diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ddc0717
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+#windows
+*.bak
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/datastruct/binarysearch.py b/datastruct/binarysearch.py
index fa6a1e2..cc7c316 100644
--- a/datastruct/binarysearch.py
+++ b/datastruct/binarysearch.py
@@ -10,16 +10,16 @@ def BinarySearch(l,key):
         elif (l[mid] > key):
             high = mid -1
         else:
-            print "use %d times" % i
+            print(("use %d times" % i))
             return mid
     return -1
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     l=[1,4,5,6,7,8,9,44,333,2233]
-    print l
-    print BinarySearch(l,4)
-    print BinarySearch(l,44)
-    print BinarySearch(l,8)
-    print BinarySearch(l,2233)
-    print BinarySearch(l,77)
+    print(l)
+    print((BinarySearch(l,4)))
+    print((BinarySearch(l,44)))
+    print((BinarySearch(l,8)))
+    print((BinarySearch(l,2233)))
+    print((BinarySearch(l,77)))
     
diff --git a/datastruct/btree.py b/datastruct/btree.py
index 69434e8..a9f53eb 100644
--- a/datastruct/btree.py
+++ b/datastruct/btree.py
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ def insertRight(self,value):
         return self.right
 
     def show(self):
-        print self.data
+        print(self.data)
 
 def preorder(node):
     if node.data:
@@ -50,13 +50,13 @@ def postorder(node):
     B=Root.insertRight("B")
     E=B.insertRight("E")
 
-    print "pre-traversal"
+    print("pre-traversal")
     preorder(Root)
 
-    print "in-traversal"
+    print("in-traversal")
     inorder(Root)
 
-    print "post-traversal"
+    print("post-traversal")
     postorder(Root)
 
         
diff --git a/datastruct/graph.py b/datastruct/graph.py
index 834670b..158e0d3 100644
--- a/datastruct/graph.py
+++ b/datastruct/graph.py
@@ -25,11 +25,11 @@ def generatePath(graph,path,end,results):
               'G':['E']
               }
         r = searchGraph(Graph,'A','D')
-        print "A to D"
+        print("A to D")
         for i in r:
-            print i
+            print(i)
 
         r=searchGraph(Graph,'A','E')
-        print "A to E"
+        print("A to E")
         for i in r:
-            print i
+            print(i)
diff --git a/datastruct/queue.py b/datastruct/queue.py
index 64da3e4..ffb1579 100644
--- a/datastruct/queue.py
+++ b/datastruct/queue.py
@@ -35,9 +35,9 @@ def empty(self):
     queue=Queue()
     for i in range(10):
         queue.In(i)
-    print queue.End()
+    print(queue.End())
 
     for i in range(10):
-        print queue.Out()
+        print(queue.Out())
         
             
diff --git a/datastruct/sort.py b/datastruct/sort.py
index b190701..e880523 100644
--- a/datastruct/sort.py
+++ b/datastruct/sort.py
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ def insertRight(self,value):
         return self.right
 
     def show(self):
-        print self.data
+        print(self.data)
 
 def inorder(node):
     if node.data:
@@ -53,9 +53,9 @@ def insert(node,value):
     for i in range(1,len(l)):
         insert(Root,l[i])
 
-    print "1---->10"
+    print("1---->10")
     inorder(Root)
-    print "10--->1"
+    print("10--->1")
     rinorder(Root)
 
 
diff --git a/datastruct/stack.py b/datastruct/stack.py
index e5b65ce..fbceacd 100644
--- a/datastruct/stack.py
+++ b/datastruct/stack.py
@@ -48,12 +48,12 @@ def isFull(self):
 
     for i in range(10):
         stack.push(i)
-    print stack.Top()
+    print(stack.Top())
 
     for i in range(10):
-       print stack.pop()
+       print(stack.pop())
 
     stack.empty()
-    print stack.Top()
+    print(stack.Top())
     
             
diff --git a/expand/1.py b/expand/1.py
index 3239a25..665bf28 100644
--- a/expand/1.py
+++ b/expand/1.py
@@ -12,15 +12,15 @@
 
 def printNum():
     
-    sInput = raw_input(u"请输入你猜的数字(1-100)：")
+    sInput = input("请输入你猜的数字(1-100)：")
 
     try:
         nInput = int(sInput)
-    except (ValueError,TypeError),diag:
-        print str(diag)
+    except (ValueError,TypeError) as diag:
+        print(str(diag))
     
     if(nInput < 1 or nInput > 100):
-        print u"你数字不在范围之内，请重新输入"
+        print("你数字不在范围之内，请重新输入")
         
     return nInput
 
@@ -33,21 +33,21 @@ def main():
     while(nValue!= nInput):
         
         if (nValue > nInput):
-            print u"你猜的数小了"
+            print("你猜的数小了")
             
         elif (nValue < nInput):
-            print u"你猜的数大了"
+            print("你猜的数大了")
             
         nTotal += 1
         nInput=printNum()
         
-    print u"恭喜你猜对了"
-    print u"你直到猜对 共猜了%d次" % nTotal
+    print("恭喜你猜对了")
+    print("你直到猜对 共猜了%d次" % nTotal)
     
     if nTotal < 10:
-        print u"恭喜，你的成绩超过了平均水平"
+        print("恭喜，你的成绩超过了平均水平")
     else:
-        print u"很遗憾，你成绩没达到平均水平"
+        print("很遗憾，你成绩没达到平均水平")
     
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
diff --git a/expand/2.py b/expand/2.py
index 8f1d16f..de8be9e 100644
--- a/expand/2.py
+++ b/expand/2.py
@@ -17,9 +17,9 @@ def printReplace_re(srcStr,word):
     return srcStr
 
 def main():    
-    srcStr = raw_input(u"请输入一个字符串：")
+    srcStr = input("请输入一个字符串：")
     destStr=printReplace_re(srcStr,'i')
-    print destStr
+    print(destStr)
 
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
diff --git a/primer/10/card.py b/primer/10/card.py
index e6bac33..5b33fab 100644
--- a/primer/10/card.py
+++ b/primer/10/card.py
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 def safe_float(obj):
     try:
         retval = float(obj)
-    except (ValueError,TypeError),diag:
+    except (ValueError,TypeError) as diag:
         retval = str(diag)
     return retval
 
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ def main():
     log = open("cardlog.txt","w")
     try:
         ccfile = open("carddata.txt","r")
-    except IOError,e:
+    except IOError as e:
         log.write("no txns this \n")
         log.close()
         return
@@ -25,9 +25,9 @@ def main():
             log.write("data ....processed\n")
         else:
             log.write("ignored: %s" % result)
-    print "$%.2f (new balance)" % (total)
+    print("$%.2f (new balance)" % (total))
     log.close()
 
 if __name__ == '__main__':
-    print "run"
+    print("run")
     main()
diff --git a/primer/10/myexc.py b/primer/10/myexc.py
index 0e3245f..769546d 100644
--- a/primer/10/myexc.py
+++ b/primer/10/myexc.py
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ def fileAargs(file,mode,agrs):
         'access' in dir(os):
         perms = ''
         perms = {'r':os.R_OK,'w':os.W_OK,'x':os.X_OK}
-        pkeys = permd.keys()
+        pkeys = list(permd.keys())
         pkeys.sort()
         pkeys.reverse()
 
