Jump to content

1987 Lieyu massacre

Coordinates: 24°24′54″N 118°14′21″E / 24.41500°N 118.23917°E / 24.41500; 118.23917
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Kaihsu (talk | contribs) at 20:56, 22 November 2023 (→Later developments). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

1987 Lieyu massacre
Part of Cold War
Location Republic of China
Donggang, Lieyu Township, Kinmen County, Fujian Province
Coordinates24°24′54″N 118°14′21″E / 24.41500°N 118.23917°E / 24.41500; 118.23917
DateMarch 7, 1987 (1987-03-07) – March 8, 1987; 37 years ago (1987-03-08) (UTC+8)
TargetVietnamese boat people
Attack type
Massacre
Deaths19+
Perpetrators158 Heavy Infantry Division, Kinmen Defense Command, Republic of China Army
Motive3: Order of taking no surrender, 16 (?): Eliminating witnesses[1][2]
1987 Lieyu massacre
Traditional Chinese烈嶼屠殺事件
Simplified Chinese烈屿屠杀事件
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinXiǎo Jīnmén Túshā Nànmín Shìjiàn
March 7 Incident
Chinese三七事件
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinSānqī shìjiàn
Donggang Incident
Traditional Chinese東崗事件
Simplified Chinese东岗事件
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinDōnggǎng shìjiàn
Donggang Horrible Incident
Traditional Chinese東崗慘案
Simplified Chinese东岗惨案
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinDōnggǎng cǎn'àn
History of the
Republic of China
National emblem of the Republic of China
History of
flag Taiwan portal

The 1987 Lieyu massacre occurred on 7 March 1987 at Donggang Bay, Lieyu Island ("Lesser Kinmen" or "Little Quemoy"), Kinmen, Fujian, Republic of China (ROC). ROC military officially denied the massacre and defined it as an incident of "mistaken killings" (誤殺事件), hence named it the March 7 Incident (三七事件) or Donggang Incident (東崗事件).[3][4] There may have been more than nineteen deaths, including several families of ethnic Chinese Vietnamese.[5]

Background

See also: Indochina refugee crisis, Chinese Civil War, Taiwan Strait Crisis, and Martial law in Taiwan

The entire Kinmen Archipelago, a group of about twenty islands and islets, were still considered a war zone at the time and were under martial law. The Kinmen Defense Command (金門防衛司令部, or KDC), a field army of the Republic of China (ROC) Army, controlled the islands in an effort to prevent an attack by the People's Liberation Army after the ROC had ended its attempt to retake mainland China by force in 1970.[6] On 18 December 1978, Deng Xiaoping announced the Chinese economic reform policy, followed by the establishment of 4 special economic zones. The international port of Xiamen was expanded for commercial traffic on 7 October 1980.[7][8]

The KDC Commander, General Song Hsin-lien [zh], was promoted to director of the National Security Bureau in Taipei on 15 December, and General Chao Wan-fu [zh] assumed the command.[9][10][11] In the following spring, Chao instructed the 158 Division Commander, Major-general Gong Li (龔力少將) to construct two propaganda walls—one 3.2m high and 20m long on Dadan Island, and the other on Erdan Island—with slogans proclaiming "Three Principles of the People Unify China" shining with neon lights at night until July 1995. Completed in August 1986, the walls faced the international seaway of Xiamen Bay,[12] where Xi Jinping (later CCP general secretary) was the Deputy Mayor of Xiamen City.[13]

Xiamen, Lieyu (center), and Kinmen (left)

Refugees

Following the Vietnam War (1955–1975), the Cambodian–Vietnamese War (1978–1979), and the Sino-Vietnamese War (1979), many Indochinese refugees fled abroad. They often had to move several times as local authorities rejected those displaced by the crisis.[14] The Penghu Defense Command (澎湖防衛司令部 or PDC) cooperated with the "Hai-piao Project" (海漂專案) (an arrangement of the Overseas Community Affairs Council and the Chinese Association for Relief and Ensuing Services) to transport 2,098 refugees in 45 boats and the "Ren-de Project" (仁德專案) to relocate another 6,497 refugees by air. In total, over 12,500 people were rescued starting in 1975.[15][16][17]

On 1 April 1982, the Executive Yuan issued the "Pingjing Project" (平靖專案), a procedure instructing the Ministry of National Defense (MND) to return the refugees. The MND updated its standard operating procedure in 1985 but did not actually enforce the new guidance. Instead, the actual practice in the frontline was to kill detainees if a purge failed. They would either bury corpses perfunctorily on the beach or let the tides pull the bodies into the sea. The MND were well aware of the practice, but turned a blind eye. They forged ahead with purposeful "refugee warfare" which endangered national security.[18][19]

Incidents

In January 1985, a local Chinese sampan with eight fishermen suffered engine failure and floated ashore at Shi Islet, part of the 473 Brigade's defense region. When the platoon stationed there they contacted the KDC for instructions, where they were ordered to kill the stranded fishermen. Six died under crossfire but two escaped to a rock cave, kneeling down to beg for mercy. When discovered, those two were pushed off the rock cliff to fall to their death after the KDC reiterated the order to kill the entire crew. A subsequent search of the sampan found only a letter drafted by one of the sailors, a son telling his mother that he had collected sufficient yarn for her to knit a sweater for winter.[20]

In April 1986, an incident occurred where a young couple, both teachers, swam from Xiamen to Dadan Island seeking asylum.[19] The commander of the Dadan Defense Team (大膽守備隊), Premier Deputy Division Commander of the 158 Lieyu Division (烈嶼師) Colonel Chien Yi-hu (錢奕虎上校), received the couple and escorted them to the KDC headquarter on the main island of Kinmen. Chien was immediately relieved of his post for violating the directive to "accept no surrender in the war zone".[21]

In mid-July 1986, General Zhao inspected the outlying islets of Lieyu, and noticed that the amphibious reconnaissance battalion (ARB-101, 海龍蛙兵) took in an unknown person swimming near Dadan after the local garrison failed to expel him away. Zhao was furious, condemning the ARB leader, and left in anger; the Dadan commander then called all the units to announce the kill-them-all policy to prevent anybody arriving onshore.[22] The neighboring Erdan Island commander (二膽守備隊), Deputy Brigade Commander of the 473 Brigade lieutenant colonel Zhong—who had executed 7 stranded fishermen in 1983 and relayed the KDC's order for the aforementioned killings at Shi Islet[20][19]—also summoned all the soldiers to reiterate the order: "Whoever lands on the island must be executed without exception."[23][24] Soon after, he was promoted to the position of 472 Nantang Brigade Commander (南塘旅) and took charge of all the units in the South Lieyu Defense Team (烈嶼南守備隊).[24][25]

Nuclear weapons program

External image
image icon Declassified KDC nuclear cannon strike plan covers Xiamen City & international Port of Economy Zone Distance: 10 km, Effective Radius: 8 km, Population: 1.06 million

