test_custom_stats: Add tests with read/write of auxiliary data
authorMichael Paquier <[email protected]>
Mon, 15 Dec 2025 00:47:30 +0000 (09:47 +0900)
committerMichael Paquier <[email protected]>
Mon, 15 Dec 2025 00:47:30 +0000 (09:47 +0900)
This commit builds upon 4ba012a8ed9c, giving an example of what can be
achieved with the new callbacks.  This provides coverage for the new
pgstats APIs, while serving as a reference template.

Note that built-in stats kinds could use them, we just don't have a
use-case there yet.

Author: Sami Imseih <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Michael Paquier <[email protected]>
Reviewed-by: Chao Li <[email protected]>
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAA5RZ0s9SDOu+Z6veoJCHWk+kDeTktAtC-KY9fQ9Z6BJdDUirQ@mail.gmail.com

src/test/modules/test_custom_stats/t/001_custom_stats.pl
src/test/modules/test_custom_stats/test_custom_var_stats--1.0.sql
src/test/modules/test_custom_stats/test_custom_var_stats.c

index e528595cfb0c5e33e065844003f71188edde8c2f..378ec22bbdf718e5e310a90a9cd45d825c5dac5a 100644 (file)
@@ -29,13 +29,13 @@ $node->safe_psql('postgres', q(CREATE EXTENSION test_custom_fixed_stats));
 
 # Create entries for variable-sized stats.
 $node->safe_psql('postgres',
-   q(select test_custom_stats_var_create('entry1')));
+   q(select test_custom_stats_var_create('entry1', 'Test entry 1')));
 $node->safe_psql('postgres',
-   q(select test_custom_stats_var_create('entry2')));
+   q(select test_custom_stats_var_create('entry2', 'Test entry 2')));
 $node->safe_psql('postgres',
-   q(select test_custom_stats_var_create('entry3')));
+   q(select test_custom_stats_var_create('entry3', 'Test entry 3')));
 $node->safe_psql('postgres',
-   q(select test_custom_stats_var_create('entry4')));
+   q(select test_custom_stats_var_create('entry4', 'Test entry 4')));
 
 # Update counters: entry1=2, entry2=3, entry3=2, entry4=3, fixed=3
 $node->safe_psql('postgres',
@@ -65,16 +65,28 @@ $node->safe_psql('postgres', q(select test_custom_stats_fixed_update()));
 # Test data reports.
 my $result = $node->safe_psql('postgres',
    q(select * from test_custom_stats_var_report('entry1')));
-is($result, "entry1|2", "report for variable-sized data of entry1");
+is( $result,
+   "entry1|2|Test entry 1",
+   "report for variable-sized data of entry1");
+
 $result = $node->safe_psql('postgres',
    q(select * from test_custom_stats_var_report('entry2')));
-is($result, "entry2|3", "report for variable-sized data of entry2");
+is( $result,
+   "entry2|3|Test entry 2",
+   "report for variable-sized data of entry2");
+
 $result = $node->safe_psql('postgres',
    q(select * from test_custom_stats_var_report('entry3')));
-is($result, "entry3|2", "report for variable-sized data of entry3");
+is( $result,
+   "entry3|2|Test entry 3",
+   "report for variable-sized data of entry3");
+
 $result = $node->safe_psql('postgres',
    q(select * from test_custom_stats_var_report('entry4')));
-is($result, "entry4|3", "report for variable-sized data of entry4");
+is( $result,
+   "entry4|3|Test entry 4",
+   "report for variable-sized data of entry4");
+
 $result = $node->safe_psql('postgres',
    q(select * from test_custom_stats_fixed_report()));
 is($result, "3|", "report for fixed-sized stats");
@@ -97,7 +109,16 @@ $node->start();
 
