _uri.hostname
    path = _uri.path
    Net::HTTP.get(hostname, path)

### Queries

A host-specific query adds name/value pairs to the URI:

    _uri = uri.dup
    params = {userId: 1, completed: false}
    _uri.query = URI.encode_www_form(params)
    _uri # => #<URI::HTTPS https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com?userId=1&completed=false>
    Net::HTTP.get(_uri)

### Fragments

A URI fragment has no effect in Net::HTTP; the same data is returned, regardless of whether a fragment is included.

## Request Headers

Request headers may be used to pass additional information to the host, similar to arguments passed in a method call; each header is a name/value pair.

Each of the Net::HTTP methods that sends a request to the host has optional argument `headers`, where the headers are expressed as a hash of field-name/value pairs:

    headers = {Accept: 'application/json', Connection: 'Keep-Alive'}
    Net::HTTP.get(uri, headers)

See lists of both standard request fields and common request fields at Request Fields. A host may also accept other custom fields.

## HTTP Sessions

A session is a connection between a server (host) and a client that:

- Is begun by instance method `Net::HTTP#start`.

- May contain any number of requests.

- Is ended by instance method `Net::HTTP#finish`.

See example sessions at Strategies.

### Session Using Net::HTTP.start

If you have many requests to make to a single host (and port), consider using singleton method `Net::HTTP.start` with a block; the method handles the session automatically by:

- Calling `start` before block execution.

- Executing the block.

- Calling `finish` after block execution.

In the block, you can use these instance methods, each of which that sends a single request:

- HTTP methods:

  - `get`, `request_get`: GET.

  - `head`, `request_head`: HEAD.

  - `post`, `request_post`: POST.

  - `delete`: DELETE.

  - `options`: OPTIONS.

  - `trace`: TRACE.

  - `patch`: PATCH.

- WebDAV methods:

  - `copy`: COPY.

  - `lock`: LOCK.

  - `mkcol`: MKCOL.

  - `move`: MOVE.

  - `propfind`: PROPFIND.

  - `proppatch`: PROPPATCH.

  - `unlock`: UNLOCK.

### Session Using Net::HTTP.start and Net::HTTP.finish

You can manage a session manually using methods `start` and `finish`:

    http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
    http.start
    http.get('/todos/1')
    http.get('/todos/2')
    http.delete('/posts/1')
    http.finish # Needed to free resources.

### Single-Request Session

Certain convenience methods automatically handle a session by:

- Creating an HTTP object

- Starting a session.

- Sending a single request.

- Finishing the session.

- Destroying the object.

Such methods that send GET requests:

- `::get`: Returns the string response body.

- `::get_print`: Writes the string response body to $stdout.

- `::get_response`: Returns a `Net::HTTPResponse` object.

Such methods that send POST requests:

- `::post`: Posts data to the host.

- `::post_form`: Posts form data to the host.

## HTTP Requests and Responses

Many of the methods above are convenience methods, each of which sends a request and returns a string without directly using Net::HTTPRequest and Net::HTTPResponse objects.

You can, however, directly create a request object, send the request, and retrieve the response object; see:

- `Net::HTTPRequest`.

- `Net::HTTPResponse`.

## Following Redirection

Each returned response is an instance of a subclass of `Net::HTTPResponse`. See the response class hierarchy.

In particular, class `Net::HTTPRedirection` is the parent of all redirection classes. This allows you to craft a case statement to handle redirections properly:

    def fetch(uri, limit = 10)
      # You should choose a better exception.
      raise ArgumentError, 'Too many HTTP redirects' if limit == 0

      res = Net::HTTP.get_response(URI(uri))
      case res
      when Net::HTTPSuccess     # Any success class.
        res
      when Net::HTTPRedirection # Any redirection class.
        location = res['Location']
        warn "Redirected to #{location}"
        fetch(location, limit - 1)
      else                      # Any other class.
        res.value
      end
    end

    fetch(uri)

## Basic Authentication

Basic authentication is performed according to RFC2617:

    req = Net::HTTP::Get.new(uri)
    req.basic_auth('user', 'pass')
    res = Net::HTTP.start(hostname) do |http|
      http.request(req)
    end

## Streaming Response Bodies

By default Net::HTTP reads an entire response into memory. If you are handling large files or wish to implement a progress bar you can instead stream the body directly to an `IO`.

    Net::HTTP.start(hostname) do |http|
      req = Net::HTTP::Get.new(uri)
      http.request(req) do |res|
        open('t.tmp', 'w') do |f|
          res.read_body do |chunk|
            f.write chunk
          end
        end
      end
    end

## HTTPS

HTTPS is enabled for an HTTP connection by `Net::HTTP#use_ssl=`:

    Net::HTTP.start(hostname, :use_ssl => true) do |http|
      req = Net::HTTP::Get.new(uri)
      res = http.request(req)
    end

Or if you simply want to make a GET request, you may pass in a `URI` object that has an HTTPS URL. Net::HTTP automatically turns on TLS verification if the `URI` object has a ‘https’ `URI` scheme:

    uri # => #<URI::HTTPS https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/>
    Net::HTTP.get(uri)

## Proxy Server

An HTTP object can have a proxy server.

You can create an HTTP object with a proxy server using method `Net::HTTP.new` or method `Net::HTTP.start`.

The proxy may be defined either by argument `p_addr` or by environment variable `'http_proxy'`.

### Proxy Using Argument `p_addr` as a String

When argument `p_addr` is a string hostname, the returned `http` has the given host as its proxy:

    http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname, nil, 'proxy.example')
    http.proxy?          # => true
    http.proxy_from_env? # => false
    http.proxy_address   # => "proxy.example"
    # These use default values.
    http.proxy_port      # => 80
    http.proxy_user      # => nil
    http.proxy_pass      # => nil

The port, username, and password for the proxy may also be given:

    http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname, nil, 'proxy.example', 8000, 'pname', 'ppass')
    # => #<Net::HTTP jsonplaceholder.typicode.com:80 open=false>
    http.proxy?          # => true
    http.proxy_from_env? # => false
    http.proxy_address   # => "proxy.example"
    http.proxy_port      # => 8000
    http.proxy_user      # => "pname"
    http.proxy_pass      # => "ppass"

### Proxy Using ‘`ENV['http_proxy']`’

When environment variable `'http_proxy'` is set to a URI string, the returned `http` will have the server at that `URI` as its proxy; note that the URI string must have a protocol such as `'http'` or `'https'`:

    ENV['http_proxy'] = 'http://example.com'
    http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
    http.proxy?          # => true
    http.proxy_from_env? # => true
    http.proxy_address   # => "example.com"
    # These use default values.
    http.proxy_port      # => 80
    http.proxy_user      # => nil
    http.proxy_pass      # => nil

The URI string may include proxy username, password, and port number:

    ENV['http_proxy'] = 'http://pname:ppass@example.com:8000'
    http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
    http.proxy?          # => true
    http.proxy_from_env? # => true
    http.proxy_address   # => "example.com"
    http.proxy_port      # => 8000
    http.proxy_user      # => "pname"
    http.proxy_pass      # => "ppass"