@@ -51,18 +51,17 @@ def fileAargs(file,mode,agrs):
 def myconnnect(sock,host,port):
     try:
         sock.connect((hosy,port))
-    except socket.error,args:
+    except socket.error as args:
         myargs = updArgs(args)
         if len(myargs) == 1:
             myargs = (errno.ENXIO,myargs[0])
 
-        raise NetworkError,\
-              updArgs(myargs,host +":" + str(port))
+        raise NetworkError(updArgs(myargs,host +":" + str(port)))
 def myopen(file,mode ="r"):
     try:
         fo = open(file,mode)
-    except IOError,args:
-        raise FileError,fileArgs(file,mode,args)
+    except IOError as args:
+        raise FileError(fileArgs(file,mode,args))
     return fo
 
 def testfile():
@@ -70,28 +69,28 @@ def testfile():
     f = open(file,"w")
     f.close()
 
-    for eachTest in ((0,"r"),(0100,"r"), \
-        (0400,"w"),(0500,"w")):
+    for eachTest in ((0,"r"),(0o100,"r"), \
+        (0o400,"w"),(0o500,"w")):
         try:
             os.chmod(file,eachTest[0])
             f=myopen(file,eachTest[1])
 
-        except FileError,args:
-            print "%s: %s" % \
-                  (args.__class__.__name__,args)
+        except FileError as args:
+            print("%s: %s" % \
+                  (args.__class__.__name__,args))
         else:
-            print file,"open ok..perm ignored"
+            print(file,"open ok..perm ignored")
             f.close()
-        os.chmod(file,0777)
+        os.chmod(file,0o777)
         os.unlink(file)
 def testnet():
     s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET.socket.SOCK_STREAM)
     for eachHost in ("deli","www"):
         try:
             myconnect(s,"deli",8080)
-        except NetworkError,args:
-            print "%s:%s" %\
-                  (args.__class__.__name__,args)
+        except NetworkError as args:
+            print("%s:%s" %\
+                  (args.__class__.__name__,args))
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     testfile()
     testnet()
diff --git a/primer/11/Gui.py b/primer/11/Gui.py
index 6bff1f6..e2e2e5d 100644
--- a/primer/11/Gui.py
+++ b/primer/11/Gui.py
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 
 from functools import partial
-import Tkinter
+import tkinter
 
-root=Tkinter.Tk()
-MyButton = partial(Tkinter.Button,root,
+root=tkinter.Tk()
+MyButton = partial(tkinter.Button,root,
                    fg="white",bg="blue")
 b1= MyButton(text="button 1")
 b2=MyButton(text="button 2")
diff --git a/primer/11/deco.py b/primer/11/deco.py
index 21d7389..735438b 100644
--- a/primer/11/deco.py
+++ b/primer/11/deco.py
@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@
 
 def tsfunc(func):
     def wrappedFunc():
-        print "[%s] %s() called" % \
-              (ctime(),func.__name__)
+        print("[%s] %s() called" % \
+              (ctime(),func.__name__))
         return func()
     return wrappendFunc
 
diff --git a/primer/11/easyMath.py b/primer/11/easyMath.py
index e14d53b..9b88bfa 100644
--- a/primer/11/easyMath.py
+++ b/primer/11/easyMath.py
@@ -14,22 +14,22 @@ def doprob():
     oops =0
     while True:
         try:
-            if int(raw_input(pr)) == ans:
-                print "corrent"
+            if int(input(pr)) == ans:
+                print("corrent")
                 break
             if oops == MAXTRIES:
-                print "answer \n %s%d" %(pr,ans)
+                print("answer \n %s%d" %(pr,ans))
             else:
-                print "incorrent...try again"
+                print("incorrent...try again")
                 oops += 1
         except (KeyboardInterrupt, EOFError,ValueError):
-            print "invalid input ... try again"
+            print("invalid input ... try again")
 
 def main():
     while True:
         doprob()
         try:
-            opt= raw_input("Again?[y]".lower())
+            opt= input("Again?[y]".lower())
             if opt and opt[0] == "n":
                 break
         except (KeyboardInterrupt,EOFError):
diff --git a/primer/11/grabWeb.py b/primer/11/grabWeb.py
index 5b3de06..c952601 100644
--- a/primer/11/grabWeb.py
+++ b/primer/11/grabWeb.py
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 
-from urllib import urlretrieve
+from urllib.request import urlretrieve
 
 def  firstNoBlank(lines):
     for eachLine in lines:
@@ -12,8 +12,8 @@ def firstLast(webpage):
     f = open(webpage)
     lines= f.readlines()
     f.close()
-    print firstNoBlank(lines),lines.reverse()
-    print firstNoBlank(lines),
+    print(firstNoBlank(lines),lines.reverse())
+    print(firstNoBlank(lines), end=' ')
 
 def download(url = "http://www.cqupt.edu.cn",process=firstLast):
     try:
diff --git a/primer/11/numconv.py b/primer/11/numconv.py
index 63eb282..68c3232 100644
--- a/primer/11/numconv.py
+++ b/primer/11/numconv.py
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 def convert(func,seq):
     return[func (eachNum ) for eachNum in seq]
 
-myseq=(123,45.67,-6.2e8,99999999L)
-print convert(int,myseq)
-print convert(long,myseq)
-print convert(float,myseq)
+myseq=(123,45.67,-6.2e8,99999999)
+print(convert(int,myseq))
+print(convert(int,myseq))
+print(convert(float,myseq))
diff --git a/primer/11/odd.py b/primer/11/odd.py
index 2a37d6a..4e94d99 100644
--- a/primer/11/odd.py
+++ b/primer/11/odd.py
@@ -7,4 +7,4 @@
 allNums =[]
 for eachNum in range(9):
     allNums.append(randint(1,99))
-print[n for n in allNums if n%2]
+print([n for n in allNums if n%2])
diff --git a/primer/11/testit.py b/primer/11/testit.py
index ad5037e..6ab05dd 100644
--- a/primer/11/testit.py
+++ b/primer/11/testit.py
@@ -3,24 +3,24 @@ def testit(func,*nkwargs,**kwargs):
     try:
         retval = func(*nkwargs,**kwargs)
         result = (True,retval)
-    except Exception,diag:
+    except Exception as diag:
         result = (False,str(diag))
     return result
 
 def test():
-    funcs =(int,long,float)
+    funcs =(int,int,float)
     vals = (1234,12.34,"1234","12.34")
 