Both the KDC and the Matsu Defense Command (馬祖防衛司令部, or MDC) guarded nuclear artillery strike plans that targeting neighboring regions during the Cold War. These targeted regions included the strategic Xiamen City, even though the affected radius also covered the ROC's own stationed Dadan and Erdan Islands.[26] It is alleged that a previous nuclear weapons program undertaken since 1967 was forced to stop in 1977 under the pressure of United States and IAEA, but was followed by another hidden agenda. In 1986, after nearly 20 years of research and simulation testing, a successful minimized nuclear test at the Jioupeng military field in Pingtung was recorded by US satellite imagery; later, in 1988, it was questioned by the director of American Institute in Taiwan, David Dean, according to the diary of Superior-general Hau Pei-tsun.[27][28][29][30]

The development of the nuclear weapons program was eventually exposed by Colonel Chang Hsien-yi, deputy director of the Institute of Nuclear Energy Research at the National Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology, who defected to the United States in January 1988.[31][32] A ROC military agent traced Chang's kid after school to locate their home in Washington, D.C. until finally violated the federal witness protection program, further leading to the confrontation of Director Dean with General Hau.[33][3][clarification needed]

Massacre

See also: Geneva Conventions, Refugee Convention, and Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees
General Chao's "Three Principles of the People Unify China" wall on Dadan Island
Erdan Island fortress bearing General Chao's same Chinese unification slogans
External image
image icon Last seen disoriented boat trail mark
External image
image icon Dashanding Hill & Donggang Bay
External image
image icon Fishery port (bottom-left), first scene (center) & second scene (mid-left) have been demolished; landform changed
External image
image icon Gen. Hau's Diary (May 20 – Oct. 1)

On 6 March 1987, a boat of Vietnamese refugees who had been rejected in Hong Kong arrived in Kinmen to request political asylum. However, General Chao rejected the demand, and ordered an ARB-101 patrol boat to tow away the boat from the shore on the morning of 7 March, with a warning not to return. However, for reasons unclear, information about the boat's presence in the Southern Sea was never forwarded to the front line of the coastal defense units, including those on Lieyu Island.

As a seasonal heavy fog appeared on the coast and gradually turned clear in the afternoon, the Vietnamese boat was sighted by an infantry post off the south shore of Lieyu at 16:37, where it had been too close and too late to apply for the indirect fire support by artillery intervention. The local 1st Dashanding Infantry Battalion (大山頂營) Commander, Major Liu Yu; the 472 Brigade Commander, Colonel Zhong; and the 158 Division G3 Chief Operation Officer (參三科科長), Colonel Han Jing-yue (韓敬越), arrived at the scene with staff officers.[34] The 629 Light Artillery Battalion—which happened to be taking a field drill practice in the ancient airport on the northeastern beachfront—launched a single star shell which lit up the background horizon sky, but found no invasion force approaching. Meanwhile, warning shots followed by expelling shots were fired in sequence as per the procedure steps in the rules of engagement, using T57 rifles, .30 caliber, and .50 caliber machine guns in short range by the 3rd Company and the reserve platoons of three companies while another one was coming in, totaling over 200 infantrymen.

The Vietnamese boat was stranded on the sand beach southwest of Donggang (Dōnggāng) Fishery Port (Fort L-05), a sensitive strategic point in front of the mobile positions of M40 recoilless rifles and M30 mortars. Nearby was the communication transit station nicknamed "04" (a homonym of 'You die' in Chinese pronunciation) on a hill with a 30°-angle blind corner on radar screens caused by the steep hillside. This hillside lay in front of the classified 240 mm howitzer M1 ("Black Dragon" or "Nuclear Cannon") railway gun positions of Kinmen Defense Command, and the 155/105 mm artillery battalions of 158 Division.[35][36][37] As such, the foreign boat's landing location on the beach beneath aroused significant concern. The boat was hit by crossfire from L-05, L-06, and Fort Fuxing Islet of the 2nd Battalion, plus two M72 LAW (light anti-tank weapon) rounds by the WPN Company in reinforcement. Armor-piercing shells penetrated through the sky-blue wooden hull without detonation. Three unarmed Vietnamese left the boat, raised their hands, and pled in Chinese, "Don't shoot ...!" but were all shot dead.[38]

The local 3rd Dongang Company (東崗連) Commander, Lieutenant Chang, received the order from the brigade commander to dispatch a search team to board the boat. Two hand grenades were thrown into the boat before the search team found that all the passengers were Vietnamese refugees with no weapons on board. The passengers said that the vessel had experienced a mechanical failure. Because of the heavy fog, the strong seasonal currents and the rising tide since late afternoon, the boat drifted into the open bay. The surviving passengers and the bodies of the dead were taken out of the boat and placed on the beach, with neither first aid nor any life support supply rendered. Following intense telecommunication with the Division Headquarters, the commanders at the scene received orders from their superiors—alleged directly by Commander General Chao—to kill the passengers to eliminate all the eyewitnesses.[5] Some refugees received multiple shots when the first bullet did not kill them. Among the bodies piled were elderly people, men, women, one pregnant woman, children, and a baby in a sweater.[39][40]

The following identification evidence was collected at the scene, and enlisted through the P4 (Internal Security) channel of the Political Warfare Department, the KDC, and the MND Army Commands HQ:

  • one "Declaration of no possession lost/damaged on boat" issued by the Director of Immigration Office of Hong Kong Alan Carter on 12 December 1986
  • four copies of the "Notification on the voluntary alternative options to stay under indefinite custody or the assistance to continue navigation" by the British Hong Kong Government on 12 January 1987
  • several personal ID documents from the French Indochina government
  • 2 kerosene barrels printed in English with "Singapore" on surface
  • several Singaporean magazines and Hong Kong newspapers
  • a notebook written in English with the last entry on 6 March

For unknown reasons, none of this evidence was later adopted by either the prosecutor or the judge, hence all the court documents named the victims only as the "unknown people" (不明人士).[19][41]

After collecting the refugee documents, a mother and three children (one baby being held in her arm and two kids running around her) were killed together kneeling down on the beach.[5][18] The last words of the pregnant woman were in English: "Help me ... Help my baby ... My baby seven months ...", before she and two other women were killed by .45 caliber handgun shots; the battalion operation officer then made a joke on her dead body (never showing remorse during the annual reunions in subsequent years).[42] A boy got up to flee but was shot on the shoulder and fell down, until another officer stepped forward to finish him.[43] Major-general Gong arrived at Donggang at 18:30; Zhong and Liu reunited with Gong again at the Division Headquarters to report to General Chao by the phone landline at 21:00, and received Chao's praise.[19]

At 07:00 the morning of 8 March 1987, the medical platoon of the Battalion Headquarters (BHQ) Company was called in to bury all the bodies at the beach. The platoon members were ordered to kill any surviving refugees. The wounded were buried alive, and those who were still moving or crying were dictated to be killed by military shovels.[43][44] The entire boat was instructed to be burned (aside from the 3-blade propeller), then buried in sand to destroy all the evidence. The last victim, a young boy hidden underneath a board cell, was also found and killed by order without exception.[43] The guarding sergeant of the BHQ Company overnight counted the bodies as more than nineteen.[45][5]

Over 30 individual rifles with good routine maintenance records were suddenly reported jammed as non-operational, possibly due to the soldiers unwilling to kill the unarmed civilians, hence jammed their own rifles on purpose.[19] Since some medics defied the direct order to kill the victims, the brigade command dispatched the Brigade Headquarter Company (RHQ) commander to take over the BHQ Company as the emergency measure to prevent mutiny and to blockade the site.[46]