### Filtering Proxies

With method `Net::HTTP.new` (but not `Net::HTTP.start`), you can use argument `p_no_proxy` to filter proxies:

- Reject a certain address:

      http = Net::HTTP.new('example.com', nil, 'proxy.example', 8000, 'pname', 'ppass', 'proxy.example')
      http.proxy_address # => nil

- Reject certain domains or subdomains:

      http = Net::HTTP.new('example.com', nil, 'my.proxy.example', 8000, 'pname', 'ppass', 'proxy.example')
      http.proxy_address # => nil

- Reject certain addresses and port combinations:

      http = Net::HTTP.new('example.com', nil, 'proxy.example', 8000, 'pname', 'ppass', 'proxy.example:1234')
      http.proxy_address # => "proxy.example"

      http = Net::HTTP.new('example.com', nil, 'proxy.example', 8000, 'pname', 'ppass', 'proxy.example:8000')
      http.proxy_address # => nil

- Reject a list of the types above delimited using a comma:

      http = Net::HTTP.new('example.com', nil, 'proxy.example', 8000, 'pname', 'ppass', 'my.proxy,proxy.example:8000')
      http.proxy_address # => nil

      http = Net::HTTP.new('example.com', nil, 'my.proxy', 8000, 'pname', 'ppass', 'my.proxy,proxy.example:8000')
      http.proxy_address # => nil

## Compression and Decompression

Net::HTTP does not compress the body of a request before sending.

By default, Net::HTTP adds header `'Accept-Encoding'` to a new request object:

    Net::HTTP::Get.new(uri)['Accept-Encoding']
    # => "gzip;q=1.0,deflate;q=0.6,identity;q=0.3"

This requests the server to zip-encode the response body if there is one; the server is not required to do so.

Net::HTTP does not automatically decompress a response body if the response has header `'Content-Range'`.

Otherwise decompression (or not) depends on the value of header Content-Encoding:

- `'deflate'`, `'gzip'`, or `'x-gzip'`: decompresses the body and deletes the header.

- `'none'` or `'identity'`: does not decompress the body, but deletes the header.

- Any other value: leaves the body and header unchanged.

## What’s Here

First, what’s elsewhere. Class `Net::HTTP`:

- Inherits from class Object.

This is a categorized summary of methods and attributes.

### Net::HTTP Objects

- ::new: Creates a new instance.

- #inspect: Returns a string representation of `self`.

### Sessions

- ::start: Begins a new session in a new Net::HTTP object.

- #started?: Returns whether in a session.

- #finish: Ends an active session.

- #start: Begins a new session in an existing Net::HTTP object (`self`).

### Connections

- :continue_timeout: Returns the continue timeout.

- #continue_timeout=: Sets the continue timeout seconds.

- :keep_alive_timeout: Returns the keep-alive timeout.

- :keep_alive_timeout=: Sets the keep-alive timeout.

- :max_retries: Returns the maximum retries.

- #max_retries=: Sets the maximum retries.

- :open_timeout: Returns the open timeout.

- :open_timeout=: Sets the open timeout.

- :read_timeout: Returns the open timeout.

- :read_timeout=: Sets the read timeout.

- :ssl_timeout: Returns the ssl timeout.

- :ssl_timeout=: Sets the ssl timeout.

- :write_timeout: Returns the write timeout.

- write_timeout=: Sets the write timeout.

### Requests

- ::get: Sends a GET request and returns the string response body.

- ::get_print: Sends a GET request and write the string response body to $stdout.

- ::get_response: Sends a GET request and returns a response object.

- ::post_form: Sends a POST request with form data and returns a response object.

- ::post: Sends a POST request with data and returns a response object.

- ::put: Sends a PUT request with data and returns a response object.

- #copy: Sends a COPY request and returns a response object.

- #delete: Sends a DELETE request and returns a response object.

- #get: Sends a GET request and returns a response object.

- #head: Sends a HEAD request and returns a response object.

- #lock: Sends a LOCK request and returns a response object.

- #mkcol: Sends a MKCOL request and returns a response object.

- #move: Sends a MOVE request and returns a response object.

- #options: Sends a OPTIONS request and returns a response object.

- #patch: Sends a PATCH request and returns a response object.

- #post: Sends a POST request and returns a response object.

- #propfind: Sends a PROPFIND request and returns a response object.

- #proppatch: Sends a PROPPATCH request and returns a response object.

- #put: Sends a PUT request and returns a response object.

- #request: Sends a request and returns a response object.

- #request_get: Sends a GET request and forms a response object; if a block given, calls the block with the object, otherwise returns the object.

- #request_head: Sends a HEAD request and forms a response object; if a block given, calls the block with the object, otherwise returns the object.

- #request_post: Sends a POST request and forms a response object; if a block given, calls the block with the object, otherwise returns the object.

- #send_request: Sends a request and returns a response object.

- #trace: Sends a TRACE request and returns a response object.

- #unlock: Sends an UNLOCK request and returns a response object.

### Responses

- :close_on_empty_response: Returns whether to close connection on empty response.

- :close_on_empty_response=: Sets whether to close connection on empty response.

- :ignore_eof: Returns whether to ignore end-of-file when reading a response body with `Content-Length` headers.

- :ignore_eof=: Sets whether to ignore end-of-file when reading a response body with `Content-Length` headers.

- :response_body_encoding: Returns the encoding to use for the response body.

- #response_body_encoding=: Sets the response body encoding.

### Proxies

- :proxy_address: Returns the proxy address.

- :proxy_address=: Sets the proxy address.

- ::proxy_class?: Returns whether `self` is a proxy class.

- #proxy?: Returns whether `self` has a proxy.

- #proxy_address: Returns the proxy address.

- #proxy_from_env?: Returns whether the proxy is taken from an environment variable.

- :proxy_from_env=: Sets whether the proxy is to be taken from an environment variable.

- :proxy_pass: Returns the proxy password.

- :proxy_pass=: Sets the proxy password.

- :proxy_port: Returns the proxy port.

- :proxy_port=: Sets the proxy port.

- #proxy_user: Returns the proxy user name.

- :proxy_user=: Sets the proxy user.

### Security

- :ca_file: Returns the path to a CA certification file.

- :ca_file=: Sets the path to a CA certification file.

- :ca_path: Returns the path of to CA directory containing certification files.

- :ca_path=: Sets the path of to CA directory containing certification files.

- :cert: Returns the `OpenSSL::X509::Certificate` object to be used for client certification.

- :cert=: Sets the `OpenSSL::X509::Certificate` object to be used for client certification.

- :cert_store: Returns the X509::Store to be used for verifying peer certificate.

- :cert_store=: Sets the X509::Store to be used for verifying peer certificate.

- :ciphers: Returns the available SSL ciphers.

- :ciphers=: Sets the available SSL ciphers.

- :extra_chain_cert: Returns the extra X509 certificates to be added to the certificate chain.

- :extra_chain_cert=: Sets the extra X509 certificates to be added to the certificate chain.

- :key: Returns the `OpenSSL::PKey::RSA` or `OpenSSL::PKey::DSA` object.

- :key=: Sets the `OpenSSL::PKey::RSA` or `OpenSSL::PKey::DSA` object.