     for eachFunc in funcs:
-        print "_"*20
+        print("_"*20)
         for eachVal in vals:
             retval = testit(eachFunc,eachVal)
             if retval[0]:
-                print "%s(%s)=" % \
-                      (eachFunc.__name__,"eachVal"),retval[1]
+                print("%s(%s)=" % \
+                      (eachFunc.__name__,"eachVal"),retval[1])
             else:
-                print "%s(%s)=FAILED:" %\
-                      (eachFunc.__name__,"eachVal"),retval[1]
+                print("%s(%s)=FAILED:" %\
+                      (eachFunc.__name__,"eachVal"),retval[1])
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     test()
diff --git a/primer/13/NumStr.py b/primer/13/NumStr.py
index 986062b..ccb8b4e 100644
--- a/primer/13/NumStr.py
+++ b/primer/13/NumStr.py
@@ -17,8 +17,8 @@ def __mul__(self,num):
         if isinstance(num,int):
             return self.__class__(self.__num *num,self.__string *num)
         else:
-            raise  TypeError,"__num__ error"
-    def __nonzero__(self):
+            raise  TypeError("__num__ error")
+    def __bool__(self):
         return self.__num or len(self.__string)
     def __norm_cval(self,cmpres):
         return cmp(cmpres,0)
diff --git a/primer/13/Rand.py b/primer/13/Rand.py
index 1b56d0d..f67eb47 100644
--- a/primer/13/Rand.py
+++ b/primer/13/Rand.py
@@ -6,5 +6,5 @@ def _init_(self,seq):
         self.data = seq
     def _iter_(self):
         return self
-    def next(self):
+    def __next__(self):
         return choice(self.data)
diff --git a/primer/13/file.py b/primer/13/file.py
index 8830909..ebcc5c8 100644
--- a/primer/13/file.py
+++ b/primer/13/file.py
@@ -7,22 +7,22 @@ def __init__(self,name=None):
         self.name = name
     def __get__(self,obj,typ=None):
         if self.name not in File.saved:
-            raise AttributeError,"%r used before assignment " % self.name
+            raise AttributeError("%r used before assignment " % self.name)
         try:
             f = open(self.name,"r")
             val = pickle.load(f)
             f.close()
             return val
         except (pickle.UnpicklingError,IOError,EOFError,AttributeError,\
-                ImportError,IndexError),e:
-            raise AttributeError,"could not read %r:%s" % (self.name,e)
+                ImportError,IndexError) as e:
+            raise AttributeError("could not read %r:%s" % (self.name,e))
     def __set__(self,obj,val):
         f = open(self.name,"w")
         try:
             pickle.dump(val,f)
             File.saved.append(self.name)
-        except (TypeError,pickle.PicklingError),e:
-             raise AttributeError,"could not pickle %r " % self.name
+        except (TypeError,pickle.PicklingError) as e:
+             raise AttributeError("could not pickle %r " % self.name)
         finally:
             f.close()
                 
@@ -30,5 +30,5 @@ def __delete__(self,obj):
         try:
             os.unlink(self.name)
             File.saved.remove(self.name)
-        except (OSError,ValueError),e:
+        except (OSError,ValueError) as e:
             pass
diff --git a/primer/13/meta.py b/primer/13/meta.py
index 243a253..f381e47 100644
--- a/primer/13/meta.py
+++ b/primer/13/meta.py
@@ -7,22 +7,18 @@ def __init__(cls,name,bases,attrd):
             raise TypeError("class overring __str__")
         if "__repr__" not in attrd:
             warn("class suggests __repr__",stacklevel = 3)
-print "define ReqStr (meta)class \n"
-
-class Foo(object):
-    __metaclass__ = ReqStr
+print("define ReqStr (meta)class \n")
 
+class Foo(object, metaclass=ReqStr):
     def __str__(self):
         return "instance of class",self.__class__.__name__
-print "defined Foo class\n"
-
-class Bar(object):
-    __metaclass__ = ReqStr
+print("defined Foo class\n")
 
+class Bar(object, metaclass=ReqStr):
     def __str__(self):
         return self.__class__.__name__
-print "defined Bar class\n "
+print("defined Bar class\n ")
 
-class FooBar(object):
-    __metaclass__ = ReqStr
-print "defined FooBar class \n"
+class FooBar(object, metaclass=ReqStr):
+    pass
+print("defined FooBar class \n")
diff --git a/primer/13/time.py b/primer/13/time.py
index de514b5..c2812a6 100644
--- a/primer/13/time.py
+++ b/primer/13/time.py
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ def get(self):
         return self.__data
     def gettimeval(self,t_type):
         if not isinstance(t_type,str) or t_type[0] not in "cma":
-            raise TypeError," arg c m a"
+            raise TypeError(" arg c m a")
         return getattr(self,"_%s__%stime" % (self.__class__.__name__,t_type[0]))
     def gettimestr(self,t_type):
         return ctime(self.gettimeval(t_type))
diff --git a/primer/16/sockCli.py b/primer/16/sockCli.py
index f97acee..8120ebe 100644
--- a/primer/16/sockCli.py
+++ b/primer/16/sockCli.py
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 while True:
     tcpCliSock  = socket(AF_INET,SOCK_STREAM)
     tcpCliSock.connect(ADDR)
-    data=raw_input(">")
+    data=input(">")
 
     if not data:
         break
@@ -16,5 +16,5 @@
     data = tcpCliSock.recv(BUFSIZ)
     if not data:
         break
-    print data.strip()
+    print(data.strip())
     tcpCliSock.close()
diff --git a/primer/16/sockServ.py b/primer/16/sockServ.py
index 9e4e38f..9fdc137 100644
--- a/primer/16/sockServ.py
+++ b/primer/16/sockServ.py
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-from SocketServer import (TCPServer as TCP,
+from socketserver import (TCPServer as TCP,
     StreamRequestHandler as SRH)
 from time import ctime
 
@@ -8,10 +8,10 @@
 
 class MyRequestHandler(SRH):
     def handle(self):
-        print "......connected from :",self.client_address
+        print("......connected from :",self.client_address)
         self.wfile.write('[%s] %s' %
                          (ctime(),self.rfile.readline()))
 
 tcpSer = TCP(ADDR,MyRequestHandler)
-print "waiting for connection..."
+print("waiting for connection...")
 tcpSer.serve_forever()
diff --git a/primer/16/tcpclient.py b/primer/16/tcpclient.py
index b346fc6..cc22115 100644
--- a/primer/16/tcpclient.py
+++ b/primer/16/tcpclient.py
@@ -9,13 +9,13 @@
 tcpCliSock.connect(ADDR)
 
 while True:
-    data = raw_input(">")
+    data = input(">")
     if not data:
         break
     tcpCliSock.send(data)
     data = tcpCliSock.recv(BUFSIZ)
     if not data:
         break
-    print data
+    print(data)
 