Revelation

Cover-up

A local store owner heard the crying of the refugees overnight and made a phone call to inform Huang Chao-hui, the National Assembly member in Kaohsiung, but the contact was soon lost. At the time, all civilian and public long-distance phone calls were being routinely monitored by the Communication Supervision Section of Kinmen Defense Command.[47] Nevertheless, the bodies were not buried deeply at the first site. Influenced by tidal seawater and high temperatures, the bodies soon began to decompose and were dug out by wild dogs from the landfill (小金垃圾場) on the back side of the western hill. The bodies were later reburied collectively in one mound at a second site on the higher ground next to the tree line. This task was performed by the 1st Company, who had just resumed their posts after winning the annual Army Physical and Combat Competitions in Taiwan.[48] Accounts of ghost sightings prompted villagers to hold religious ceremonies, and a tiny shrine was built by soldiers on the beach the next year. This activity made it all the more difficult to prevent the spread of information about the incident.[49][37] Nonetheless, both sites, along with 04 Station, L-05 Fort, Donggang Port, and even the breakwater bank, were all demolished with bulldozers in name of demining in August 2011.[50] In 2021, the local villagers rebuilt a new shrine beside the path inland in lament.[51]

In early May 1987, British Hong Kong newspapers first reported that the refugee boat went missing after leaving the port along the coast for Kinmen, Taiwan.[38][52] Informed by the overseas office, higher officials questioned the Kinmen Defense Command but got no concrete response.[53] Instead, the Command urgently swapped this front line coast defense battalion with a reserve battalion from the training base in order to strengthen the personnel control and communication restriction to prevent further leaking news. In addition, the battalion's unit designation codes were shifted for the following two years to confuse outsiders. Two "extra bonuses" of cash—summing up to half a month of a captain's salary ($6,000)—were also abnormally awarded to the company commanders against government regulation and ethics on the eve of Dragon Boat Festival.[54] However, at the end of May, recently discharged conscript soldiers from Kinmen began to arrive in Taiwan proper and finally were able to appeal to the newly founded opposition party, the Democratic Progressive Party. The information of the massacre started to spread in Taiwan.[24]

Ten weeks after the massacre, the President of the Republic of China (Taiwan), Chiang Ching-kuo, reacted to the cover-up by the 158 Division and the Kinmen Defense Command. General Chao Wan-fu said he was unaware of the event.[53] While being questioned by the Chief of the General Staff (參謀總長), Superior-general Hau Pei-tsun on 20 May, General Chao still lied: "It was just a couple of 'Communist soldiers' [referring to the People's Liberation Army] being shot in the water", but Chao's statement was obviously unbelievable. Hau then ordered that the corpses to be moved from the beach to a remote hidden slope in front of Fort L-03 (east cape) on the right, filled over with cement, and a concrete military training wall be built on top to prevent any future investigation.[43] General Chao ordered all the 158 Division officers to be present as participating the cover-up operation.[43] To this day, the corpses remain sealed and unmarked at this final third site.[55][43]

At the end of their conscription service terms, the soldier witnesses were ordered to sign an oath to maintain silence and guard the secret for life before returning home to Taiwan.[56][49]

On 5 June 1987, Independence Evening Post was the first Taiwanese newspaper reporting the massacre with the formal questioning by the newly elected Legislative Yuan member Wu Shu-chen, along with the joint written form by PM Chang Chun-hsiung and PM Kang Ning-hsiang from the Democratic Progressive Party to the MND during the general assembly of Legislative Yuan, but received only the respond: "No need to reply!"[4] Her questions were repeatedly denied by the military spokesman Major-general Chang Hui Yuan (張慧元少將), who accused Congresswoman Wu of "sabotaging the national reputation", and claimed it was actually "a Chinese fishing boat being sunk in the sea after ignoring the warnings".[57] That night, uniformed propaganda was broadcast in the evening news on all public TV channels. The next morning, on 6 June, all local newspapers received the government instructions to publicize the press release of the Central News Agency originated from the Military News Agency (軍聞社).

Censorship

The case was classified as military secret for 20 years to prevent any further information leaks.[58] Subsequent media reports were censored, and publication of the case was banned by the Nationalist government. In April 1989, when the police broke into the office of the magazine Freedom Era Weekly [zh] (which had publicized the case interviews and editorials before) for an arrest on a separate charge of treason, editor-in-chief Cheng Nan-jung set himself on fire and died to protest for the freedom of speech. Separately, military journalist Chang You-hua [zh] of Independence Evening Post was sentenced to 1 year and 7 months with a probation period of 3 years in November 1991.[59]

For the same reason, the Hujingtou Battle Museum of Lieyu (built since 1989) conspicuously left out any information of this part of history,[60] nor was it documented in the official archive of the Kinmen National Park that took over the beach management later. The official cover-up story of the Chinese fishing boat sunk by one shell of bombardment was told to the public for 13 years, until being uncovered by the publication of 8-year Diary of the Chief of the General Staff (1981-1989) (八年參謀總長日記) by Superior-general Hau in 2000.[3] The Government of the Republic of China has made no comment thereafter.

Aftermath

See also: Non-Proliferation Treaty and Nuclear Weapon Ban Treaty

Political stage

Minister Cheng endorsed President Chiang's decree to lift the martial law, four months after the Lieyu massacre.

With the support of Formosan Association for Public Affairs, the United States House of Representatives hence passed the "Taiwan Democracy Resolution" (H.R.1777) on 17 June, calling on the ROC government to end the martial law ruling, lift the ban on political parties, accelerate the realization of democracy including the protection of freedom of speech and assembly, and reform the parliament election system for the legitimacy of government; the United States Senate passed the same resolution in December.[61] Though the resolution did not directly relate Taiwan to integrate into the neoliberal globalization, it gradually turned the Taiwanese self-identity against the Chinese unification agenda within ROC politics. The opposition party, supported by the international community, took the chance to force Chiang Ching-kuo to lift the martial law and begin the democratization process to distance itself from the Kuomintang's One China Policy. This developed with the promotion of neoliberal tendency in Taiwan in a way that blocked the political forces that favored a return to reunification.[62]

Later, on 14 July, Minister Cheng endorsed President Chiang's historical decree to end the notorious 38-year-long period of martial law in Taiwan (1948–1987),[63] except the War Zone Administration (戰地政務) on the frontier regions, including Kinmen and Matsu Islands, which remained under military governance until 7 November 1992.[64][65] Furthermore, on 2 November, President Chiang lifted a ban preventing people from visiting their divided families in China across the Taiwan Strait by allowing transfer through a third place, such as Hong Kong, Okinawa, or Tokyo.[66]

Investigation

After the scandal was exposed, President Chiang Ching-kuo received a letter from Amnesty International expressing humanitarian concern, and assigned the Chief of General Staff, Superior-general Hau, to investigate this case.[3] On 16 June 1977, President of the Control Yuan (CY), Huang Tsun-chiu [zh] of the Chinese Nationalist Party (Kuomintang), assigned the committee member Ruo Wen-fu (羅文富) on an official investigation task to Lieyu. General Hau opposed this CY jurisdiction and considered the tour a pro-governmental "sightseeing visit" (參訪金門).[3] However, after Ruo submitted a field survey report expectedly identical to the KDC's story, Huang did not approve nor rejected the content, but only signed a word "Read" (閱) on 9 March 1988, which rendered the investigation incomplete.[67][5]