 $result = $node->safe_psql('postgres',
    q(select * from test_custom_stats_var_report('entry1')));
-is($result, "entry1|2", "variable-sized stats persist after clean restart");
+is( $result,
+   "entry1|2|Test entry 1",
+   "variable-sized stats persist after clean restart");
+
+$result = $node->safe_psql('postgres',
+   q(select * from test_custom_stats_var_report('entry2')));
+is( $result,
+   "entry2|3|Test entry 2",
+   "variable-sized stats persist after clean restart");
+
 $result = $node->safe_psql('postgres',
    q(select * from test_custom_stats_fixed_report()));
 is($result, "3|", "fixed-sized stats persist after clean restart");
index d5f82b5d546e25f3230c6c9acd8202d72c7f556c..5ed8cfc2dcf1d447ec23080405b2ca683cf3aec0 100644 (file)
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 -- complain if script is sourced in psql, rather than via CREATE EXTENSION
 \echo Use "CREATE EXTENSION test_custom_var_stats" to load this file. \quit
 
-CREATE FUNCTION test_custom_stats_var_create(IN name TEXT)
+CREATE FUNCTION test_custom_stats_var_create(IN name TEXT, in description TEXT)
 RETURNS void
 AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'test_custom_stats_var_create'
 LANGUAGE C STRICT PARALLEL UNSAFE;
@@ -18,8 +18,9 @@ RETURNS void
 AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'test_custom_stats_var_drop'
 LANGUAGE C STRICT PARALLEL UNSAFE;
 
-
-CREATE FUNCTION test_custom_stats_var_report(INOUT name TEXT, OUT calls BIGINT)
+CREATE FUNCTION test_custom_stats_var_report(INOUT name TEXT,
+                                             OUT calls BIGINT,
+                                             OUT description TEXT)
 RETURNS SETOF record
 AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'test_custom_stats_var_report'
 LANGUAGE C STRICT PARALLEL UNSAFE;
index d4905ab4ee99806db0cb3e52c51c2811c8973cd4..b15f2452f9358e2badf8a00f6f0a6a70b154c85f 100644 (file)
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 
 #include "common/hashfn.h"
 #include "funcapi.h"
+#include "storage/dsm_registry.h"
 #include "utils/builtins.h"
 #include "utils/pgstat_internal.h"
 
@@ -22,6 +23,8 @@ PG_MODULE_MAGIC_EXT(
                    .version = PG_VERSION
 );
 
+#define TEST_CUSTOM_VAR_MAGIC_NUMBER (0xBEEFBEEF)
+
 /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------
  * Macros and constants
  *--------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -32,6 +35,9 @@ PG_MODULE_MAGIC_EXT(
  */
 #define PGSTAT_KIND_TEST_CUSTOM_VAR_STATS 25
 
+/* File paths for auxiliary data serialization */
+#define TEST_CUSTOM_AUX_DATA_DESC "pg_stat/test_custom_var_stats_desc.stats"
+
 /*
  * Hash statistic name to generate entry index for pgstat lookup.
  */
@@ -53,8 +59,23 @@ typedef struct PgStatShared_CustomVarEntry
 {
    PgStatShared_Common header; /* standard pgstat entry header */
    PgStat_StatCustomVarEntry stats;    /* custom statistics data */
+   dsa_pointer description;    /* pointer to description string in DSA */
 } PgStatShared_CustomVarEntry;
 
+/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ * Global Variables
+ *--------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ */
+
+/* File handle for auxiliary data serialization */
+static FILE *fd_description = NULL;
+
+/* Current write offset in fd_description file */
+static pgoff_t fd_description_offset = 0;
+
+/* DSA area for storing variable-length description strings */
+static dsa_area *custom_stats_description_dsa = NULL;
+
 /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------
  * Function prototypes
  *--------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -64,6 +85,19 @@ typedef struct PgStatShared_CustomVarEntry
 static bool test_custom_stats_var_flush_pending_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref,
                                                   bool nowait);
 