 tcpCliSock.close()
diff --git a/primer/16/tcpserver.py b/primer/16/tcpserver.py
index 688b0aa..42b8916 100644
--- a/primer/16/tcpserver.py
+++ b/primer/16/tcpserver.py
@@ -12,9 +12,9 @@
 tcpSerSock.listen(5)
 
 while True:
-    print "waiting from connection..."
+    print("waiting from connection...")
     tcpCliSock,addr = tcpSerSock.accept()
-    print "...connected from :",addr
+    print("...connected from :",addr)
 
     while True:
         data = tcpCliSock.recv(BUFSIZ)
diff --git a/primer/16/udpCli.py b/primer/16/udpCli.py
index 9a502f3..8a08182 100644
--- a/primer/16/udpCli.py
+++ b/primer/16/udpCli.py
@@ -8,12 +8,12 @@
 udpCliSock= socket(AF_INET,SOCK_DGRAM)
 
 while True:
-    data = raw_input(">")
+    data = input(">")
     if not data:
         break
     udpCliSock.sendto(data,ADDR)
     data,ADDR= udpCliSock.recvfrom(BUFSIZ)
     if not data:
         break
-    print data
+    print(data)
 udpCliSock.close()
diff --git a/primer/16/udpSer.py b/primer/16/udpSer.py
index bf7eabb..70f293d 100644
--- a/primer/16/udpSer.py
+++ b/primer/16/udpSer.py
@@ -10,8 +10,8 @@
 udpSerSock.bind(ADDR)
 
 while True:
-    print "waiting for message..."
+    print("waiting for message...")
     data,addr = udpSerSock.recvfrom(BUFSIZ)
     udpSerSock.sendto('[%s] %s' %(ctime(),data),addr)
-    print "...received from and returned to :",addr
+    print("...received from and returned to :",addr)
 udpSerSock.close()
diff --git a/primer/18/sleep.py b/primer/18/sleep.py
index 65c80cd..c204a19 100644
--- a/primer/18/sleep.py
+++ b/primer/18/sleep.py
@@ -1,26 +1,26 @@
 from time import sleep,ctime
-import thread
+import _thread
 
 loops =[4,2,11]
 def loop(nloop,nsec,lock):
-    print " start loop:",nloop,"at",ctime()
+    print(" start loop:",nloop,"at",ctime())
     sleep(nsec)
-    print "loop :",nloop, "done at:",ctime()
+    print("loop :",nloop, "done at:",ctime())
 
 def main():
-    print "start at:", ctime()
+    print("start at:", ctime())
     locks = []
-    nloops = range(len(loops))
+    nloops = list(range(len(loops)))
 
     for i in nloops:
-        lock = thread.allocate_lock()
+        lock = _thread.allocate_lock()
         lock.acquire()
         locks.append(lock)
     for i in nloops:
-        thread.start_new_thread(loop,(i,loops[i],locks[i]))
+        _thread.start_new_thread(loop,(i,loops[i],locks[i]))
     for i in nloops:
         while locks[i].locked():pass
         
-    print " all done at:" ,ctime()
+    print(" all done at:" ,ctime())
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     main()
diff --git a/primer/19/label.py b/primer/19/label.py
index cec761f..64ac71f 100644
--- a/primer/19/label.py
+++ b/primer/19/label.py
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-import Tkinter
+import tkinter
 
-top = Tkinter.Tk()
+top = tkinter.Tk()
 
-label = Tkinter.Label(top,text="input")
+label = tkinter.Label(top,text="input")
 label.pack()
 
-button = Tkinter.Button(top,text="QIUT",command=top.quit,bg="red",fg="white")
-button.pack(fill=Tkinter.X,expand=1)
+button = tkinter.Button(top,text="QIUT",command=top.quit,bg="red",fg="white")
+button.pack(fill=tkinter.X,expand=1)
 
-Tkinter.mainloop()
+tkinter.mainloop()
diff --git a/primer/2/2_10.py b/primer/2/2_10.py
index d2dec79..e9ec7cd 100644
--- a/primer/2/2_10.py
+++ b/primer/2/2_10.py
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 a = 19
-print "please input a int number in 1-100"
-x = raw_input()
+print("please input a int number in 1-100")
+x = input()
 while x != a:
-    print "sorry error: \n input again:"
-    x = raw_input()
+    print("sorry error: \n input again:")
+    x = input()
 if x == a:
-    print "you are right"
+    print("you are right")
     break
-raw_input()
+input()
diff --git a/primer/2/2_11.py b/primer/2/2_11.py
index 5c3877d..010f49f 100644
--- a/primer/2/2_11.py
+++ b/primer/2/2_11.py
@@ -1,25 +1,25 @@
-print "Menu: input the choice\n"
-print "s: sum"
-print "a: avg"
-print "x: exit"
+print("Menu: input the choice\n")
+print("s: sum")
+print("a: avg")
+print("x: exit")
 aa =[1,2,3,4]
 while True:
-    ch = raw_input()
+    ch = input()
     if ch == 's':
         i = 0
         Sum = 0
-        print "you choice sum:\n"
+        print("you choice sum:\n")
         for i in aa:
             Sum += i
-        print Sum
+        print(Sum)
     if ch == 'a':
-        print "you choice avg:\n"
+        print("you choice avg:\n")
         i = 0
         Sum1 = 0
         for i in aa:
             Sum1 += i
         avg = float(Sum1)/(len(aa))
-        print avg
+        print(avg)
     if ch == 'x':
         break
     
diff --git a/primer/2/2_7.py b/primer/2/2_7.py
index 8405c4b..9cf14db 100644
--- a/primer/2/2_7.py
+++ b/primer/2/2_7.py
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-s = raw_input()
+s = input()
 i = 0
 for i in s:
-    print i
-raw_input()
+    print(i)
+input()
diff --git a/primer/2/2_8.py b/primer/2/2_8.py
index 7ea33df..468d025 100644
--- a/primer/2/2_8.py
+++ b/primer/2/2_8.py
@@ -3,5 +3,5 @@
 t = 0
 for i in s:
     t += i
-print float(t)/len(s)
-raw_input()
+print(float(t)/len(s))
+input()
diff --git a/primer/20/Cralwer.py b/primer/20/Cralwer.py
index 3afa5d2..b60cb1c 100644
--- a/primer/20/Cralwer.py
+++ b/primer/20/Cralwer.py
@@ -5,10 +5,10 @@
 from os.path   import dirname,exists,isdir,splitext
 from string    import replace,find,lower
 from htmllib   import HTMLParser
-from urllib    import urlretrieve
-from urlparse  import urlparse,urljoin
+from urllib.request    import urlretrieve
+from urllib.parse  import urlparse,urljoin
 from formatter import DumbWriter,AbstractFormatter
-from cStringIO import StringIO
+from io import StringIO
 