The Minister of National Defense, Cheng Wei-yuan, also arrived in Kinmen, and dispatched a special envoy of the Political Warfare Bureau to conduct the field investigation and excavation that discovered the civilian cadavers and eventually solved the criminal case on 23 May. On 28 May, the Military Police began to detain over 30 officers back to Taiwan for court-martial, including the commanders, corresponding political officers, and related staff officers along the 5 levels on the chain of command; 45 officers received the administrative sanction of dishonored transfer.[68]

Nonetheless, the court-martial did not follow the 1949 Fourth Geneva Convention and the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees to process this case. The accused has never been charged for the wrongdoings to the international refugees, regardless of evidence, but each was prosecuted for killing several "unknown people" of the "bandit area"[note 1] (applying only to the domestic criminal codes) on 11 September 1987. Division Commander Gong, Political Warfare Director Colonel Chang, and the P4 Section Leader Lieutenant-colonel Hong were released free in 10 days.[19][18]

Trials

The first trial on 30 May 1988 sentenced Commander Zhong to 2 years and 10 months in prison, Liu to 2 years and 8 months, and Li and Chang to 2 years and 6 months, but the prosecutor and all four defendants appealed for rehearing. The MND then repealed the sentences on 9 September as failing to check the facts and reasons favoring the defendants. The retrial on 19 December 1988 reduced the sentences for Zhong to 1 year and 10 months, Liu to 1 year and 10 months, and Li and Chang to 1 year and 8 months, and all commuted with a probation period of 3 years; therefore, none of the convicted field commanders were required to spend one day in prison.[19] They stayed in rank with posts suspended to continue service without pay until the end of the term, before relocating to the training officer positions. Their retirement and pension plans were not affected. Commander Zhong took a senior lead colonel position in a military academy, Army Communication, Electronics and Information School.[19]

Likewise, the superior officers received no official punishment, and recovered their military careers after President Chiang suddenly died in January 1988.[69] Principal staff officer Major-general Fan Jai-yu (范宰予少將) was promoted to the commander of the 210 Heavy Infantry Division of Hualien Expansion in 1989; then further to lieutenant-general, commander of the Penghu Defense Command in 1994; and then to the Principal of the Political Warfare Cadres Academy in 1996.

Division Commander Major-general Gong Li was shifted to the Chief of Staff of the War College, National Defense University; then promoted to the deputy commander of the Huadong Defense Command [zh] in 1992; and then became the Civil Level-12 Director of Banqiao District House [zh] of the Veterans Affairs Council in 2000.

Kinmen Defense Commander Chao was promoted to deputy chief commander general of the Republic of China Army in 1989, and further to Deputy Chief of the General Staff of the Republic of China Armed Forces in 1991; then appointed with honours as a strategy advisor [zh] to the President of the Republic of China in two terms; and then received the permanent title as the reviewer member of the Central Committee of the Chinese Nationalist Party [zh] until his death on 28 February 2016. His official funeral was proceeded with his coffin covered by the national flag and the military salute of the top-ranked generals.[70] Vice-president Wu Den-yih presented a commendation decree by President Ma Ying-jeou, who praised Chao's 50-year career in national security with so-called "loyalty, diligence, bravery, perseverance, intelligence, wisdom, insight and proficiency" (忠勤勇毅，才識閎通), and that "his virtue and conducts have set a good example model for future generations to follow..." (武德景行，貽範永式... 逾五十載攄忠護民，越半世紀衛國干城，崇勛盛業，青史聿昭).[71] Chao was buried in the National Wuzhi Mountain Military Cemetery.[72]

Later developments

Twenty years later, in May 2007, Major Liu Yu, the 1st Battalion Commander, proclaimed in a military magazine interview that they were executing direct superior orders, and one officer who killed the refugees was never charged.[73] Ten years later, in January 2018, Liu was invited by the Kinmen National Park administration to re-visit the old posts of the South Lieyu Defense Team. On the beach, he recalled to a China Times journalist that he "handled" over 100 corpses—including in the Donggang Incident—during his total four years of assignments within three KDC terms.[74]

On 19 July 2020, Instructor Colonel (Ret.) Liao Nianhan (廖念漢) of the ROC Military Academy interviewed the WPN company commander Captain Li Zhong-yan (李中焱) to re-affirm the official testimony that he had, in person, found that all the passengers had died after firing two M72 LAW shells, and hence nobody got out of the boat and there were no killings by shooting.[75] Liao's article dignified the four convicted schoolmates with "the ultimate sublime respect" (致上最崇高的敬意), in comparison to the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and Mỹ Lai massacre.[75] However, in January 2022, Captain Li changed his statement in a cross-examination through Facebook with the other veterans of 158 Division before the Lunar New Year. He then confirmed the boat stranding site and the later killings at two different locations.[76]

The chilling effect of the massacre made the international refugees extinct from the Kinmen sea area, and the last Jiangmei refugee camp, which had operated for 11 years in Penghu, was shut down on 15 November 1988 due to the policy change.[19][16] The purge policy on the Chinese fishermen and the surrendered remained the same, as the technique instructed by the new 158 Division Commander, Major-general Song En-ling, to the G3 staff officers: "Tell the landed people to run or will be shot; then wait after they run to kill them".[19] However, in live practice, the survivors were taken into custody with their head covered for transferring to a temporary lodgment to be expelled later, and the political officers started to repay for the civilian casualties.

After negotiation for compensation failed, local Chinese fishing boats sometimes gathered around the incident islands to protest. Particularly in July and August 1990, the ROC military was criticized by the general Taiwanese public for the cheating and ignorance attitude on the Min Ping Yu No. 5540 and No. 5502 disasters. Therefore, the Red Cross Society of China and Red Cross Society of the Republic of China—representing both sides—signed the Kinmen Agreement on 12 September to establish the humanitarian repatriation procedures through Kinmen.[77][78]

On 7 November 1992, the provisional martial law control was historically lifted after 42 years of the War Zone Administration in power, and KDC returned governmental and civilian services management to the local county offices.[64] Still, it was not until 1955 that the first marine police patrols appeared in the Kinmen and Matsu regions. The Water Police Bureau, formally established on 15 June 1998, fully took over the marine law enforcement, working with local police stations and the coastal justice systems; it was later reformed as the Coast Guard Administration under the Ocean Affairs Council.[79][80]

Over 100 years after its establishment in 1911, the Republic of China still lacks refugee law to regulate the political asylum process in accordance with modern international laws,[81][82][83][84] and its government has never rendered an apology or any legal compensation to the families or country of the victims.[85][86][87] On 3 October 2018, legislator Freddy Lim, former Chairman of the Amnesty International Taiwan, inquired in a hearing of the Foreign and National Defense Committee [zh] to examine the victims' files in the military archives in order to express an apology to their families through the Vietnamese Representative Office (Template:Lang-vi), but Minister of National Defense General Yen Teh-fa disagreed: "The troops were following the SOP rules of the martial law period to execute [the orders], though it might look like having some issues nowadays; also, they have been court-martialed...".[85][86] Later, MND replied: "It has been too difficult to identify the deceased due to the long time, so [the case] cannot be processed further", which served as the sole statement of the ROC government for over 30 years after the martial law lifted in 1987.[4]