- :max_version: Returns the maximum SSL version.

- :max_version=: Sets the maximum SSL version.

- :min_version: Returns the minimum SSL version.

- :min_version=: Sets the minimum SSL version.

- #peer_cert: Returns the X509 certificate chain for the session’s socket peer.

- :ssl_version: Returns the SSL version.

- :ssl_version=: Sets the SSL version.

- #use_ssl=: Sets whether a new session is to use Transport Layer Security.

- #use_ssl?: Returns whether `self` uses SSL.

- :verify_callback: Returns the callback for the server certification verification.

- :verify_callback=: Sets the callback for the server certification verification.

- :verify_depth: Returns the maximum depth for the certificate chain verification.

- :verify_depth=: Sets the maximum depth for the certificate chain verification.

- :verify_hostname: Returns the flags for server the certification verification at the beginning of the SSL/TLS session.

- :verify_hostname=: Sets he flags for server the certification verification at the beginning of the SSL/TLS session.

- :verify_mode: Returns the flags for server the certification verification at the beginning of the SSL/TLS session.

- :verify_mode=: Sets the flags for server the certification verification at the beginning of the SSL/TLS session.

### Addresses and Ports

- :address: Returns the string host name or host IP.

- ::default_port: Returns integer 80, the default port to use for `HTTP` requests.

- ::http_default_port: Returns integer 80, the default port to use for `HTTP` requests.

- ::https_default_port: Returns integer 443, the default port to use for HTTPS requests.

- #ipaddr: Returns the IP address for the connection.

- #ipaddr=: Sets the IP address for the connection.

- :local_host: Returns the string local host used to establish the connection.

- :local_host=: Sets the string local host used to establish the connection.

- :local_port: Returns the integer local port used to establish the connection.

- :local_port=: Sets the integer local port used to establish the connection.

- :port: Returns the integer port number.

### HTTP Version

- ::version_1_2? (aliased as ::version_1_2): Returns true; retained for compatibility.

### Debugging

- #set_debug_output: Sets the output stream for debugging.

### Attributes

default_configuration [RW]

Allows to set the default configuration that will be used when creating a new connection.

Example:

    Net::HTTP.default_configuration = {
      read_timeout: 1,
      write_timeout: 1
    }
    http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
    http.open_timeout   # => 60
    http.read_timeout   # => 1
    http.write_timeout  # => 1

proxy_address [R]

Returns the address of the proxy host, or `nil` if none; see Proxy Server at `Net::HTTP`.

proxy_pass [R]

Returns the password for accessing the proxy, or `nil` if none; see Proxy Server at `Net::HTTP`.

proxy_port [R]

Returns the port number of the proxy host, or `nil` if none; see Proxy Server at `Net::HTTP`.

proxy_use_ssl [R]

Use SSL when talking to the proxy. If `Net::HTTP` does not use a proxy, nil.

proxy_user [R]

Returns the user name for accessing the proxy, or `nil` if none; see Proxy Server at `Net::HTTP`.

address [R]

Returns the string host name or host IP given as argument `address` in `::new`.

ca_file [RW]

Sets or returns the path to a CA certification file in PEM format.

ca_path [RW]

Sets or returns the path of to CA directory containing certification files in PEM format.

cert [RW]

Sets or returns the `OpenSSL::X509::Certificate` object to be used for client certification.

cert_store [RW]

Sets or returns the X509::Store to be used for verifying peer certificate.

ciphers [RW]

Sets or returns the available SSL ciphers. See :SSL::SSLContext#ciphers=.

close_on_empty_response [RW]

Sets or returns whether to close the connection when the response is empty; initially `false`.

continue_timeout [R]

Returns the continue timeout value; see `continue_timeout`=.

extra_chain_cert [RW]

Sets or returns the extra X509 certificates to be added to the certificate chain. See :SSL::SSLContext#add_certificate.

ignore_eof [RW]

Sets or returns whether to ignore end-of-file when reading a response body with `Content-Length` headers; initially `true`.

keep_alive_timeout [RW]

Sets or returns the numeric (Integer or Float) number of seconds to keep the connection open after a request is sent; initially 2. If a new request is made during the given interval, the still-open connection is used; otherwise the connection will have been closed and a new connection is opened.

key [RW]

Sets or returns the `OpenSSL::PKey::RSA` or `OpenSSL::PKey::DSA` object.

local_host [RW]

Sets or returns the string local host used to establish the connection; initially `nil`.

local_port [RW]

Sets or returns the integer local port used to establish the connection; initially `nil`.

max_retries [R]

Returns the maximum number of times to retry an idempotent request; see `max_retries=`.

max_version [RW]

Sets or returns the maximum SSL version. See :SSL::SSLContext#max_version=.

min_version [RW]

Sets or returns the minimum SSL version. See :SSL::SSLContext#min_version=.

open_timeout [RW]

Sets or returns the numeric (Integer or Float) number of seconds to wait for a connection to open; initially 60. If the connection is not made in the given interval, an exception is raised.

port [R]

Returns the integer port number given as argument `port` in `::new`.

proxy_address [W]

Sets the proxy address; see Proxy Server.

proxy_from_env [W]

Sets whether to determine the proxy from environment variable ‘`ENV['http_proxy']`’; see Proxy Using ENV.

proxy_pass [W]

Sets the proxy password; see Proxy Server.

proxy_port [W]

Sets the proxy port; see Proxy Server.

proxy_use_ssl [W]

Sets whether the proxy uses SSL; see Proxy Server.

proxy_user [W]

Sets the proxy user; see Proxy Server.

read_timeout [R]

Returns the numeric (Integer or Float) number of seconds to wait for one block to be read (via one read(2) call); see `read_timeout=`.

response_body_encoding [R]

Returns the encoding to use for the response body; see `response_body_encoding=`.

ssl_timeout [RW]

Sets or returns the SSL timeout seconds.

ssl_version [RW]

Sets or returns the SSL version. See :SSL::SSLContext#ssl_version=.

verify_callback [RW]

Sets or returns the callback for the server certification verification.

verify_depth [RW]

Sets or returns the maximum depth for the certificate chain verification.

verify_hostname [RW]

Sets or returns whether to verify that the server certificate is valid for the hostname. See :SSL::SSLContext#verify_hostname=.

verify_mode [RW]

Sets or returns the flags for server the certification verification at the beginning of the SSL/TLS session. OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_NONE or OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_PEER are acceptable.

write_timeout [R]

Returns the numeric (Integer or Float) number of seconds to wait for one block to be written (via one write(2) call); see `write_timeout=`.

### Public Class Methods

default_port ()
Source

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 935
    def HTTP.default_port
      http_default_port()
    end

Returns integer `80`, the default port to use for HTTP requests:

    Net::HTTP.default_port # => 80

Net::HTTP.get(hostname, path, port = 80) → body
Net::HTTP:get(uri, headers = {}, port = uri.port) → body
Source

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 804
    def HTTP.get(uri_or_host, path_or_headers = nil, port = nil)
      get_response(uri_or_host, path_or_headers, port).body
    end

Sends a GET request and returns the HTTP response body as a string.