 class Retriever(object):#下载网页类
 
@@ -60,35 +60,35 @@ def getPage(self,url):  #下载网页
         r = Retriever(url)
         retval = r.download()
         if retval[0] == "*": #错误，不解析
-            print retval,"--- skipping parse"
+            print(retval,"--- skipping parse")
             return
         Crawler.count += 1
-        print '\n(',Crawler.count,')'
-        print "URL:",url
-        print "FILE:",retval[0]
+        print('\n(',Crawler.count,')')
+        print("URL:",url)
+        print("FILE:",retval[0])
         self.seen.append(url)
 
         links = r.parseAndGetLinks() #得到链接
         for eachLink in links:
             if eachLink[:4] != "http" and find(eachLink,"://") == -1:
                 eachLink = urljoin(url,eachLink)
-            print "* ",eachLink
+            print("* ",eachLink)
             
             if find(lower(eachLink),"mailto:") != -1: #过滤邮箱链接 
-                print "--- discarded,mailto link"
+                print("--- discarded,mailto link")
                 continue
                 
             if eachLink not in self.seen:
                 if find(eachLink,self.dom) == -1:
-                    print "---discarded,not in domain"
+                    print("---discarded,not in domain")
                 else:
                     if eachLink not in self.q:
                         self.q.append(eachLink)
-                        print "---new,add to Q"
+                        print("---new,add to Q")
                     else:
-                        print "---discarded,already in Q"
+                        print("---discarded,already in Q")
             else:
-                print "---discarded, arlready processed"
+                print("---discarded, arlready processed")
 					
     def go(self):  #在队列里处理链接，启动
         while self.q:
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ def  main():
         
     else:
         try:
-            url = raw_input("Enter starting URL:")
+            url = input("Enter starting URL:")
         except (KeyboardInterrupt,EOFError):
             url = ""
             
diff --git a/primer/3/makeFile.py b/primer/3/makeFile.py
index bee369a..1cdeca9 100644
--- a/primer/3/makeFile.py
+++ b/primer/3/makeFile.py
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 import os
 
-filename=raw_input("filename:")
+filename=input("filename:")
 if os.path.exists(filename):
-    print "file exist"
+    print("file exist")
     exit()
 
 
@@ -10,5 +10,5 @@
 fd.writelines(all)
 fd.close()
 
-print "done"
+print("done")
 
diff --git a/primer/3/makeTextFile.py b/primer/3/makeTextFile.py
index 6969f8f..a67cc34 100644
--- a/primer/3/makeTextFile.py
+++ b/primer/3/makeTextFile.py
@@ -6,19 +6,19 @@
 
 #get filename
 while True:
-    fname = raw_input()
+    fname = input()
     if os.path.exists(fname):
-        print "ERROR: '%s' already exists " %fname
+        print("ERROR: '%s' already exists " %fname)
     else:
         break
 
 #get file content lines
 all = []
-print "\n Enter lines:('.' by itself to quit)\n"
+print("\n Enter lines:('.' by itself to quit)\n")
 
 #loop until user terminates input
 while True:
-    entry = raw_input('>')
+    entry = input('>')
     if entry == '.':
         break
     else:
@@ -28,5 +28,5 @@
 fobj = open(fname,'w')
 fobj.writelines(['%s%s' %(x,ls) for x in all])
 fobj.close()
-print 'DONE!'
+print('DONE!')
 
diff --git a/primer/3/readTextFile.py b/primer/3/readTextFile.py
index 980d3e0..7e8bc91 100644
--- a/primer/3/readTextFile.py
+++ b/primer/3/readTextFile.py
@@ -2,16 +2,16 @@
 'readTextFile.py -- read and display text file'
 
 #get filename
-fname = raw_input("enter the filename:")
-print
+fname = input("enter the filename:")
+print()
 
 #attempt to open file for reading
 try:
     fobj = open(fname,'r')
-except IOError,e:
-    print "*** file open error",e
+except IOError as e:
+    print("*** file open error",e)
 else:
     #display contents to the screen
     for echoLine in fobj:
-        print echoLine;
+        print(echoLine);
 fobj.close()
diff --git a/primer/4/display.py b/primer/4/display.py
index e50f368..0b21d81 100644
--- a/primer/4/display.py
+++ b/primer/4/display.py
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 def displayType(num):
-    print num, 'is',
-    if isinstance(num,(int,long,float,complex)):
-        print "a number of type:",type(num).__name__
+    print(num, 'is', end=' ')
+    if isinstance(num,(int,float,complex)):
+        print("a number of type:",type(num).__name__)
     else:
-        print "not a number at all"
+        print("not a number at all")
 
 displayType(2)
 displayType(-1.9)
diff --git a/primer/6/idcheck.py b/primer/6/idcheck.py
index b6d6220..962031c 100644
--- a/primer/6/idcheck.py
+++ b/primer/6/idcheck.py
@@ -3,18 +3,18 @@
 alphas = string.letters +'_'
 nums = string.digits
 
-print "Welcom to the indetifter Checker V1.0"
-print "Test must be at least 2 Chars long"
-myinput = raw_input("Iddentifter to test:\n")
+print("Welcom to the indetifter Checker V1.0")
+print("Test must be at least 2 Chars long")
+myinput = input("Iddentifter to test:\n")
 
 if len(myinput) > 1:
     if myinput[0] not in alphas:
-        print "invald: first symbol must be alphbetic"
+        print("invald: first symbol must be alphbetic")
     else:
         for otherChar in myinput[1:]:
             if alphas not in alphas + nums:
-                print "invalid:remaining symbols must be alphanumeric"
+                print("invalid:remaining symbols must be alphanumeric")
                 break
             else:
-                print "ok as an identifier"
-raw_input()
+                print("ok as an identifier")
+input()
diff --git a/primer/6/queue.py b/primer/6/queue.py
index 7eb364d..bb97049 100644
--- a/primer/6/queue.py
+++ b/primer/6/queue.py
@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
 
 queue = []
 def enQ():
-    queue.append(raw_input("enter new string:").strip())
+    queue.append(input("enter new string:").strip())
 def deQ():
     if len(queue) == 0:
-        print "empty queue\n"
+        print("empty queue\n")
     else:
-        print 'Removed![',`queue.pop()`,']'
+        print('Removed![',repr(queue.pop()),']')
 def viewQ():
-    print queue
+    print(queue)
 
 CMDS = {'e': enQ,'d':deQ,'v':viewQ}
 def showmenu():
@@ -22,12 +22,12 @@ def showmenu():
     while True:
         while True:
             try:
-                 choice = raw_input(pr).strip()[0].lower()
+                 choice = input(pr).strip()[0].lower()
             except (EOFError,KeyboardInterpt,IndexError):
                  choice = "q"
-            print "\nYou picked:[%s]" % choice
+            print("\nYou picked:[%s]" % choice)
             if choice not in "devq":
-                 print "error,try again"
+                 print("error,try again")
             else:
                  break
             if choice == "q":
diff --git a/primer/6/stack.py b/primer/6/stack.py
index 60dc053..f63d14e 100644
--- a/primer/6/stack.py
+++ b/primer/6/stack.py
@@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
 stack = []
 
 def pushit():
-    stack.append(raw_input("enter a string:").strip())
+    stack.append(input("enter a string:").strip())
 
 def popit():
     if len(stack) == 0:
-        print "stack is empty!\n"
+        print("stack is empty!\n")
     else:
-        print 'Removed![',`stack.pop()`,']'
+        print('Removed![',repr(stack.pop()),']')
 
 def viewstack():
-    print stack
+    print(stack)
 