On 2 October 2021, a third round of Anonymous hacks on a Chinese government tourism promotion website included a meme stating "If Taiwan wants to truly become Numbah Wan [sic], it must first redress the 1987 Lieyu Massacre", with a public Wikimedia Commons image (same as in this article) in the background.[88]

On 13 July 2022, Control Yuan member Gao Yong-cheng [zh] submitted a re-investigation report after one year of documentation based on the provided military archive and interviews with near 20 veteran witnesses. Interviewees included the convicted officers, whose testimonies (without passing lie detection) contradicted each other with retracted confessions, and contradicted new evidence and controversies at the first site, since the last CY investigation reported 34 years ago was considered incomplete.[19] The investigation then received the approval from the joint committees of the Judicial and Prison Administration Affairs, the Domestic and Ethnic Affairs, the Foreign and Overseas Chinese Affairs, and the National Defense and Intelligence Affairs.[41][19] The report condemned the KDC for falsifying the facts, the court-martial prosecutor and judge for failing their duties of investigation, and the MND for ignorance throughout 35 years. It then recommended the Ministry of Justice re-open this case with a special appeal for the legal re-investigation.[5][41][18]

Legacy

  • Hushen (胡神) – This 2019 novel by the retired school principal Tian-lu Jian (姜天陸) analyzes the humanity concern of the situation at the first site, with his personal experience of service time under Lieyu tunnels. It won the 16th Kinmen Literature Award.[89][21][25]
  • The Burning Island (戰地殺人; 'Battleground Massacre') – This 2020 film produced by Hsien-Jer Chu (朱賢哲), former member of the 319 Heavy Infantry Division in the Kinmen East [zh] region where similar shooting incidents had occurred earlier, interprets the history as a mirror to reflect universal value. It won the top prize in the 42nd Selection of Excellent Screenplays.[90][91][92]
  • Lao Dzai (老翟) – The 2021 short screenplay by Colonel Chou Yi-ching (周宜慶), deputy commander of the Psychological Warfare Team of the Political Warfare Bureau forged this case as a misconduct story of a 2nd-lieutenant conscription officer from the National Taiwan University, who volunteered to take the frontline the platoon leader assignment, and covered up with a Senior master sergeant's help. The story ended with the refugees having received the compensation and left in peace...[incomprehensible][93][94] Zhou received the top prize of the 55th Annual Military Literature Award from the Minister of National Defense General Chiu Kuo-cheng in person.[95] In reality, the only conscription officer with university background only led the 2nd Company reserve platoon from Yang Tsuo to reach the outskirt site late without participating the massacre; the referred veteran SMSgt had retired hence not in the camp; ROC conscription system only distributed personnel through random sortition and superior selection then after their basic training finished, never having the volunteer option nor an assignment choice.[excessive detail?][53]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "Bandit area" ("匪區") is the official ROC term for regions under PRC control, with the extended application to other terms by definition, such as PRC nationals as "bandit people" (匪民), the PRC boats as "bandit boats" (匪船), etc.