+/* Serialization callback: write auxiliary entry data */
+static void test_custom_stats_var_to_serialized_data(const PgStat_HashKey *key,
+                                                    const PgStatShared_Common *header,
+                                                    FILE *statfile);
+
+/* Deserialization callback: read auxiliary entry data */
+static bool test_custom_stats_var_from_serialized_data(const PgStat_HashKey *key,
+                                                      const PgStatShared_Common *header,
+                                                      FILE *statfile);
+
+/* Finish callback: end of statistics file operations */
+static void test_custom_stats_var_finish(PgStat_StatsFileOp status);
+
 /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------
  * Custom kind configuration
  *--------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -80,6 +114,9 @@ static const PgStat_KindInfo custom_stats = {
    .shared_data_len = sizeof(((PgStatShared_CustomVarEntry *) 0)->stats),
    .pending_size = sizeof(PgStat_StatCustomVarEntry),
    .flush_pending_cb = test_custom_stats_var_flush_pending_cb,
+   .to_serialized_data = test_custom_stats_var_to_serialized_data,
+   .from_serialized_data = test_custom_stats_var_from_serialized_data,
+   .finish = test_custom_stats_var_finish,
 };
 
 /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -132,6 +169,310 @@ test_custom_stats_var_flush_pending_cb(PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref, bool nowait)
    return true;
 }
 