 CMDS ={'u': pushit,'o':popit,'v':viewstack}
 
@@ -25,13 +25,13 @@ def showmenu():
     while True:
         while True:
             try:
-                choice = raw_input(pr).strip()[0].lower()
+                choice = input(pr).strip()[0].lower()
             except (EOFError,KeyboardInterrupt,IndexError):
                 choice ="q"
 
-                print "\nYou picked:[%s]" % choice
+                print("\nYou picked:[%s]" % choice)
                 if choice not in "uovq":
-                    print "Invalid option,try again"
+                    print("Invalid option,try again")
                 else:
                    break
 
diff --git a/primer/6/unicodeFile.py b/primer/6/unicodeFile.py
index 0752725..090dc6c 100644
--- a/primer/6/unicodeFile.py
+++ b/primer/6/unicodeFile.py
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 CODEC = "utf-8"
 FILE = "unicode.txt"
 
-hello = u"hhhh\n"
+hello = "hhhh\n"
 byte = hello.encode(CODEC)
 f = open(FILE,"w")
 f.write(byte)
@@ -16,5 +16,5 @@
 f.close()
 
 hello = byte.decode(CODEC)
-print hello
-raw_input()
+print(hello)
+input()
diff --git a/primer/7/userpw.py b/primer/7/userpw.py
index ebe358e..a2e597f 100644
--- a/primer/7/userpw.py
+++ b/primer/7/userpw.py
@@ -3,24 +3,24 @@
 def newuser():
     prompt = "login desired:"
     while True:
-        name = raw_input(prompt)
-        if db.has_key(name):
+        name = input(prompt)
+        if name in db:
             prompt = "name taken,try again: "
             continue
         else:
             break
-    pwd = raw_input("passwd:")
+    pwd = input("passwd:")
     db[name]= pwd 
-    print "regeisted oK!\n"
+    print("regeisted oK!\n")
 
 def olduser():
-    name = raw_input("login:")
-    pwd = raw_input("passwd:")
+    name = input("login:")
+    pwd = input("passwd:")
     passwd = db.get(name)
     if passwd == pwd:
-        print "welcome back," ,name
+        print("welcome back," ,name)
     else:
-        print "login incorrect"
+        print("login incorrect")
 
 def showmenu():
     prompt = """
@@ -34,12 +34,12 @@ def showmenu():
         chosen = False
         while not chosen:
             try:
-                choice = raw_input(prompt).strip()[0].lower()
+                choice = input(prompt).strip()[0].lower()
             except(EOFError,KeyboardInterrupt):
                 choice = "q"
-            print "\n you picked [%s]" % choice
+            print("\n you picked [%s]" % choice)
             if choice not in "nlq":
-                print "invalid option, try again"
+                print("invalid option, try again")
             else:
                 chosen = True
 
diff --git a/primer/9/ospathex.py b/primer/9/ospathex.py
index a333211..32c6301 100644
--- a/primer/9/ospathex.py
+++ b/primer/9/ospathex.py
@@ -4,35 +4,35 @@
     if os.path.isdir(tmpdir):
         break
     else:
-        print "no temp dir available"
+        print("no temp dir available")
         tmpdir = ""
 if tmpdir:
         os.chdir(tmpdir)
         cwd = os.getcwd()
-        print " current tmp dir"
-        print cwd
+        print(" current tmp dir")
+        print(cwd)
 
-        print "create example dir"
+        print("create example dir")
         os.mkdir("example")
         os.chdir("example")
         cwd = os.getcwd()
-        print "new work dir"
-        print  cwd
-        print "list the dir"
-        print os.listdir(cwd)
+        print("new work dir")
+        print(cwd)
+        print("list the dir")
+        print(os.listdir(cwd))
 
-        print "create test file"
+        print("create test file")
         fobj = open("test","w")
         fobj.write("xxg\n")
         fobj.write("111111")
         fobj.close()
 
-        print "update the list dir"
-        print os.listdir(cwd)
+        print("update the list dir")
+        print(os.listdir(cwd))
 
-        print "rename the file"
+        print("rename the file")
         os.rename("test","xxg.txt")
-        print os.listdir(cwd)
+        print(os.listdir(cwd))
 
         
         
diff --git a/unp/1/download.py b/unp/1/download.py
index 253caf1..a53668b 100644
--- a/unp/1/download.py
+++ b/unp/1/download.py
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python
 
-import urllib,sys
+import urllib.request, urllib.parse, urllib.error,sys
 
-f=urllib.urlopen(sys.argv[1])
+f=urllib.request.urlopen(sys.argv[1])
 
 while True:
   buf = f.read(2048)
diff --git a/unp/1/gopherclient2.py b/unp/1/gopherclient2.py
index 5b1b954..ac8e939 100644
--- a/unp/1/gopherclient2.py
+++ b/unp/1/gopherclient2.py
@@ -12,8 +12,8 @@
 
 try:
   s.connect((host,port))
-except socket.gaierror,e:
-  print "Error connecting to server:%s" % e
+except socket.gaierror as e:
+  print("Error connecting to server:%s" % e)
   sys.exit(1)
 
 s.sendall(filename + "\r\n")
diff --git a/unp/1/server.py b/unp/1/server.py
index ca441c7..026d454 100644
--- a/unp/1/server.py
+++ b/unp/1/server.py
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 s.bind((host,porr))
 s.listen(1)
 
-print "server is runing on port %d" % port
+print("server is runing on port %d" % port)
 
 while 1:
   clientsock,clientaddr=s.accept()
diff --git a/unp/2/connect.py b/unp/2/connect.py
index 2938a35..43b0c5b 100644
--- a/unp/2/connect.py
+++ b/unp/2/connect.py
@@ -2,11 +2,11 @@
 
 import socket
 
-print "create socket"
+print("create socket")
 s=socket.socket(socket.AF_INET,socket.SOCK_STREAM)
-print "done"
+print("done")
 
 
-print "connecting to the host"
+print("connecting to the host")
 s.connect(('localhost',8888))
-print  "done"
+print("done")
diff --git a/unp/2/connect1.py b/unp/2/connect1.py
index f1efdd4..8f70252 100644
--- a/unp/2/connect1.py
+++ b/unp/2/connect1.py
@@ -2,15 +2,15 @@
 
 import socket
 
-print "create socket"
+print("create socket")
 s=socket.socket(socket.AF_INET,socket.SOCK_STREAM)
-print "done"
+print("done")
 
-print "look up port number"
+print("look up port number")
 port=socket.getservbyname('http','tcp')
-print "done"
+print("done")
 