With string arguments `hostname` and `path`:

    hostname = 'jsonplaceholder.typicode.com'
    path = '/todos/1'
    puts Net::HTTP.get(hostname, path)

Output:

    {
      "userId": 1,
      "id": 1,
      "title": "delectus aut autem",
      "completed": false
    }

With `URI` object `uri` and optional hash argument `headers`:

    uri = URI('https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/todos/1')
    headers = {'Content-type' => 'application/json; charset=UTF-8'}
    Net::HTTP.get(uri, headers)

Related:

- `Net::HTTP::Get`: request class for HTTP method `GET`.

- `Net::HTTP#get`: convenience method for HTTP method `GET`.

Net::HTTP.get_print(hostname, path, port = 80) → nil
Net::HTTP:get_print(uri, headers = {}, port = uri.port) → nil
Source

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 763
    def HTTP.get_print(uri_or_host, path_or_headers = nil, port = nil)
      get_response(uri_or_host, path_or_headers, port) {|res|
        res.read_body do |chunk|
          $stdout.print chunk
        end
      }
      nil
    end

Like `Net::HTTP.get`, but writes the returned body to $stdout; returns `nil`.

Net::HTTP.get_response(hostname, path, port = 80) → http_response
Net::HTTP:get_response(uri, headers = {}, port = uri.port) → http_response
Source

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 814
    def HTTP.get_response(uri_or_host, path_or_headers = nil, port = nil, &block)
      if path_or_headers && !path_or_headers.is_a?(Hash)
        host = uri_or_host
        path = path_or_headers
        new(host, port || HTTP.default_port).start {|http|
          return http.request_get(path, &block)
        }
      else
        uri = uri_or_host
        headers = path_or_headers
        start(uri.hostname, uri.port,
              :use_ssl => uri.scheme == 'https') {|http|
          return http.request_get(uri, headers, &block)
        }
      end
    end

Like `Net::HTTP.get`, but returns a `Net::HTTPResponse` object instead of the body string.

http_default_port ()
Source

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 943
    def HTTP.http_default_port
      80
    end

Returns integer `80`, the default port to use for HTTP requests:

    Net::HTTP.http_default_port # => 80

https_default_port ()
Source

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 951
    def HTTP.https_default_port
      443
    end

Returns integer `443`, the default port to use for HTTPS requests:

    Net::HTTP.https_default_port # => 443

new (address, port = nil, p_addr = :ENV, p_port = nil, p_user = nil, p_pass = nil, p_no_proxy = nil, p_use_ssl = nil)
Source

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 1100
    def HTTP.new(address, port = nil, p_addr = :ENV, p_port = nil, p_user = nil, p_pass = nil, p_no_proxy = nil, p_use_ssl = nil)
      http = super address, port

      if proxy_class? then # from Net::HTTP::Proxy()
        http.proxy_from_env = @proxy_from_env
        http.proxy_address  = @proxy_address
        http.proxy_port     = @proxy_port
        http.proxy_user     = @proxy_user
        http.proxy_pass     = @proxy_pass
        http.proxy_use_ssl  = @proxy_use_ssl
      elsif p_addr == :ENV then
        http.proxy_from_env = true
      else
        if p_addr && p_no_proxy && !URI::Generic.use_proxy?(address, address, port, p_no_proxy)
          p_addr = nil
          p_port = nil
        end
        http.proxy_address = p_addr
        http.proxy_port    = p_port || default_port
        http.proxy_user    = p_user
        http.proxy_pass    = p_pass
        http.proxy_use_ssl = p_use_ssl
      end

      http
    end

Returns a new Net::HTTP object `http` (but does not open a TCP connection or HTTP session).

With only string argument `address` given (and `ENV['http_proxy']` undefined or `nil`), the returned `http`:

- Has the given address.

- Has the default port number, `Net::HTTP.default_port` (80).

- Has no proxy.

Example:

    http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
    # => #<Net::HTTP jsonplaceholder.typicode.com:80 open=false>
    http.address # => "jsonplaceholder.typicode.com"
    http.port    # => 80
    http.proxy?  # => false

With integer argument `port` also given, the returned `http` has the given port:

    http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname, 8000)
    # => #<Net::HTTP jsonplaceholder.typicode.com:8000 open=false>
    http.port # => 8000

For proxy-defining arguments `p_addr` through `p_no_proxy`, see Proxy Server.

Calls superclass method
post (url, data, header = nil)
Source

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 857
    def HTTP.post(url, data, header = nil)
      start(url.hostname, url.port,
            :use_ssl => url.scheme == 'https' ) {|http|
        http.post(url, data, header)
      }
    end

Posts data to a host; returns a `Net::HTTPResponse` object.

Argument `url` must be a URL; argument `data` must be a string:

    _uri = uri.dup
    _uri.path = '/posts'
    data = '{"title": "foo", "body": "bar", "userId": 1}'
    headers = {'content-type': 'application/json'}
    res = Net::HTTP.post(_uri, data, headers) # => #<Net::HTTPCreated 201 Created readbody=true>
    puts res.body

Output:

    {
      "title": "foo",
      "body": "bar",
      "userId": 1,
      "id": 101
    }

Related:

- `Net::HTTP::Post`: request class for HTTP method `POST`.

- `Net::HTTP#post`: convenience method for HTTP method `POST`.

post_form (url, params)
Source

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 884
    def HTTP.post_form(url, params)
      req = Post.new(url)
      req.form_data = params
      req.basic_auth url.user, url.password if url.user
      start(url.hostname, url.port,
            :use_ssl => url.scheme == 'https' ) {|http|
        http.request(req)
      }
    end

Posts data to a host; returns a `Net::HTTPResponse` object.

Argument `url` must be a `URI`; argument `data` must be a hash:

    _uri = uri.dup
    _uri.path = '/posts'
    data = {title: 'foo', body: 'bar', userId: 1}
    res = Net::HTTP.post_form(_uri, data) # => #<Net::HTTPCreated 201 Created readbody=true>
    puts res.body

Output:

    {
      "title": "foo",
      "body": "bar",
      "userId": "1",
      "id": 101
    }

proxy_class? ()
Source

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 1855
    def proxy_class?
      defined?(@is_proxy_class) ? @is_proxy_class : false
    end

Returns true if self is a class which was created by HTTP::Proxy.

put (url, data, header = nil)
Source

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 920
    def HTTP.put(url, data, header = nil)
      start(url.hostname, url.port,
            :use_ssl => url.scheme == 'https' ) {|http|
        http.put(url, data, header)
      }
    end

Sends a PUT request to the server; returns a `Net::HTTPResponse` object.

Argument `url` must be a URL; argument `data` must be a string:

    _uri = uri.dup
    _uri.path = '/posts'
    data = '{"title": "foo", "body": "bar", "userId": 1}'
    headers = {'content-type': 'application/json'}
    res = Net::HTTP.put(_uri, data, headers) # => #<Net::HTTPCreated 201 Created readbody=true>
    puts res.body

Output:

    {
      "title": "foo",
      "body": "bar",
      "userId": 1,
      "id": 101
    }

Related:

- `Net::HTTP::Put`: request class for HTTP method `PUT`.

