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Notable commerçant, meaning "prestigious firm," "distinguished merchant," or "reputable firm" in French, was a government-recognized title established in 1848 during the French Second Republic (1848–1852) and continued during the Second Empire (1852–1870) and Third Republic (1870–1940). This designation highlighted prominent merchants or businesses and played a significant role in the civic and commercial governance of France. Unlike royal patronage systems, the notable merchant system emphasized peer-based recognition and civic responsibility, reflecting the republican ideals of post-revolutionary France.

Historical Context

It replaced systems tied to royal favor with one based on local governance and community influence. Notable merchants were integral to elections in Tribunaux de Commerce (Commercial Courts) and served in Chambres de Commerce (Chambers of Commerce). The system functioned as a blend of meritocracy and public service, enhancing commercial regulation and infrastructure.

Role and Responsibilities

1. Commercial Courts (Tribunaux de Commerce):
Notable merchants participated in the election of judges and court officers who oversaw trade disputes and commercial law. Their duties included:
• Voting on the president of the tribunal, judges, and alternates.
• Participating in assemblies with structured election processes, including:

• Formation of provisional leadership based on seniority.
• Election of permanent leadership and officials by absolute majority.

• Ensuring transparency by submitting election records to local prefectures.
2. Chambers of Commerce (Chambres de Commerce):
Chambers of Commerce focused on economic advocacy and infrastructure development. Notable merchants:
• Represented local business interests in regional policy-making.
• Worked to improve trade infrastructure, such as ports and transportation networks.
• Advised governments on economic matters.

Organization and Selection

Regional Allocation:

The distinction was organized regionally, with commercial courts overseeing the designation and activities of notable commerçants.

France: One court per département

1. Department de la Seine (Department of the Seine): Tribunal de commerce du département de la Seine (Commercial Court of the Department of the Seine).
2. Département de la Côte-d'Or (Department of the Côte-d'Or): Tribunal de commerce du département de la Côte-d'Or (Commercial Court of the Department of the Côte-d'Or).
3. Department du Cher (Department of Cher): Tribunal de commerce du département du Cher (Commercial Court of the Department of Cher).
4. Département de la Loire (Department of Loire) Tribunal de commerce du département de la Loire (Commercial Court of the Department of the Loire).
1. Chambre de Commerce de Saint-Étienne

French Algeria: Courts were organized by regions

5. Philippeville (now known as Skikda) was part of France in the 19th century. It was a colonial settlement established by the French during their occupation of Algeria. The French colonized Algeria in 1830, and Philippeville was founded in 1838 near the ancient Roman city of Rusicade. Under French rule, Algeria was not considered a colony in the traditional sense but rather an integral part of France, divided into administrative départements similar to those in mainland France. Philippeville was located in the Constantine département. This arrangement lasted until Algeria's independence in 1962 following the Algerian War of Independence.
6. Department of Bône (now known as Annaba) is a coastal city in modern-day Algeria. In the 19th century, during the French colonization of Algeria, Bône was part of French Algeria, much like Philippeville. It was an important administrative and economic center under French rule.
7. Department of Oran was a key colonial outpost and a center for Mediterranean trade. Designated Notable Merchants reflected France's emphasis on the economic development of this particular colony, particularly with respect to resource extraction and trade.

   Les notables commerçants du département d'Oran, Algérie [Notable Merchants of the Department of Oran, Algeria]. Tribunal de commerce d'Alger [Commercial Court of Algeria].

8. Department of Constantine – a city today – was, in 1837, captured by the French after a challenging campaign that marked a significant step in their colonization of Algeria. Under French rule, Constantine became the administrative center of the Constantine Département, one of the three main départements of French Algeria, alongside Algiers and Oran. The city flourished as a center for agriculture, trade, and administration. Its unique geography, perched on a plateau surrounded by deep gorges, made it a natural fortress and a visually stunning location.

French Colonies: Similar systems existed in regions

9. Région de Tananarive, District de Tananarive, Madagascar

Selection Process:

The list of notable merchants was approved by the Minister of the Interior, Agriculture, and Commerce. Criteria for inclusion included:

• Economic prominence.
• Reputation for integrity and public service.
• Community influence.

Impact on Commerce

The notable merchant system fostered competition and decentralized power:

• Competition: Multiple merchants could gain recognition in the same trade, promoting better services and innovation.
• Public Service: Merchants’ civic responsibilities ensured fair governance and accessible commercial infrastructure.
• Decentralization: The system reduced reliance on monopolistic royal patronage, encouraging local and regional self-governance.