 
-print "connecting to the host on port %d" % port
+print("connecting to the host on port %d" % port)
 s.connect(("www.baidu.com",port))
-print  "done"
+print("done")
diff --git a/unp/2/connect3.py b/unp/2/connect3.py
index 559e5fa..9e6ad36 100644
--- a/unp/2/connect3.py
+++ b/unp/2/connect3.py
@@ -2,18 +2,18 @@
 
 import socket
 
-print "create socket"
+print("create socket")
 s=socket.socket(socket.AF_INET,socket.SOCK_STREAM)
-print "done"
+print("done")
 
-print "look up port number"
+print("look up port number")
 port=socket.getservbyname('http','tcp')
-print "done"
+print("done")
 
 
-print "connecting to the host on port %d" % port
+print("connecting to the host on port %d" % port)
 s.connect(("www.baidu.com",port))
-print  "done"
+print("done")
 
-print "connected from",s.getsockname()
-print "connected to",s.getpeername()
+print("connected from",s.getsockname())
+print("connected to",s.getpeername())
diff --git a/unp/2/socketerrors.py b/unp/2/socketerrors.py
index f7dc995..c01e4ce 100644
--- a/unp/2/socketerrors.py
+++ b/unp/2/socketerrors.py
@@ -8,8 +8,8 @@
 
 try:
   s=socket.socket(socket.AF_INET,socket.SOCK_STREAM)
-except socket.error,e:
-  print "strange erroe create socket %s" % e
+except socket.error as e:
+  print("strange erroe create socket %s" % e)
   sys.exit(1)
 
 
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 except ValueError:
   try:
     port=socket.getservbyname(textport,'tcp')
-  except socket.error,e:
-    print "could find you port %s" % e
+  except socket.error as e:
+    print("could find you port %s" % e)
     sys.exit(1)
 
diff --git a/unp/2/udp.py b/unp/2/udp.py
index 7c950e5..7a8c9ad 100644
--- a/unp/2/udp.py
+++ b/unp/2/udp.py
@@ -15,12 +15,12 @@
 
 s.connect((host,port))
 
-print "enter data to tranmit:"
+print("enter data to tranmit:")
 
 data=sys.stdin.readline().strip()
 s.sendall(data)
 
-print "looking for replies;"
+print("looking for replies;")
 
 while 1:
   buf=s.recv(2048)
diff --git a/unp/3/basicserver.py b/unp/3/basicserver.py
index 1977ee0..2458d22 100644
--- a/unp/3/basicserver.py
+++ b/unp/3/basicserver.py
@@ -8,11 +8,11 @@
 s=socket.socket(socket.AF_INET,socket.SOCK_STREAM)
 s.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET,socket.SO_REUSEADDR,1)
 s.bind((host,port))
-print "waiting for connect..."
+print("waiting for connect...")
 s.listen(1)
 
 while 1:
   clientsock,clientaddr=s.accept()
-  print "Go connection from ,", clientsock.getpeername()
+  print("Go connection from ,", clientsock.getpeername())
   clientsock.close()
 
diff --git a/unp/3/echoclient.py b/unp/3/echoclient.py
index 7b5e002..82bed56 100644
--- a/unp/3/echoclient.py
+++ b/unp/3/echoclient.py
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 
 s.shutdown(1)
 
-print "All data sent"
+print("All data sent")
 while 1:
   buf=s.recv(1024)
   if not len(buf):
diff --git a/unp/3/echoserver.py b/unp/3/echoserver.py
index 4e2a6ee..c36f015 100644
--- a/unp/3/echoserver.py
+++ b/unp/3/echoserver.py
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
     continue
 
   try:
-    print "Got connection from " ,clientsock.getpeername()
+    print("Got connection from " ,clientsock.getpeername())
     while 1:
       data= clientsock.recv(4096)
       if not len(data):
diff --git a/unp/3/socketop.py b/unp/3/socketop.py
index 073e6dd..1553e0b 100644
--- a/unp/3/socketop.py
+++ b/unp/3/socketop.py
@@ -6,4 +6,4 @@
 solist.sort()
 
 for x in solist:
-  print x
+  print(x)
diff --git a/unp/3/syslogsample.py b/unp/3/syslogsample.py
index 6faf4a2..2d20fa5 100644
--- a/unp/3/syslogsample.py
+++ b/unp/3/syslogsample.py
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #!/usr/bin env python
 #!--coding: utf-8--
 
-import syslog,StringIO,sys,os,traceback
+import syslog,io,sys,os,traceback
 
 def logexception(includetraceback=0):
   exctype,exception,exctraceback=sys.exc_info()
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ def logexception(includetraceback=0):
   if not includetraceback:
     syslog.syslog(syslog.LOG_ERR,"%s: %s" % (excclass,message))
   else:
-    excfd=StringIO.StringIO()
+    excfd=io.StringIO()
     traceback.print_exception(exctype,exception,exctraceback,None,excfd)
 
     for line in excfd.getvalue().split("\n"):
@@ -25,12 +25,12 @@ def initsyslog():
 
 initsyslog()  
 try:
-  raise RuntimeError, "Exception 1"
+  raise RuntimeError("Exception 1")
 except:
   logexception(0)
 
 try:
-  raise RuntimeError, "Exception 2"
+  raise RuntimeError("Exception 2")
 except:
   logexception(1)
 
diff --git a/unp/3/udpechoserver.py b/unp/3/udpechoserver.py
index dc6cdcb..37db109 100644
--- a/unp/3/udpechoserver.py
+++ b/unp/3/udpechoserver.py
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
 while 1:
   try:
     message,address=s.recvfrom(8192)
-    print "Go data from",address
+    print("Go data from",address)
     s.sendall(message,address)
   except (keyboardInterrupt,SystemExit):
     raise
diff --git a/unp/3/xinetdserver.py b/unp/3/xinetdserver.py
index 492b0cb..b346f6b 100644
--- a/unp/3/xinetdserver.py
+++ b/unp/3/xinetdserver.py
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 #/usr/bin env python
 
 import sys
-print "welcome...."
-print "please enter a string:"
+print("welcome....")
+print("please enter a string:")
 
 sys.stdout.flush()
 line=sys.stdin.readline().strip()
 
 
-print "you enter the %s  is %d count" % (line,len(line)) 
+print("you enter the %s  is %d count" % (line,len(line))) 
diff --git a/unp/4/dns.py b/unp/4/dns.py
index 5923b53..bd80602 100644
--- a/unp/4/dns.py
+++ b/unp/4/dns.py
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 
 answerobj=reqobj.req(name=query,qtype=DNS.Type.ANY)
 if not len(answerobj.answers):
-  print "not find"
+  print("not find")
 for i in answerobj.answers:
-  print "%-5s %s " % (i['typename'],i['data'])
+  print("%-5s %s " % (i['typename'],i['data']))
 
diff --git a/unp/4/environment.py b/unp/4/environment.py
index e29251f..408b1fd 100644
--- a/unp/4/environment.py
+++ b/unp/4/environment.py
@@ -7,11 +7,11 @@ def getipaddrs(hostname):
   return [x[4][0] for x in s]
 
 hostname=socket.gethostname()
-print "Host name:",hostname
+print("Host name:",hostname)
 