- `Net::HTTP#put`: convenience method for HTTP method `PUT`.

start(address, port = nil, p_addr = :ENV, p_port = nil, p_user = nil, p_pass = nil, opts) → http
start(address, port = nil, p_addr = :ENV, p_port = nil, p_user = nil, p_pass = nil, opts) {|http| ... } → object
Source

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 1045
    def HTTP.start(address, *arg, &block) # :yield: +http+
      arg.pop if opt = Hash.try_convert(arg[-1])
      port, p_addr, p_port, p_user, p_pass = *arg
      p_addr = :ENV if arg.size < 2
      port = https_default_port if !port && opt && opt[:use_ssl]
      http = new(address, port, p_addr, p_port, p_user, p_pass)
      http.ipaddr = opt[:ipaddr] if opt && opt[:ipaddr]

      if opt
        if opt[:use_ssl]
          opt = {verify_mode: OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_PEER}.update(opt)
        end
        http.methods.grep(/\A(\w+)=\z/) do |meth|
          key = $1.to_sym
          opt.key?(key) or next
          http.__send__(meth, opt[key])
        end
      end

      http.start(&block)
    end

Creates a new Net::HTTP object, `http`, via Net::HTTP.new:

- For arguments `address` and `port`, see `Net::HTTP.new`.

- For proxy-defining arguments `p_addr` through `p_pass`, see Proxy Server.

- For argument `opts`, see below.

With no block given:

- Calls `http.start` with no block (see `start`), which opens a TCP connection and HTTP session.

- Returns `http`.

- The caller should call `finish` to close the session:

      http = Net::HTTP.start(hostname)
      http.started? # => true
      http.finish
      http.started? # => false

With a block given:

- Calls `http.start` with the block (see `start`), which:

  - Opens a TCP connection and HTTP session.

  - Calls the block, which may make any number of requests to the host.

  - Closes the HTTP session and TCP connection on block exit.

  - Returns the block’s value `object`.

- Returns `object`.

Example:

    hostname = 'jsonplaceholder.typicode.com'
    Net::HTTP.start(hostname) do |http|
      puts http.get('/todos/1').body
      puts http.get('/todos/2').body
    end

Output:

    {
      "userId": 1,
      "id": 1,
      "title": "delectus aut autem",
      "completed": false
    }
    {
      "userId": 1,
      "id": 2,
      "title": "quis ut nam facilis et officia qui",
      "completed": false
    }

If the last argument given is a hash, it is the `opts` hash, where each key is a method or accessor to be called, and its value is the value to be set.

The keys may include:

- `ca_file`

- `ca_path`

- `cert`

- `cert_store`

- `ciphers`

- `close_on_empty_response`

- `ipaddr` (calls `ipaddr=`)

- `keep_alive_timeout`

- `key`

- `open_timeout`

- `read_timeout`

- `ssl_timeout`

- `ssl_version`

- `use_ssl` (calls `use_ssl=`)

- `verify_callback`

- `verify_depth`

- `verify_mode`

- `write_timeout`

Note: If `port` is `nil` and `opts[:use_ssl]` is a truthy value, the value passed to `new` is `Net::HTTP.https_default_port`, not `port`.

version_1_2 ()
Source

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 738
    def HTTP.version_1_2
      true
    end

Returns `true`; retained for compatibility.

version_1_2? ()
Source

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 743
    def HTTP.version_1_2?
      true
    end

Returns `true`; retained for compatibility.

### Public Instance Methods

continue_timeout= (sec)
Source

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 1455
    def continue_timeout=(sec)
      @socket.continue_timeout = sec if @socket
      @continue_timeout = sec
    end

Sets the continue timeout value, which is the number of seconds to wait for an expected 100 Continue response. If the HTTP object does not receive a response in this many seconds it sends the request body.

copy (path, initheader = nil)
Source

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 2227
    def copy(path, initheader = nil)
      request(Copy.new(path, initheader))
    end

Sends a COPY request to the server; returns an instance of a subclass of `Net::HTTPResponse`.

The request is based on the `Net::HTTP::Copy` object created from string `path` and initial headers hash `initheader`.

    http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
    http.copy('/todos/1')

delete (path, initheader = {'Depth' => 'Infinity'})
Source

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 2201
    def delete(path, initheader = {'Depth' => 'Infinity'})
      request(Delete.new(path, initheader))
    end

Sends a DELETE request to the server; returns an instance of a subclass of `Net::HTTPResponse`.

The request is based on the `Net::HTTP::Delete` object created from string `path` and initial headers hash `initheader`.

    http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
    http.delete('/todos/1')

finish ()
Source

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 1648
    def finish
      raise IOError, 'HTTP session not yet started' unless started?
      do_finish
    end

Finishes the HTTP session:

    http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
    http.start
    http.started? # => true
    http.finish   # => nil
    http.started? # => false

Raises `IOError` if not in a session.

get(path, initheader = nil) {|res| ... }
Source

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 2013
    def get(path, initheader = nil, dest = nil, &block) # :yield: +body_segment+
      res = nil

      request(Get.new(path, initheader)) {|r|
        r.read_body dest, &block
        res = r
      }
      res
    end

Sends a GET request to the server; returns an instance of a subclass of `Net::HTTPResponse`.

The request is based on the `Net::HTTP::Get` object created from string `path` and initial headers hash `initheader`.

With a block given, calls the block with the response body:

    http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
    http.get('/todos/1') do |res|
      p res
    end # => #<Net::HTTPOK 200 OK readbody=true>

Output:

    "{\n  \"userId\": 1,\n  \"id\": 1,\n  \"title\": \"delectus aut autem\",\n  \"completed\": false\n}"

With no block given, simply returns the response object:

    http.get('/') # => #<Net::HTTPOK 200 OK readbody=true>

Related:

- `Net::HTTP::Get`: request class for HTTP method GET.

- `Net::HTTP.get`: sends GET request, returns response body.

head (path, initheader = nil)
Source

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 2037
    def head(path, initheader = nil)
      request(Head.new(path, initheader))
    end

Sends a HEAD request to the server; returns an instance of a subclass of `Net::HTTPResponse`.

The request is based on the `Net::HTTP::Head` object created from string `path` and initial headers hash `initheader`:

    res = http.head('/todos/1') # => #<Net::HTTPOK 200 OK readbody=true>
    res.body                    # => nil
    res.to_hash.take(3)
    # =>
    [["date", ["Wed, 15 Feb 2023 15:25:42 GMT"]],
     ["content-type", ["application/json; charset=utf-8"]],
     ["connection", ["close"]]]

inspect ()
Source

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 1206
    def inspect
      "#<#{self.class} #{@address}:#{@port} open=#{started?}>"
    end

Returns a string representation of `self`:

    Net::HTTP.new(hostname).inspect
    # => "#<Net::HTTP jsonplaceholder.typicode.com:80 open=false>"

ipaddr ()
Source

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 1349
    def ipaddr
      started? ?  @socket.io.peeraddr[3] : @ipaddr
    end

Returns the IP address for the connection.