+/*
+ * test_custom_stats_var_to_serialized_data() -
+ *
+ * Serialize auxiliary data (descriptions) for custom statistics entries
+ * to a secondary statistics file. This is called while writing the statistics
+ * to disk.
+ *
+ * This callback writes a mix of data within the main pgstats file and a
+ * secondary statistics file.  The following data is written to the main file for
+ * each entry:
+ * - An arbitrary magic number.
+ * - An offset.  This is used to know the location we need to look at
+ * to retrieve the information from the second file.
+ *
+ * The following data is written to the secondary statistics file:
+ * - The entry key, cross-checked with the data from the main file
+ * when reloaded.
+ * - The length of the description.
+ * - The description data itself.
+ */
+static void
+test_custom_stats_var_to_serialized_data(const PgStat_HashKey *key,
+                                        const PgStatShared_Common *header,
+                                        FILE *statfile)
+{
+   char       *description;
+   size_t      len;
+   PgStatShared_CustomVarEntry *entry = (PgStatShared_CustomVarEntry *) header;
+   bool        found;
+   uint32      magic_number = TEST_CUSTOM_VAR_MAGIC_NUMBER;
+
+   /*
+    * First mark the main file with a magic number, keeping a trace that some
+    * auxiliary data will exist in the secondary statistics file.
+    */
+   pgstat_write_chunk_s(statfile, &magic_number);
+
+   /* Open statistics file for writing. */
+   if (!fd_description)
+   {
+       fd_description = AllocateFile(TEST_CUSTOM_AUX_DATA_DESC, PG_BINARY_W);
+       if (fd_description == NULL)
+       {
+           ereport(LOG,
+                   (errcode_for_file_access(),
+                    errmsg("could not open statistics file \"%s\" for writing: %m",
+                           TEST_CUSTOM_AUX_DATA_DESC)));
+           return;
+       }
+
+       /* Initialize offset for secondary statistics file. */
+       fd_description_offset = 0;
+   }
+
+   /* Write offset to the main data file */
+   pgstat_write_chunk_s(statfile, &fd_description_offset);
+
+   /*
+    * First write the entry key to the secondary statistics file.  This will
+    * be cross-checked with the key read from main stats file at loading
+    * time.
+    */
+   pgstat_write_chunk_s(fd_description, (PgStat_HashKey *) key);
+   fd_description_offset += sizeof(PgStat_HashKey);
+
+   if (!custom_stats_description_dsa)
+       custom_stats_description_dsa = GetNamedDSA("test_custom_stat_dsa", &found);
+
+   /* Handle entries without descriptions */
+   if (!DsaPointerIsValid(entry->description) || !custom_stats_description_dsa)
+   {
+       /* length to description file */
+       len = 0;
+       pgstat_write_chunk_s(fd_description, &len);
+       fd_description_offset += sizeof(size_t);
+       return;
+   }
+
+   /*
+    * Retrieve description from DSA, then write the length followed by the
+    * description.
+    */
+   description = dsa_get_address(custom_stats_description_dsa,
+                                 entry->description);
+   len = strlen(description) + 1;
+   pgstat_write_chunk_s(fd_description, &len);
+   pgstat_write_chunk(fd_description, description, len);
+
+   /*
+    * Update offset for next entry, counting for the length (size_t) of the
+    * description and the description contents.
+    */
+   fd_description_offset += len + sizeof(size_t);
+}
+
+/*
+ * test_custom_stats_var_from_serialized_data() -
+ *
+ * Read auxiliary data (descriptions) for custom statistics entries from
+ * the secondary statistics file.  This is called while loading the statistics
+ * at startup.
+ *
+ * See the top of test_custom_stats_var_to_serialized_data() for a
+ * detailed description of the data layout read here.
+ */
+static bool
+test_custom_stats_var_from_serialized_data(const PgStat_HashKey *key,
+                                          const PgStatShared_Common *header,
+                                          FILE *statfile)
+{
+   PgStatShared_CustomVarEntry *entry;
+   dsa_pointer dp;
+   size_t      len;
+   pgoff_t     offset;
+   char       *buffer;
+   bool        found;
+   uint32      magic_number = 0;
+   PgStat_HashKey file_key;
+
+   /* Check the magic number first, in the main file. */
+   if (!pgstat_read_chunk_s(statfile, &magic_number))
+   {
+       elog(WARNING, "failed to read magic number from statistics file");
+       return false;
+   }
+
+   if (magic_number != TEST_CUSTOM_VAR_MAGIC_NUMBER)
+   {
+       elog(WARNING, "found magic number %u from statistics file, should be %u",
+            magic_number, TEST_CUSTOM_VAR_MAGIC_NUMBER);
+       return false;
+   }
+
+   /*
+    * Read the offset from the main stats file, to be able to read the
+    * auxiliary data from the secondary statistics file.
+    */
+   if (!pgstat_read_chunk_s(statfile, &offset))
+   {
+       elog(WARNING, "failed to read metadata offset from statistics file");
+       return false;
+   }
+
+   /* Open statistics file for reading if not already open */
+   if (!fd_description)
+   {
+       fd_description = AllocateFile(TEST_CUSTOM_AUX_DATA_DESC, PG_BINARY_R);
+       if (fd_description == NULL)
+       {
+           if (errno != ENOENT)
+               ereport(LOG,
+                       (errcode_for_file_access(),
+                        errmsg("could not open statistics file \"%s\" for reading: %m",
+                               TEST_CUSTOM_AUX_DATA_DESC)));
+           pgstat_reset_of_kind(PGSTAT_KIND_TEST_CUSTOM_VAR_STATS);
+           return false;
+       }
+   }
+
+   /* Read data from the secondary statistics file, at the specified offset */