-print "full-name:",socket.getfqdn(hostname)
+print("full-name:",socket.getfqdn(hostname))
 try:
-  print "IP address:",", ".join(getipaddrs(hostname))
-except socket.gaierror,e:
-  print "can not get ip address",e
+  print("IP address:",", ".join(getipaddrs(hostname)))
+except socket.gaierror as e:
+  print("can not get ip address",e)
 
diff --git a/unp/4/getaddrinfo.py b/unp/4/getaddrinfo.py
index 5d01ae6..3752edf 100644
--- a/unp/4/getaddrinfo.py
+++ b/unp/4/getaddrinfo.py
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 
 counter=0
 for i in s:
-  print "%d %s" % (counter,s[counter][4])
+  print("%d %s" % (counter,s[counter][4]))
   counter += 1
 
 
diff --git a/unp/4/gethostbyaddr.py b/unp/4/gethostbyaddr.py
index 4eb61c5..bfde530 100644
--- a/unp/4/gethostbyaddr.py
+++ b/unp/4/gethostbyaddr.py
@@ -6,14 +6,14 @@
 
   s=socket.gethostbyaddr(sys.argv[1])
 
-  print "hostname:"
-  print " "+ s[0]
+  print("hostname:")
+  print(" "+ s[0])
 
-  print "\nAddress:"
+  print("\nAddress:")
   for i in s[2]:
-    print " " + i
+    print(" " + i)
 
-except socket.herror,e:
-  print "can not look up name:",e
+except socket.herror as e:
+  print("can not look up name:",e)
 
 
diff --git a/unp/5/bcastclinet.py b/unp/5/bcastclinet.py
index 8ed2d3a..498848b 100644
--- a/unp/5/bcastclinet.py
+++ b/unp/5/bcastclinet.py
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 while 1:
   try:
     message,address=s.recvfrom(8192)
-    print "Got data from",addrrss
+    print("Got data from",addrrss)
     s.sendto("I am here",address)
   except (KeyboardInterrupt,SystemExit):
     raise
diff --git a/unp/5/bcastserver.py b/unp/5/bcastserver.py
index 0332651..bf262db 100644
--- a/unp/5/bcastserver.py
+++ b/unp/5/bcastserver.py
@@ -8,9 +8,9 @@
 s.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET,socket.SO_BROADCAST,1)
 s.sendto("hello",dest)
 
-print "look for replies ...."
+print("look for replies ....")
 while 1:
   (buf,address)=s.recvfrom(2048)
   if not len(buf):
     break
-  print "Recived from %s: %s" % (address,buf)
+  print("Recived from %s: %s" % (address,buf))
diff --git a/unp/5/delayserver.py b/unp/5/delayserver.py
index 388d6f9..12ed9e4 100644
--- a/unp/5/delayserver.py
+++ b/unp/5/delayserver.py
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
     continue
 
   try:
-    print "get connect from",clientsock.getpeername()
+    print("get connect from",clientsock.getpeername())
     while 1:
       try:
         clientsock.sendall(time.asctime() + "\n")
diff --git a/unp/5/nbo.py b/unp/5/nbo.py
index f82760b..a4d3192 100644
--- a/unp/5/nbo.py
+++ b/unp/5/nbo.py
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ def ntohl(data):
 def sendstring(data):
   return htonl(len(data)) + data
 
-print "Enter a string:"
+print("Enter a string:")
 str=sys.stdin.readline().rstrip()
 
-print repr(sendstring(str))
+print(repr(sendstring(str)))
diff --git a/unp/5/pollclient.py b/unp/5/pollclient.py
index 61c32b0..952ad02 100644
--- a/unp/5/pollclient.py
+++ b/unp/5/pollclient.py
@@ -34,12 +34,12 @@ def spin():
     if results[0][1] == select.POLLIN:
       data = s.recv(4096)
       if not len(data):
-        print "Remote end closed connect"
+        print("Remote end closed connect")
         break
       sys.stdout.write("\rReceived:" + data)
       sys.stdout.flush()
     else:
-      print "\rproblem occurred ; exiting"
+      print("\rproblem occurred ; exiting")
       sys.exit(0)
 
 spin()
diff --git a/unp/5/selectclient.py b/unp/5/selectclient.py
index 03cc94b..cf49e80 100644
--- a/unp/5/selectclient.py
+++ b/unp/5/selectclient.py
@@ -30,14 +30,14 @@ def spin():
   if len(infds):
     data=s.recv(4096)
   if not len(data):
-    print "\rRemote end closed connection; exiting"
+    print("\rRemote end closed connection; exiting")
     break
 
   sys.stdout.write("\rRecived: " + data)
   sys.stdout.flush()
 
   if len(errfds):
-    print "\r problem occurred; exiting"
+    print("\r problem occurred; exiting")
     sys.exit(0)
 
 spin()
diff --git a/unp/5/timeoutserver.py b/unp/5/timeoutserver.py
index 229476d..da684c2 100644
--- a/unp/5/timeoutserver.py
+++ b/unp/5/timeoutserver.py
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@
   clientsock.settimeout(5)
 
   try:
-    print "get connect from",clientsock.getpeername()
+    print("get connect from",clientsock.getpeername())
     while 1:
       data=clientsock.recv(4096)
       if not len(data):
diff --git a/unp/6/dump_info.py b/unp/6/dump_info.py
index d351719..402bf5c 100644
--- a/unp/6/dump_info.py
+++ b/unp/6/dump_info.py
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 #!/usr/bin env python
 
-import sys,urllib2
+import sys,urllib.request,urllib.error,urllib.parse
 
-req=urllib2.Request(sys.argv[1])
-fd=urllib2.urlopen(req)
+req=urllib.request.Request(sys.argv[1])
+fd=urllib.request.urlopen(req)
 
-print "Retrieved",fd.geturl()
+print("Retrieved",fd.geturl())
 info=fd.info()
 
-for key,value in info.items():
-  print "%s = %s " % ( key,value)
+for key,value in list(info.items()):
+  print("%s = %s " % ( key,value))
diff --git a/unp/6/dump_page.py b/unp/6/dump_page.py
index b550f63..8a61192 100644
--- a/unp/6/dump_page.py
+++ b/unp/6/dump_page.py
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 #!/usr/bin env python
 
-import sys,urllib2
+import sys,urllib.request,urllib.error,urllib.parse
 
-req=urllib2.Request(sys.argv[1])
-fd=urllib2.urlopen(req)
+req=urllib.request.Request(sys.argv[1])
+fd=urllib.request.urlopen(req)
 
 while 1:
   data=fd.read(1024)