If the session has not been started, returns the value set by `ipaddr=`, or `nil` if it has not been set:

    http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
    http.ipaddr # => nil
    http.ipaddr = '172.67.155.76'
    http.ipaddr # => "172.67.155.76"

If the session has been started, returns the IP address from the socket:

    http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
    http.start
    http.ipaddr # => "172.67.155.76"
    http.finish

ipaddr= (addr)
Source

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 1361
    def ipaddr=(addr)
      raise IOError, "ipaddr value changed, but session already started" if started?
      @ipaddr = addr
    end

Sets the IP address for the connection:

    http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
    http.ipaddr # => nil
    http.ipaddr = '172.67.155.76'
    http.ipaddr # => "172.67.155.76"

The IP address may not be set if the session has been started.

lock (path, body, initheader = nil)
Source

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 2147
    def lock(path, body, initheader = nil)
      request(Lock.new(path, initheader), body)
    end

Sends a LOCK request to the server; returns an instance of a subclass of `Net::HTTPResponse`.

The request is based on the `Net::HTTP::Lock` object created from string `path`, string `body`, and initial headers hash `initheader`.

    data = '{"userId": 1, "id": 1, "title": "delectus aut autem", "completed": false}'
    http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
    http.lock('/todos/1', data)

max_retries= (retries)
Source

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 1395
    def max_retries=(retries)
      retries = retries.to_int
      if retries < 0
        raise ArgumentError, 'max_retries should be non-negative integer number'
      end
      @max_retries = retries
    end

Sets the maximum number of times to retry an idempotent request in case of Net::ReadTimeout, `IOError`, `EOFError`, Errno::ECONNRESET, Errno::ECONNABORTED, Errno::EPIPE, `OpenSSL::SSL::SSLError`, `Timeout::Error`. The initial value is 1.

Argument `retries` must be a non-negative numeric value:

    http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
    http.max_retries = 2   # => 2
    http.max_retries       # => 2

mkcol (path, body = nil, initheader = nil)
Source

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 2241
    def mkcol(path, body = nil, initheader = nil)
      request(Mkcol.new(path, initheader), body)
    end

Sends a MKCOL request to the server; returns an instance of a subclass of `Net::HTTPResponse`.

The request is based on the `Net::HTTP::Mkcol` object created from string `path`, string `body`, and initial headers hash `initheader`.

    data = '{"userId": 1, "id": 1, "title": "delectus aut autem", "completed": false}'
    http.mkcol('/todos/1', data)
    http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)

move (path, initheader = nil)
Source

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 2214
    def move(path, initheader = nil)
      request(Move.new(path, initheader))
    end

Sends a MOVE request to the server; returns an instance of a subclass of `Net::HTTPResponse`.

The request is based on the `Net::HTTP::Move` object created from string `path` and initial headers hash `initheader`.

    http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
    http.move('/todos/1')

options (path, initheader = nil)
Source

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 2174
    def options(path, initheader = nil)
      request(Options.new(path, initheader))
    end

Sends an Options request to the server; returns an instance of a subclass of `Net::HTTPResponse`.

The request is based on the `Net::HTTP::Options` object created from string `path` and initial headers hash `initheader`.

    http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
    http.options('/')

patch(path, data, initheader = nil) {|res| ... }
Source

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 2100
    def patch(path, data, initheader = nil, dest = nil, &block) # :yield: +body_segment+
      send_entity(path, data, initheader, dest, Patch, &block)
    end

Sends a PATCH request to the server; returns an instance of a subclass of `Net::HTTPResponse`.

The request is based on the `Net::HTTP::Patch` object created from string `path`, string `data`, and initial headers hash `initheader`.

With a block given, calls the block with the response body:

    data = '{"userId": 1, "id": 1, "title": "delectus aut autem", "completed": false}'
    http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
    http.patch('/todos/1', data) do |res|
      p res
    end # => #<Net::HTTPOK 200 OK readbody=true>

Output:

    "{\n  \"userId\": 1,\n  \"id\": 1,\n  \"title\": \"delectus aut autem\",\n  \"completed\": false,\n  \"{\\\"userId\\\": 1, \\\"id\\\": 1, \\\"title\\\": \\\"delectus aut autem\\\", \\\"completed\\\": false}\": \"\"\n}"

With no block given, simply returns the response object:

    http.patch('/todos/1', data) # => #<Net::HTTPCreated 201 Created readbody=true>

peer_cert ()
Source

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 1597
    def peer_cert
      if not use_ssl? or not @socket
        return nil
      end
      @socket.io.peer_cert
    end

Returns the X509 certificate chain (an array of strings) for the session’s socket peer, or `nil` if none.

post(path, data, initheader = nil) {|res| ... }
Source

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 2071
    def post(path, data, initheader = nil, dest = nil, &block) # :yield: +body_segment+
      send_entity(path, data, initheader, dest, Post, &block)
    end

Sends a POST request to the server; returns an instance of a subclass of `Net::HTTPResponse`.

The request is based on the `Net::HTTP::Post` object created from string `path`, string `data`, and initial headers hash `initheader`.

With a block given, calls the block with the response body:

    data = '{"userId": 1, "id": 1, "title": "delectus aut autem", "completed": false}'
    http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
    http.post('/todos', data) do |res|
      p res
    end # => #<Net::HTTPCreated 201 Created readbody=true>

Output:

    "{\n  \"{\\\"userId\\\": 1, \\\"id\\\": 1, \\\"title\\\": \\\"delectus aut autem\\\", \\\"completed\\\": false}\": \"\",\n  \"id\": 201\n}"

With no block given, simply returns the response object:

    http.post('/todos', data) # => #<Net::HTTPCreated 201 Created readbody=true>

Related:

- `Net::HTTP::Post`: request class for HTTP method POST.

- `Net::HTTP.post`: sends POST request, returns response body.

propfind (path, body = nil, initheader = {'Depth' => '0'})
Source

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 2188
    def propfind(path, body = nil, initheader = {'Depth' => '0'})
      request(Propfind.new(path, initheader), body)
    end

Sends a PROPFIND request to the server; returns an instance of a subclass of `Net::HTTPResponse`.

The request is based on the `Net::HTTP::Propfind` object created from string `path`, string `body`, and initial headers hash `initheader`.

    data = '{"userId": 1, "id": 1, "title": "delectus aut autem", "completed": false}'
    http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
    http.propfind('/todos/1', data)

proppatch (path, body, initheader = nil)
Source

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 2133
    def proppatch(path, body, initheader = nil)
      request(Proppatch.new(path, initheader), body)
    end

Sends a PROPPATCH request to the server; returns an instance of a subclass of `Net::HTTPResponse`.