+   if (fseeko(fd_description, offset, SEEK_SET) != 0)
+   {
+       elog(WARNING, "failed to seek to offset %ld in description file", offset);
+       return false;
+   }
+
+   /* Read the hash key from the secondary statistics file */
+   if (!pgstat_read_chunk_s(fd_description, &file_key))
+   {
+       elog(WARNING, "failed to read hash key from file");
+       return false;
+   }
+
+   /* Check key consistency */
+   if (file_key.kind != key->kind ||
+       file_key.dboid != key->dboid ||
+       file_key.objid != key->objid)
+   {
+       elog(WARNING, "found entry key %u/%u/%" PRIu64 " not matching with %u/%u/%" PRIu64,
+            file_key.kind, file_key.dboid, file_key.objid,
+            key->kind, key->dboid, key->objid);
+       return false;
+   }
+
+   entry = (PgStatShared_CustomVarEntry *) header;
+
+   /* Read the description length and its data */
+   if (!pgstat_read_chunk_s(fd_description, &len))
+   {
+       elog(WARNING, "failed to read metadata length from statistics file");
+       return false;
+   }
+
+   /* Handle empty descriptions */
+   if (len == 0)
+   {
+       entry->description = InvalidDsaPointer;
+       return true;
+   }
+
+   /* Initialize DSA if needed */
+   if (!custom_stats_description_dsa)
+       custom_stats_description_dsa = GetNamedDSA("test_custom_stat_dsa", &found);
+
+   if (!custom_stats_description_dsa)
+   {
+       elog(WARNING, "could not access DSA for custom statistics descriptions");
+       return false;
+   }
+
+   buffer = palloc(len);
+   if (!pgstat_read_chunk(fd_description, buffer, len))
+   {
+       pfree(buffer);
+       elog(WARNING, "failed to read description from file");
+       return false;
+   }
+
+   /* Allocate space in DSA and copy the description */
+   dp = dsa_allocate(custom_stats_description_dsa, len);
+   memcpy(dsa_get_address(custom_stats_description_dsa, dp), buffer, len);
+   entry->description = dp;
+   pfree(buffer);
+
+   return true;
+}
+
+/*
+ * test_custom_stats_var_finish() -
+ *
+ * Cleanup function called at the end of statistics file operations.
+ * Handles closing files and cleanup based on the operation type.
+ */
+static void
+test_custom_stats_var_finish(PgStat_StatsFileOp status)
+{
+   switch (status)
+   {
+       case STATS_WRITE:
+           if (!fd_description)
+               return;
+
+           fd_description_offset = 0;
+
+           /* Check for write errors and cleanup if necessary */
+           if (ferror(fd_description))
+           {
+               ereport(LOG,
+                       (errcode_for_file_access(),
+                        errmsg("could not write to file \"%s\": %m",
+                               TEST_CUSTOM_AUX_DATA_DESC)));
+               FreeFile(fd_description);
+               unlink(TEST_CUSTOM_AUX_DATA_DESC);
+           }
+           else if (FreeFile(fd_description) < 0)
+           {
+               ereport(LOG,
+                       (errcode_for_file_access(),
+                        errmsg("could not close file \"%s\": %m",
+                               TEST_CUSTOM_AUX_DATA_DESC)));
+               unlink(TEST_CUSTOM_AUX_DATA_DESC);
+           }
+           break;
+
+       case STATS_READ:
+           if (fd_description)
+               FreeFile(fd_description);
+
+           /* Remove the file after reading */
+           elog(DEBUG2, "removing file \"%s\"", TEST_CUSTOM_AUX_DATA_DESC);
+           unlink(TEST_CUSTOM_AUX_DATA_DESC);
+           break;
+
+       case STATS_DISCARD:
+           {
+               int         ret;
+
+               /* Attempt to remove the file */
+               ret = unlink(TEST_CUSTOM_AUX_DATA_DESC);
+               if (ret != 0)
+               {
+                   if (errno == ENOENT)
+                       elog(LOG,
+                            "didn't need to unlink file \"%s\" - didn't exist",
+                            TEST_CUSTOM_AUX_DATA_DESC);
+                   else
+                       ereport(LOG,
+                               (errcode_for_file_access(),
+                                errmsg("could not unlink file \"%s\": %m",
+                                       TEST_CUSTOM_AUX_DATA_DESC)));
+               }
+               else
+               {
+                   ereport(LOG,
+                           (errmsg_internal("unlinked file \"%s\"",
+                                            TEST_CUSTOM_AUX_DATA_DESC)));
+               }
+           }
+           break;
+   }
+
+   fd_description = NULL;
+}
+
 /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------
  * Helper functions
  *--------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -162,8 +503,7 @@ test_custom_stats_var_fetch_entry(const char *stat_name)
  * test_custom_stats_var_create
  *     Create new custom statistic entry
  *
- * Initializes a zero-valued statistics entry in shared memory.
- * Validates name length against NAMEDATALEN limit.
+ * Initializes a statistics entry with the given name and description.
  */
 PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(test_custom_stats_var_create);
 Datum
@@ -172,6 +512,9 @@ test_custom_stats_var_create(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
    PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref;
    PgStatShared_CustomVarEntry *shared_entry;
    char       *stat_name = text_to_cstring(PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(0));
+   char       *description = text_to_cstring(PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(1));
+   dsa_pointer dp = InvalidDsaPointer;
+   bool        found;
 