References

  1. ^ Official questioning statement of PM HE Mme. Wu Shu-chen to the Ministry of National Defense (Republic of China) (MND) on Session 47, 5 June 1987 – p. 46, Vol. 76, Legislative Yuan Gazette Pub., 1987 （立法院公報）
  2. ^ Hsue-fang Lin, Academia Sinica research assistant, "22nd Memorial to the Lieyue Massacre", Lihpao Daily, (林雪芳，中央研究院研究助理，《小金門國軍屠殺越南難民22週年》，台灣立報), 15 March 2009
  3. ^ a b c d e Bocun Hao, [1] "Ba nian can mou zong zhang ri ji (She hui ren wen)", 2000
  4. ^ a b c Gao, Ling-yun (8 March 2022). "【東崗慘案疑雲／中】大喊「自己人」卻被射殺？ 陸軍壓案、國防部至今消極真相不明" [Donggang Massacre Suspicion / Part II: Calling "Our own people" but getting shot to kill? The Army suppressed the case and the MND shew the negative attitude till today causing the truth unknown] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). New Taipei City: United Daily News. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
  5. ^ a b c d e f Tsong, Chang-jin (13 July 2022). "國軍殺難民？當年吳淑珍爆料「37事件」 監院促非常上訴求翻案" [As PM Wu Shu-chen exposed the March 7 Incident of ROC Army killing refugees then, The Control Yuan proposes the critical appeal to re-open the case] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Taipei: Liberty Times. Retrieved 7 August 2022.
  6. ^ Michael Szonyi (11 August 2008). "Cold War Island: Quemoy on the Front Line". Cambridge University Press. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
  7. ^ Wu, Wei (24 February 2014). "鄧小平《黨和國家領導制度改革》的講話" ["The System Reform of the Party and the State Leadership" Speech of Deng Xiaoping]. The New York Times (in Simplified Chinese). New York City. Retrieved 20 September 2022.
  8. ^ "Note 29". 鄧小平文選 [Collection of Deng Xiaoping] (PDF) (in Simplified Chinese). Vol. 3. People's Press (Beijing). 1993. ISBN 978-7-01-001862-1. Retrieved 20 September 2022.
  9. ^ Li, Tian-duo (29 May 2016). "情報觀點：最難為的任命 「國家安全局長」？" [Intelligence View: The Most Difficult Nomination for the "Director of the National Security Bureau"?]. Hong Kong. Retrieved 15 May 2022 – via on.cc.
  10. ^ Chang, Yi-wen (2 May 2015). "星期人物》李天鐸：我不相信宋心濂的死是意外" [Celebrity of the Week - Tian-duo Li: I don't believe that Song Hsin-lien's death was an accident]. Taipei: China Times. Retrieved 15 May 2022.
  11. ^ Chao Wan-fu, Chinese Encyclopedia 《Chao Wan-fu》, quoting the official archive of Nanhua County, Yunnan, 26 April 2010
  12. ^ Antao (22 December 2009). "大、二膽 - 三民主義統一中國心戰牆" ["Three Principles of the People Unify China" Walls on Dandan and Erdan] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Retrieved 27 March 2022.
  13. ^ Yang Zhong-mei (4 November 2011). 習近平: 站在歷史十字路口的中共新領導人 [Xi Jinping: The new leader of Chinese Communist Party at the crossroad of history] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Taipei: China Times Publishing Co. ISBN 978-9571354538.
  14. ^ Thompson, Larry Clinton (2010). Refugee Workers in the Indochina Exodus, 1975-1982. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. Retrieved 20 September 2022 – via Academia.
  15. ^ Huang, Juan-Hui (2017). 不漏洞拉：越南船民的故事 [Bat lau dung laai: Stories of the Vietnamese refugees]. New Taipei City: 衛城出版. ISBN 9789869480239.
  16. ^ a b Liu, Ji-Hsiong (1 August 2017). "【難民船上的人】那些出逃的生命，都講述著我們看不見的歷史" [People on the refugees boats: All those escaped lives narrate the unseen history for us]. Opinion, Commonwealth Magazine (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Taipei. Retrieved 20 September 2022.
  17. ^ 曾國華 (7 September 2022). "國軍槍殺越南難民黑歷史(三)血染東崗 三七事件教我們的事" [The dark history of ROC Army killing Vietnamese refugees, Part III: Bloody Donggang, what the March 7 Incident taught us] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Taipei: Radio Taiwan International. Retrieved 21 September 2022.
  18. ^ a b c d Lin, Ming-han (13 July 2022). "金門烈嶼駐軍槍殺20名越南難民 監院促請法務部研擬非常上訴" [Kinmen Lieyu garrison shot 20 Vietnamese refugees, Control Yuan urges the Ministry of Justice to consider a critical appeal] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Taipei: ET Today. Retrieved 7 August 2022.
  19. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Gao, Yong-cheng (13 July 2022). "111司調0025 調查報告" [2022 Justice Investigation Report No. 0025] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Taipei: Control Yuan. Retrieved 7 August 2022.
  20. ^ a b Shi, Wen-jie (29 October 2013). "時論－一封永遠無法寄達的家書" [Commentary - A home letter never been delivered] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Taipei: China Times. Retrieved 26 September 2022.
  21. ^ a b "【19屍20命】浯島文學首獎探討「三七事件」小金門的殺戮時代" [Top Prize of the Wudao Literacy Award for the Research on March 7 Incident, the Killing Era in Lesser Kinmen]. UP Media (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Kinmen. 23 November 2019.
  22. ^ Committee of the Judicial and Prison Administration Affairs (13 July 2022). "軍法審判76年3月7日金門烈嶼駐軍槍殺約20名越南難民調查案件監察院促請法務部研擬非常上訴國防部檢討改進" [The Control Yuan urges the Ministry of Justice to draft a special appeal and the Ministry of National Defense to review for improvement for the military trial investigation on the Kinmen Lieyu garrison shooting to kill about 20 Vietnamese refugees on March 7, 1976]. 監察院全球資訊網 (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Taipei: Control Yuan Gazette. Retrieved 12 March 2023.
  23. ^ Wu, Nian-tsai (18 November 2005). "解開禁區" [Deciphor the Forbidden Areas]. Kinmen Daily News (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Kinmen. Retrieved 7 August 2022.
  24. ^ a b c Guan Ren-jian (7 March 2008). "國軍屠殺越南難民的三七事件" [ROC Army Massacre Vietnamese Refugees in March Incident] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). PChome News. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
  25. ^ a b Huang, Pei-hsuan; Zhang, Hui-Hsuan (4 September 2020). "前線中的前線 走讀神秘軍事要地大膽島，與二膽島文學小說《胡神》" [Read the novel "Hushen" of the mysterious military point Dadan and Erdan islands on the frontline of the frontline]. Smile Taiwan (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Taipei: CommonWealth Magazine. Retrieved 12 March 2023.
  26. ^ ROC Office of the President (1 May 1958). "Collection of President Chiang Ching-kuo". 中美關係 (九) 忠勤檔案 [ROC-US Relation, Part IX: Zhong-Chin Dossier] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Vol. 63. Taipei. Retrieved 2 February 2021 – via Academia Historica, Digital Collection: 005-010100-00063-001. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  27. ^ Chen Wei-ting (21 February 2016). "電文解密 ... 1970年代 美阻我兩波核武發展" [Telegram Decryption ... US Blocked 2 Tides of Nuclear Weapon Development in 1970s] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). United Daily News. Archived from the original on 6 May 2016. Retrieved 13 May 2021.
  28. ^ "【台灣演義】台灣核子秘辛" [The Nuclear Secret in Taiwan History] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Formosa Television. 20 June 2016. Retrieved 13 May 2021.
  29. ^ 呂捷; 張齡予 (17 January 2021). "台核武機密保衛戰..揭新竹計畫若成功台灣國防能力就不一樣？" [The Defense War of Taiwan's Nuclear Weapons Secret ... Once Hsinchu Project Succeeded, Would Taiwan's National Defense Capability Be Different?] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). SET News. Retrieved 13 May 2021.
  30. ^ 馬西屏; 劉燦榮 (23 December 2016). "最後一秒老美帶走「已完成的8顆核彈」 失敗新竹計劃讓老蔣含恨" [Americans Took Away "8 Completed Nuclear Bombs"; Failed Hsinchu Project Left Chiang Sr. in Pity] (in Traditional Chinese). Crucial Time, Eastern Broadcasting Company. Retrieved 13 May 2021.
  31. ^ Sui, Cindy (18 May 2017). "The man who helped prevent a nuclear crisis". BBC News. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
  32. ^ Chen, Yi-shen (8 January 2017). "張憲義：我沒有背叛台灣 我背叛的是郝柏村" [Chang Hsien-yi: I didn't betray Taiwan; I betrayed Hau Pei-tsun] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Storm Media Group. Retrieved 8 January 2017.
  33. ^ Hsu, Ming-rong (17 January 2005). "張叛逃後 我迅速掌握行蹤" [We quickly grasped Chang's whereabouts after his defection] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Taipei: Liberty Times. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