The request is based on the `Net::HTTP::Proppatch` object created from string `path`, string `body`, and initial headers hash `initheader`.

    data = '{"userId": 1, "id": 1, "title": "delectus aut autem", "completed": false}'
    http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
    http.proppatch('/todos/1', data)

proxy? ()
Source

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 1881
    def proxy?
      !!(@proxy_from_env ? proxy_uri : @proxy_address)
    end

Returns `true` if a proxy server is defined, `false` otherwise; see Proxy Server.

proxy_address ()
Source

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 1903
    def proxy_address
      if @proxy_from_env then
        proxy_uri&.hostname
      else
        @proxy_address
      end
    end

Returns the address of the proxy server, if defined, `nil` otherwise; see Proxy Server.

proxy_from_env? ()
Source

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 1888
    def proxy_from_env?
      @proxy_from_env
    end

Returns `true` if the proxy server is defined in the environment, `false` otherwise; see Proxy Server.

proxy_pass ()
Source

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 1934
    def proxy_pass
      if @proxy_from_env
        pass = proxy_uri&.password
        unescape(pass) if pass
      else
        @proxy_pass
      end
    end

Returns the password of the proxy server, if defined, `nil` otherwise; see Proxy Server.

proxy_port ()
Source

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 1913
    def proxy_port
      if @proxy_from_env then
        proxy_uri&.port
      else
        @proxy_port
      end
    end

Returns the port number of the proxy server, if defined, `nil` otherwise; see Proxy Server.

proxy_user ()
Source

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 1923
    def proxy_user
      if @proxy_from_env
        user = proxy_uri&.user
        unescape(user) if user
      else
        @proxy_user
      end
    end

Returns the user name of the proxy server, if defined, `nil` otherwise; see Proxy Server.

put (path, data, initheader = nil)
Source

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 2119
    def put(path, data, initheader = nil)
      request(Put.new(path, initheader), data)
    end

Sends a PUT request to the server; returns an instance of a subclass of `Net::HTTPResponse`.

The request is based on the `Net::HTTP::Put` object created from string `path`, string `data`, and initial headers hash `initheader`.

    data = '{"userId": 1, "id": 1, "title": "delectus aut autem", "completed": false}'
    http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
    http.put('/todos/1', data) # => #<Net::HTTPOK 200 OK readbody=true>

Related:

- `Net::HTTP::Put`: request class for HTTP method PUT.

- `Net::HTTP.put`: sends PUT request, returns response body.

read_timeout= (sec)
Source

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 1418
    def read_timeout=(sec)
      @socket.read_timeout = sec if @socket
      @read_timeout = sec
    end

Sets the read timeout, in seconds, for `self` to integer `sec`; the initial value is 60.

Argument `sec` must be a non-negative numeric value:

    http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
    http.read_timeout # => 60
    http.get('/todos/1') # => #<Net::HTTPOK 200 OK readbody=true>
    http.read_timeout = 0
    http.get('/todos/1') # Raises Net::ReadTimeout.

request (req, body = nil) { |response| ... }
Source

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 2399
    def request(req, body = nil, &block)  # :yield: +response+
      unless started?
        start {
          req['connection'] ||= 'close'
          return request(req, body, &block)
        }
      end
      if proxy_user()
        req.proxy_basic_auth proxy_user(), proxy_pass() unless use_ssl?
      end
      req.set_body_internal body
      res = transport_request(req, &block)
      if sspi_auth?(res)
        sspi_auth(req)
        res = transport_request(req, &block)
      end
      res
    end

Sends the given request `req` to the server; forms the response into a `Net::HTTPResponse` object.

The given `req` must be an instance of a subclass of Net::HTTPRequest. Argument `body` should be given only if needed for the request.

With no block given, returns the response object:

    http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)

    req = Net::HTTP::Get.new('/todos/1')
    http.request(req)
    # => #<Net::HTTPOK 200 OK readbody=true>

    req = Net::HTTP::Post.new('/todos')
    http.request(req, 'xyzzy')
    # => #<Net::HTTPCreated 201 Created readbody=true>

With a block given, calls the block with the response and returns the response:

    req = Net::HTTP::Get.new('/todos/1')
    http.request(req) do |res|
      p res
    end # => #<Net::HTTPOK 200 OK readbody=true>

Output:

    #<Net::HTTPOK 200 OK readbody=false>

request_get (path, initheader = nil) { |response| ... }
Source

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 2280
    def request_get(path, initheader = nil, &block) # :yield: +response+
      request(Get.new(path, initheader), &block)
    end

Sends a GET request to the server; forms the response into a `Net::HTTPResponse` object.

The request is based on the `Net::HTTP::Get` object created from string `path` and initial headers hash `initheader`.

With no block given, returns the response object:

    http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
    http.request_get('/todos') # => #<Net::HTTPOK 200 OK readbody=true>

With a block given, calls the block with the response object and returns the response object:

    http.request_get('/todos') do |res|
      p res
    end # => #<Net::HTTPOK 200 OK readbody=true>

Output:

    #<Net::HTTPOK 200 OK readbody=false>

request_head (path, initheader = nil, &block)
Source

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 2293
    def request_head(path, initheader = nil, &block)
      request(Head.new(path, initheader), &block)
    end

Sends a HEAD request to the server; returns an instance of a subclass of `Net::HTTPResponse`.

The request is based on the `Net::HTTP::Head` object created from string `path` and initial headers hash `initheader`.

    http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
    http.head('/todos/1') # => #<Net::HTTPOK 200 OK readbody=true>

request_post (path, data, initheader = nil) { |response| ... }
Source

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 2320
    def request_post(path, data, initheader = nil, &block) # :yield: +response+
      request Post.new(path, initheader), data, &block
    end

Sends a POST request to the server; forms the response into a `Net::HTTPResponse` object.

The request is based on the `Net::HTTP::Post` object created from string `path`, string `data`, and initial headers hash `initheader`.

With no block given, returns the response object:

    http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
    http.post('/todos', 'xyzzy')
    # => #<Net::HTTPCreated 201 Created readbody=true>

With a block given, calls the block with the response body and returns the response object:

    http.post('/todos', 'xyzzy') do |res|
      p res
    end # => #<Net::HTTPCreated 201 Created readbody=true>

Output:

    "{\n  \"xyzzy\": \"\",\n  \"id\": 201\n}"

response_body_encoding= (value)
Source

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 1300
    def response_body_encoding=(value)
      value = Encoding.find(value) if value.is_a?(String)
      @response_body_encoding = value
    end

Sets the encoding to be used for the response body; returns the encoding.

The given `value` may be:

- An `Encoding` object.

- The name of an encoding.

- An alias for an encoding name.

See `Encoding`.

Examples:

    http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
    http.response_body_encoding = Encoding::US_ASCII # => #<Encoding:US-ASCII>
    http.response_body_encoding = 'US-ASCII'         # => "US-ASCII"
    http.response_body_encoding = 'ASCII'            # => "ASCII"

send_request (name, path, data = nil, header = nil)
Source

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 2363
    def send_request(name, path, data = nil, header = nil)
      has_response_body = name != 'HEAD'
      r = HTTPGenericRequest.new(name,(data ? true : false),has_response_body,path,header)
      request r, data
    end

Sends an HTTP request to the server; returns an instance of a subclass of `Net::HTTPResponse`.

The request is based on the `Net::HTTPRequest` object created from string `path`, string `data`, and initial headers hash `header`. That object is an instance of the subclass of Net::HTTPRequest, that corresponds to the given uppercase string `name`, which must be an HTTP request method or a WebDAV request method.