    /* Validate name length first */
    if (strlen(stat_name) >= NAMEDATALEN)
@@ -180,6 +523,20 @@ test_custom_stats_var_create(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
                 errmsg("custom statistic name \"%s\" is too long", stat_name),
                 errdetail("Name must be less than %d characters.", NAMEDATALEN)));
 
+   /* Initialize DSA and description provided */
+   if (!custom_stats_description_dsa)
+       custom_stats_description_dsa = GetNamedDSA("test_custom_stat_dsa", &found);
+
+   if (!custom_stats_description_dsa)
+       ereport(ERROR,
+               (errmsg("could not access DSA for custom statistics descriptions")));
+
+   /* Allocate space in DSA and copy description */
+   dp = dsa_allocate(custom_stats_description_dsa, strlen(description) + 1);
+   memcpy(dsa_get_address(custom_stats_description_dsa, dp),
+          description,
+          strlen(description) + 1);
+
    /* Create or get existing entry */
    entry_ref = pgstat_get_entry_ref_locked(PGSTAT_KIND_TEST_CUSTOM_VAR_STATS, InvalidOid,
                                            PGSTAT_CUSTOM_VAR_STATS_IDX(stat_name), true);
@@ -192,6 +549,9 @@ test_custom_stats_var_create(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
    /* Zero-initialize statistics */
    memset(&shared_entry->stats, 0, sizeof(shared_entry->stats));
 
+   /* Store description pointer */
+   shared_entry->description = dp;
+
    pgstat_unlock_entry(entry_ref);
 
    PG_RETURN_VOID();
@@ -226,8 +586,7 @@ test_custom_stats_var_update(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
  * test_custom_stats_var_drop
  *     Remove custom statistic entry
  *
- * Drops the named statistic from shared memory and requests
- * garbage collection if needed.
+ * Drops the named statistic from shared memory.
  */
 PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(test_custom_stats_var_drop);
 Datum
@@ -247,7 +606,7 @@ test_custom_stats_var_drop(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
  * test_custom_stats_var_report
  *     Retrieve custom statistic values
  *
- * Returns single row with statistic name and call count if the
+ * Returns single row with statistic name, call count, and description if the
  * statistic exists, otherwise returns no rows.
  */
 PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(test_custom_stats_var_report);
@@ -281,9 +640,13 @@ test_custom_stats_var_report(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 
    if (funcctx->call_cntr < funcctx->max_calls)
    {
-       Datum       values[2];
-       bool        nulls[2] = {false, false};
+       Datum       values[3];
+       bool        nulls[3] = {false, false, false};
        HeapTuple   tuple;
+       PgStat_EntryRef *entry_ref;
+       PgStatShared_CustomVarEntry *shared_entry;
+       char       *description = NULL;
+       bool        found;
 
        stat_name = text_to_cstring(PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(0));
        stat_entry = test_custom_stats_var_fetch_entry(stat_name);
@@ -291,9 +654,33 @@ test_custom_stats_var_report(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
        /* Return row only if entry exists */
        if (stat_entry)
        {
+           /* Get entry ref to access shared entry */
+           entry_ref = pgstat_get_entry_ref(PGSTAT_KIND_TEST_CUSTOM_VAR_STATS, InvalidOid,
+                                            PGSTAT_CUSTOM_VAR_STATS_IDX(stat_name), false, NULL);
+
+           if (entry_ref)
+           {
+               shared_entry = (PgStatShared_CustomVarEntry *) entry_ref->shared_stats;
+
+               /* Get description from DSA if available */
+               if (DsaPointerIsValid(shared_entry->description))
+               {
+                   if (!custom_stats_description_dsa)
+                       custom_stats_description_dsa = GetNamedDSA("test_custom_stat_dsa", &found);
+
+                   if (custom_stats_description_dsa)
+                       description = dsa_get_address(custom_stats_description_dsa, shared_entry->description);
+               }
+           }
+
            values[0] = PointerGetDatum(cstring_to_text(stat_name));
            values[1] = Int64GetDatum(stat_entry->numcalls);
 
+           if (description)
+               values[2] = PointerGetDatum(cstring_to_text(description));
+           else
+               nulls[2] = true;
+
            tuple = heap_form_tuple(funcctx->tuple_desc, values, nulls);
            SRF_RETURN_NEXT(funcctx, HeapTupleGetDatum(tuple));
        }