  34. ^ 金門城武 (4 June 2021). "【金門日曆】東崗事件① 強行登岸者格殺勿論！" [Kinmen Calendar – Donggang Incident – Kill All the Forcibly Landed With No Exception!] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). 忽悠旅社. Retrieved 12 October 2021.
  35. ^ United States. War Department. (1946). Service of the piece, 8-inch gun M1 and 240-MM howitzer M1. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Publishing Office. Retrieved 31 August 2021.
  36. ^ 60砲的部落格 (11 April 2018). "M1 240榴砲(砲兵口述歷史)" [M1 240 howitzer (artilleryman's oral history)] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Pixnet. Retrieved 31 August 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  37. ^ a b Kinmen Tribe (4 July 2010). "東崗右側海濱" [West Wing of Donggang Shore] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Lieyu. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
  38. ^ a b Yenshi Scholar (22 May 2019). "【金門三七事件】台版「平庸的邪惡」：你有不開槍的勇氣嗎？ – 重大歷史懸疑案件調查辦公室" [Taiwanese version of the "Banality of Evil": Do you have the courage not to shoot?] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). the Office of Historical Suspense Investigation and Research. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
  39. ^ Win Zen (11 August 2012). "東崗據點與東崗事件" [Donggang Fort and Incident] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Kinmen. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
  40. ^ Lu, Xia-zhen (26 September 2008). "東崗三七事件" [March 7 Incident at Donggang] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Kinmen. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
  41. ^ a b c Chiu Tsai-wei (13 July 2022). "「三七事件」金門守軍涉槍殺越南難民 監委促提非常上訴" [Kinmen troops involved in the shooting against Vietnamese refugees, Control Yuan members urges the Ministry of Justice to put forward a critical appeal] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Taipei: United Daily News. Retrieved 7 August 2022.
  42. ^ 曾國華 (7 September 2022). "國軍槍殺越南難民黑歷史(二)血染東崗 一場怵目驚心的槍殺過程" [The dark history of ROC Army killing Vietnamese refugees, Part III: Bloody Donggang, A shocking shooting process] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Taipei: Radio Taiwan International. Retrieved 10 October 2022.
  43. ^ a b c d e f "台灣大搜索／誤殺三難民怎交代？ 軍旅長做決定！" [Grand Taiwan Research: How to explain the Mistaken killing of 3 refugees? The brigade commander made the decision] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Taipei: CTi News. 4 August 2013. Retrieved 7 August 2022 – via Youtube.
  44. ^ Hao Guang-tsai (18 March 2016). "背對太陽就看見自己的陰影！" [Seeing One's Own Shadow When Turning Back of Sun] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). CTV. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
  45. ^ Taconet (12 November 2012). "L-05據點" [Fort L-05] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Kinmen: Lieyu Observation Notes. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
  46. ^ Kuan, Ren-jian (1 September 2011). 你不知道的台灣 國軍故事 [The Taiwan you don't know: Stories of ROC Arm Forces] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). New Taipei City: Cosmax Publishing Co. ISBN 9789576636493. Retrieved 30 October 2022.
  47. ^ Yung-yuan, "Related reportage entries on March 7 Incident"《三七事件相關報導》clipping data, Bahamut, 15 November 2015
  48. ^ 陸軍野戰砲兵; 精誠連大帥 (9 April 2011). "中籤參加國軍329體能戰技好漢們集合" (in Chinese (Taiwan)). 後備軍友俱樂部 演訓回憶. Retrieved 7 September 2021.
  49. ^ a b Major-general Yu Bei-chen (3 May 2020). "將軍晚點名0503#大時代故事#三七事件#前線東崗" [Polaris telling stories] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). General Late Calls. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
  50. ^ "摧枯拉朽--看東崗排雷" [Review on the destruction of Donggang demining] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Kinmen: Taconet. 21 August 2011. Retrieved 26 September 2022.
  51. ^ Chen, Yong-da (2 July 2022). "<金門>東崗事件" [<Kinmen> Donggang Incident] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Kinmen. Retrieved 21 September 2022 – via Youtube.
  52. ^ Hong Bo-xue (14 December 2015). "有了藍綠，台灣才永續生存" [With Blue and Green, Taiwan can survive forever]. Taiwan People News (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Retrieved 27 March 2022.
  53. ^ a b c Gao, Ling-yun (8 March 2022). "【東崗慘案疑雲／上】國軍得獎劇本「改編」惹議：小金門當年誰下令射殺難民" [Donggang Massacre Suspicion / Part I: The "Adaptation" of the ROC military award-winning script provoked controversies: Who ordered the shooting to kill the refugees in Lesser Kinmen] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). New Taipei City: United Daily News. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
  54. ^ Guang Tang (8 November 2010). "金門37慘案─國軍「美萊村事件」" [March 7 Incident in Kinmen – ROC Army version of My Lai Massacre] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Taiwan Tati Cultural And Educational Foundation. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
  55. ^ Xiao Shun-fa (16 April 2019). "東崗37事件回顧" [Recall of Donggong 37 Incident]. YouTube (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Retrieved 27 March 2022.(Final resting place at the third scene under training wall)
  56. ^ Zheng Jing; Cheng Nan-jung; Ye Xiangzhi; Xu Manqing (13 June 1987). 金門守軍殺人事件 [Shocking inside story of the Kinmen Military Murder Case] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Taipei: Freedom Era Weekly, Ver 175-176.
  57. ^ Wen Hsian-shen (15 July 1989). "大陸民主鬥士，非請莫入" [No Entrance without Invitation for Mainland Democracy Fighters]. Global Views Monthly《遠見雜誌》 (in Chinese (Taiwan)) (Vol.38). {{cite journal}}: |issue= has extra text (help) Aug. 1989
  58. ^ Cheng Nan-jung (13 August 1988). "奮起，莫讓軍方成為最後仲裁者" [Courage! Don't let the Military become the Final Arbiter!] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Freedom Era Weekly, Ver. 237. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
  59. ^ Palm777 (19 July 2013). "Re: 張友驊怒告國防部 網友封驊英雄" [You-hua Chang Sues Ministry of National Defense; Netizens Call Him A Hero] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). 卡提諾論壇. Retrieved 13 September 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  60. ^ "Little Kinmen Hujingtou Battle Museum". Kinmen: Foreigners In Taiwan. 12 March 2019. Retrieved 23 September 2022.
  61. ^ Chen, Rong-ru (31 May 2004). FAPA and Congress Diplomacy (1982~1995) (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Taipei: Avanguard Publishing House. ISBN 957-801-436-8 – via Red Ants Books Co.
  62. ^ Pakhomov, Oleg (2022). "Chapter 6". The Political Culture of East Asia: A Civilization of Total Power. Singapore: Springer Publishing. p. 90. doi:10.1007/978-981-19-0778-4. ISBN 9789811907784. S2CID 247494388. Retrieved 17 September 2022.
  63. ^ ROC Ministry of Justice (14 July 1987). "臺灣地區解嚴令" [Decree to Lift the Martial Law in Taiwan region] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Taipei: Laws & Regulations Database of the Republic of China. Retrieved 7 September 2021.
  64. ^ a b Legislative Yuan (5 November 1992). "金門、馬祖地區戰地政務實驗辦法" [Experimental Measures for the War Zone Administration in Kinmen and Matsu regions] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Taipei: Root Law. Retrieved 7 September 2021.
  65. ^ Art. 3, <Act on the Security and Assistance for Kinmen, Matsu, Pratas, and Spratly Islands> (金門馬祖東沙南沙地區安全及輔導條例), version in effect from 7 November 1992, to 12 May 1994. "《世紀金門百年輝煌》Centenary Anniversary Archive of Founding the Kinmen County". Special Monthly Edition of Kinmen Daily News (in Chinese (Taiwan)). 29 September 2014. Retrieved 9 August 2019.
  66. ^ "開放兩岸探親" [Open for cross-strait family visits] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Preparatory Committee of the Centennial Birthday Commemoration of President Jiang Guo. 1 July 2015. Retrieved 1 May 2016.
  67. ^ He, Hao-yi (13 July 2022). "20越難民遭槍殺／受電視啟發 監委重啟調查三七事件" [20 Vietnamese refugees were shot dead: The Control Yuan member re-launches the investigation on the March 7 incident] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Taipei: Scoop Weekly Taiwan. Retrieved 7 August 2022.