Examples:

    http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
    http.send_request('GET', '/todos/1')
    # => #<Net::HTTPOK 200 OK readbody=true>
    http.send_request('POST', '/todos', 'xyzzy')
    # => #<Net::HTTPCreated 201 Created readbody=true>

set_debug_output (output)
Source

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 1259
    def set_debug_output(output)
      warn 'Net::HTTP#set_debug_output called after HTTP started', uplevel: 1 if started?
      @debug_output = output
    end

WARNING This method opens a serious security hole. Never use this method in production code.

Sets the output stream for debugging:

    http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
    File.open('t.tmp', 'w') do |file|
      http.set_debug_output(file)
      http.start
      http.get('/nosuch/1')
      http.finish
    end
    puts File.read('t.tmp')

Output:

    opening connection to jsonplaceholder.typicode.com:80...
    opened
    <- "GET /nosuch/1 HTTP/1.1\r\nAccept-Encoding: gzip;q=1.0,deflate;q=0.6,identity;q=0.3\r\nAccept: */*\r\nUser-Agent: Ruby\r\nHost: jsonplaceholder.typicode.com\r\n\r\n"
    -> "HTTP/1.1 404 Not Found\r\n"
    -> "Date: Mon, 12 Dec 2022 21:14:11 GMT\r\n"
    -> "Content-Type: application/json; charset=utf-8\r\n"
    -> "Content-Length: 2\r\n"
    -> "Connection: keep-alive\r\n"
    -> "X-Powered-By: Express\r\n"
    -> "X-Ratelimit-Limit: 1000\r\n"
    -> "X-Ratelimit-Remaining: 999\r\n"
    -> "X-Ratelimit-Reset: 1670879660\r\n"
    -> "Vary: Origin, Accept-Encoding\r\n"
    -> "Access-Control-Allow-Credentials: true\r\n"
    -> "Cache-Control: max-age=43200\r\n"
    -> "Pragma: no-cache\r\n"
    -> "Expires: -1\r\n"
    -> "X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff\r\n"
    -> "Etag: W/\"2-vyGp6PvFo4RvsFtPoIWeCReyIC8\"\r\n"
    -> "Via: 1.1 vegur\r\n"
    -> "CF-Cache-Status: MISS\r\n"
    -> "Server-Timing: cf-q-config;dur=1.3000000762986e-05\r\n"
    -> "Report-To: {\"endpoints\":[{\"url\":\"https:\\/\\/a.nel.cloudflare.com\\/report\\/v3?s=yOr40jo%2BwS1KHzhTlVpl54beJ5Wx2FcG4gGV0XVrh3X9OlR5q4drUn2dkt5DGO4GDcE%2BVXT7CNgJvGs%2BZleIyMu8CLieFiDIvOviOY3EhHg94m0ZNZgrEdpKD0S85S507l1vsEwEHkoTm%2Ff19SiO\"}],\"group\":\"cf-nel\",\"max_age\":604800}\r\n"
    -> "NEL: {\"success_fraction\":0,\"report_to\":\"cf-nel\",\"max_age\":604800}\r\n"
    -> "Server: cloudflare\r\n"
    -> "CF-RAY: 778977dc484ce591-DFW\r\n"
    -> "alt-svc: h3=\":443\"; ma=86400, h3-29=\":443\"; ma=86400\r\n"
    -> "\r\n"
    reading 2 bytes...
    -> "{}"
    read 2 bytes
    Conn keep-alive

start () { |http| ... }
Source

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 1625
    def start  # :yield: http
      raise IOError, 'HTTP session already opened' if @started
      if block_given?
        begin
          do_start
          return yield(self)
        ensure
          do_finish
        end
      end
      do_start
      self
    end

Starts an HTTP session.

Without a block, returns `self`:

    http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
    # => #<Net::HTTP jsonplaceholder.typicode.com:80 open=false>
    http.start
    # => #<Net::HTTP jsonplaceholder.typicode.com:80 open=true>
    http.started? # => true
    http.finish

With a block, calls the block with `self`, finishes the session when the block exits, and returns the block’s value:

    http.start do |http|
      http
    end
    # => #<Net::HTTP jsonplaceholder.typicode.com:80 open=false>
    http.started? # => false

started? ()
Source

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 1488
    def started?
      @started
    end

Returns `true` if the HTTP session has been started:

    http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
    http.started? # => false
    http.start
    http.started? # => true
    http.finish # => nil
    http.started? # => false

    Net::HTTP.start(hostname) do |http|
      http.started?
    end # => true
    http.started? # => false

trace (path, initheader = nil)
Source

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 2254
    def trace(path, initheader = nil)
      request(Trace.new(path, initheader))
    end

Sends a TRACE request to the server; returns an instance of a subclass of `Net::HTTPResponse`.

The request is based on the `Net::HTTP::Trace` object created from string `path` and initial headers hash `initheader`.

    http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
    http.trace('/todos/1')

unlock (path, body, initheader = nil)
Source

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 2161
    def unlock(path, body, initheader = nil)
      request(Unlock.new(path, initheader), body)
    end

Sends an UNLOCK request to the server; returns an instance of a subclass of `Net::HTTPResponse`.

The request is based on the `Net::HTTP::Unlock` object created from string `path`, string `body`, and initial headers hash `initheader`.

    data = '{"userId": 1, "id": 1, "title": "delectus aut autem", "completed": false}'
    http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
    http.unlock('/todos/1', data)

use_ssl= (flag)
Source

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 1510
    def use_ssl=(flag)
      flag = flag ? true : false
      if started? and @use_ssl != flag
        raise IOError, "use_ssl value changed, but session already started"
      end
      @use_ssl = flag
    end

Sets whether a new session is to use Transport Layer Security:

Raises `IOError` if attempting to change during a session.

Raises `OpenSSL::SSL::SSLError` if the port is not an HTTPS port.

use_ssl? ()
Source

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 1500
    def use_ssl?
      @use_ssl
    end

Returns `true` if `self` uses SSL, `false` otherwise. See `Net::HTTP#use_ssl=`.

write_timeout= (sec)
Source

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 1442
    def write_timeout=(sec)
      @socket.write_timeout = sec if @socket
      @write_timeout = sec
    end

Sets the write timeout, in seconds, for `self` to integer `sec`; the initial value is 60.

Argument `sec` must be a non-negative numeric value:

    _uri = uri.dup
    _uri.path = '/posts'
    body = 'bar' * 200000
    data = <<EOF
    {"title": "foo", "body": "#{body}", "userId": "1"}
    EOF
    headers = {'content-type': 'application/json'}
    http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
    http.write_timeout # => 60
    http.post(_uri.path, data, headers)
    # => #<Net::HTTPCreated 201 Created readbody=true>
    http.write_timeout = 0
    http.post(_uri.path, data, headers) # Raises Net::WriteTimeout.

### Private Instance Methods

send_entity (path, data, initheader, dest, type, &block)
Source

    # File lib/net/http.rb, line 2422
    def send_entity(path, data, initheader, dest, type, &block)
      res = nil
      request(type.new(path, initheader), data) {|r|
        r.read_body dest, &block
        res = r
      }
      res
    end

Executes a request which uses a representation and returns its body.