  68. ^ Liu, Wen-hsiao (3 November 2019). "金防部司令談東岡事件" [Kinmen Defense Commander talks on the Donggang Incident] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Wings of China film database. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
  69. ^ Guan Ren-jian (29 July 2013). "你不知道的國軍「潛規則」" [The Unspoken Army Rules You Don't Know]. Digital Newspaper Network (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Retrieved 27 March 2022.
  70. ^ Zhou, Li-hsing (30 March 2016). "趙萬富上將公祭 吳副總統頒授褒揚令" [Public Ceremony for General Chao Wanfu with Vice President Wu Issuing the Commendation Order] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Taipei: Military News Agency. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
  71. ^ President Ma Ying-jeou (25 March 2016). "華總二榮字第10500024700號" [Commendation Decree: Hua Zong 2 Rong No. 10500024700] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Office of the President of the Republic of China. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
  72. ^ "陸軍二級上將趙萬富" [Chao, Wan-fu, Army General]. New Taipei City: Republic of China Military Cemetery Administration, All-Out Defense Mobilization Agency, Ministry of National Defense. Retrieved 5 September 2022.
  73. ^ Liu, Wen-xiao (20 May 2007). 兵器戰術圖解第 32-38 期：小金門東崗慘案20週年特別報導 [Special Reportage of 20th Memorial of Donggang Massacre in Little Quemoy, "WPN Tactics Illustration", Ver. 32-38] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Taipei: Wings of China Publication.
  74. ^ Li, Jing-sheng (23 January 2018). "小金門南山頭四營區開放 老營長、排長感性談往事" [Old Battalion Commander and Platoon Commander talk about the past in sensation as four Nanshantou camps are open to public] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Lieyu: China Times. Retrieved 20 February 2022.
  75. ^ a b Liao, Nianhan (19 July 2020). "觀點投書：與「斗內將軍」于北辰談金門「東崗慘案」" [<Reader's Opinion> Talk with General Yu Bei-chen about the Donggang Massacre in Kinmen] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Retrieved 20 February 2022 – via Storm Media.
  76. ^ Gao, Ling-yun (8 March 2022). "【東崗慘案疑雲／下】小金門當年事件連長否認船靠岸繼續槍殺 文史工作者反駁" [Donggang Massacre Suspicion / Part III: The company commander involved in the Lesser Kinmen incident denied that the ship docked and continuing to shoot to kill, but the historian writers refute] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). New Taipei City: United Daily News. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
  77. ^ "歷史悲劇/大陸偷渡風雲 從生命慘劇到金馬人道遣返" [Historical Tragedy: Smuggling stories in Mainland China - From the life tragedies to the humanitarian repatriation in Kinmen and Matsu]. 海西晨報 (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Xiamen. 21 June 2013. Retrieved 20 September 2022 – via Matsu Daily News.
  78. ^ Weng, Bi-lian (11 September 2010). "《金門協議20周年專題報導》金門協議突破兩岸對峙僵局" [<Special reportage on the 20th anniversary of the Kinmen Agreement> The agreement broke through the standoff impasse] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Kinmen. Retrieved 20 September 2022.
  79. ^ Hsu, Ji-ling (1 December 2015). 海岸巡防總局沿革史 [History of the Coast Guard Administration] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). New Taipei City: Kinmen-Matsu-Penghu Branch, Coast Guard Administration. Retrieved 21 September 2022 – via Government Publication Information, Ministry of Culture (Taiwan).
  80. ^ "緣起與發展沿革" [The origin and development history] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Tamsui District: Fleet Branch Coast Guard Administration, Ocean Affairs Council. 15 January 2019. Retrieved 21 September 2022.
  81. ^ Chiu, Yi-ling; Wang, Hsi (21 March 2019). "敘利亞庫德族在台灣島上的困境" [The Plight of Syrian Kurds on Taiwan Island] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). News Center, Public Television Service. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
  82. ^ BBC News (4 September 2019). "黃之鋒訪台 台灣對訂立難民法及政治庇護仍持保留態度" [Taiwan still Retain the Reserve Attitude from Enacting the Refugee Law and the Asylum Policy upon Joshua Wong's visit]. BBC News 中文 (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Retrieved 13 May 2021.
  83. ^ "協助接納阿富汗難民？外交部：我國尚未制定「難民法」 會在能力範圍內提供援助" [Will we Assisting in accepting Afghan refugees? Ministry of Foreign Affairs: "ROC has not enacted the <Refugee Law> yet, but will provide the support within our capability"]. Apple Daily (Taiwan) (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Taipei. 26 August 2021. Retrieved 12 October 2021.
  84. ^ Liu, De-hsun (22 January 2008). "我應積極推動「難民法」立法 落實人權立國理念" [We Should Promote the Refugee Law Legislation to Implement National Concept of Human Rights] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Taipei. Mainland Affairs Council, Legislative Yuan. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
  85. ^ a b Foreign and National Defense Committee (3 October 2018). "會議隨選" [Meeting Recording Selection] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Taipei: Multi-media Selection Video System, Meeting Broadcast IVOD Network, Legislative Yuan. Retrieved 7 September 2021.
  86. ^ a b Lim, Freddy; Teh-fa, Yen (3 October 2018). "立法院公報第107卷第81期委員會紀錄立法院第9屆第6會期外交及國防委員會第3次全體委員會議紀錄" [The Third Committee Meeting Minute, Foreign and National Defense Committee, Sixth Session, Ninth period, Gazette of the Legislative] (PDF) (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Taipei: Gazette of the Legislative Yuan, Vol. 107, Issue 81. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 December 2021. Retrieved 7 September 2021.
  87. ^ Theresa Chu [in Chinese] (30 March 2010). "台灣國際新頁：推動「國際人權五法」立法" [A New Page of Taiwan: Promoting the Legislation of Five International Human Rights Law] (PDF) (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Taiwan New Century Foundation. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
  88. ^ Everington, Keoni (4 October 2021). "Round 3 of Anonymous hack of China site uses image of Taiwan president" (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Taipei: Taiwan News. Retrieved 30 October 2022.
  89. ^ Jian, Tian-lu (2020). 胡神: 浯島文學獎小說組首獎作品輯. 2019第16屆 [Collection of Hushen works: First Prize in the Novel Category of the Wudao Literature Award] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Kinmen: Cultural Affairs Bureau of Kinmen County. ISBN 9789865428525. Retrieved 7 September 2021 – via National Central Library, ISBN Agency in Taiwan.
  90. ^ Bureau of Audiovisual and Music Industry Development (25 August 2020). "第42屆優良電影劇本獎獲獎名單揭曉 入圍作品題材多元競爭激烈" [Winner List of the 42nd Excellent Screenplay Awards Is Announced with Fierce Competition among the Diversified Topics of Shortlisted Works] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Taipei: ROC Ministry of Culture. Retrieved 9 September 2021.
  91. ^ 傅家妤 (22 August 2020). "入圍10次 ... 等25年終於得獎！42屆優良劇本首獎得主：我騷擾了身邊所有人！" [Finally Won the Prize After Shortlisting 10 Times in 25 Years! The Winner of the Top Prize of 42nd Selection of Excellent Screenplays: "I Provoked Everyone!"] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Taipei: ETtoday News. Retrieved 9 September 2021.
  92. ^ "戰地殺人" [Battleground Massacre] (in Chinese (China)). Douban. 2018. Retrieved 12 September 2021.
  93. ^ 朱國珍 (25 February 2022). "S2E15與國軍文藝金像獎得主周宜慶上校談劇本《老翟》(上)" [Talking with the Military Literature Award Winner, Colonel Yi-ching Zhou on the <Lao Dzai> script, Part I]. 珍正好時光 (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Taipei: Voice of Han. Retrieved 27 March 2022 – via SoundOn.
  94. ^ 朱國珍 (25 February 2022). "S2E16與國軍文藝金像獎得主周宜慶談劇本《老翟》(下)" [Talking with the Military Literature Award Winner, Colonel Yi-ching Zhou on the <Lao Dzai> script, Part II]. 珍正好時光 (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Taipei: Voice of Han. Retrieved 27 March 2022 – via Apple Podcasts.
  95. ^ Luo, Yi-ting (29 November 2021). "【國軍第55屆文藝金像獎】多元創作宣揚國軍守護家園信念" [55th ROCAF Literature Awards: Diversified Creativity Promotes the Faith of Republic of China Armed Forces in Protecting the Homeland] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Taipei: Youth Daily News. Retrieved 8 February 2022.

Further reading

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1987_Lieyu_massacre&oldid=1186393301"