Comparison of Com­mer­cial Courts and Cham­bers of Com­merce in France: The Role of No­ta­ble Mer­chants (1848–Early 20th Cen­tu­ry)
Aspect	Trib­unaux de Com­merce (Com­mer­cial Courts)	Cham­bres de Com­merce
Pur­pose	Legal ad­judi­cation of trade dis­putes	Advocacy and eco­nomic de­velop­ment
Scope	One per dé­parte­ment or re­gion	Multi­ple per dé­parte­ment, de­pend­ing on size
Role of mer­chants	Elect ju­dicial of­ficials	Advise gov­ern­ments and rep­re­sent busi­ness­es
Focus	Ju­dicial fair­ness and peer-based rul­ings	Trade pro­motion and in­fra­struc­ture

Département de la Seine:

In the 1852 Decree of March 2, Jean-Jacques Berger, Prefect of the Seine, outlined the responsibilities of notable merchants in electing court officials. Merchants assembled at the Paris Stock Exchange to elect judges and court officers through structured voting protocols.

French Algeria:

In regions like Oran, Constantine, and Algiers, notable merchants participated in elections for commercial courts and contributed to the governance of local commerce.

Significance

Unlike royal monopolies that centralized economic recognition, the notable merchant system introduced a republican approach to commercial governance. It fostered economic pluralism, encouraged public service, and integrated commerce into the legal and administrative frameworks of France and its colonies. The system underscored the shift from hereditary privilege to meritocratic participation, aligning with the ideals of the French Revolution and its aftermath.

Directories listing Notable Merchants (1848–early 20th century)

France: Paris

1. Designees identified with the symbol  NC ^ᵀ 
   1. 1848 (11th ed.): Annuaire-almanach du commerce de l’industrie, de la magistrature et de l’administration, ou almanach des 500,000 adresses, de Paris, des départements et des pays étrangers, classées 1° par ordre alphabétique ; — 2° par rues et numéros ; — 3° par professions (11ᵉ année de la publication). Paris: Publié par Firmin Didot Frères [Firmin Didot Brothers] (1838–1856): Ambroise Firmin Didot (1790–1876) and Hyacinthe Firmin Didot (1794–1880).
   2. 1908 (111th ed. final publication): Annuaire-almanach du commerce, de l’industrie, de la magistrature et de l’administration, ou almanach des 1,500,000 adresses de Paris, des départements et des pays étrangers (111ᵉ année de la publication). Paris: Firmin Didot et Bottin Réunis [Firmin Didot and Bottin, United].

New (end)

Notable commerçant – meaning "prestigious firm," "distinguished merchant," or "reputable firm" in French – was a government recognition established in 1848 during the French Second Republic (1848–1852). This distinction continued to play a prominent role under the Second Empire (1852–1870) and flourished during the Third Republic (1870–1940). The designation, organized regionally, highlighted prominent merchants or businesses and was tied to civic and commercial responsibilities rather than royal patronage. For example, notable merchants were integral to the electoral process for positions in French Tribunaux de Commerce (Commercial Courts).

Organization and Purpose

The Notable commerçant designation was formalized through decrees, such as – for the Department of the Seine – the Decree of March 2, 1852, which outlined its role in the administration of commercial courts. Recipients of this title participated in civic duties, including electing judges and officers for commercial courts. A renewal decree issued on May 28, 1852, by Jean-Jacques Berger (1790–1859), Prefect of the Seine, detailed the responsibilities of notable commerçants in the Department of the Seine, including convening assemblies, voting for court officials, and documenting the proceedings for the prefecture.

The Prefect's decree mandated specific procedures, such as:

• Assembling at the Stock Exchange to elect court officials.
• Voting by absolute majority using individual and list ballots.
• Forming provisional and definitive offices during the electoral process.
• Filing detailed minutes with the prefecture upon completion.

This civic role underscored the integration of commerce into the legal and administrative fabric of France during the mid-19th century.

Regional Allocation

The distinction was organized regionally, with commercial courts overseeing the designation and activities of notable commerçants. Examples include:

1. Département d'Oran, Algérie (Department of Oran, Algeria): Tribunal de commerce d'Alger (Commercial Court of Algeria).
2. Department de la Seine (Department of the Seine): Tribunal de commerce du département de la Seine (Commercial Court of the Department of the Seine).
3. Département de la Côte-d'Or (Department of the Côte-d'Or): Tribunal de commerce du département de la Côte-d'Or (Commercial Court of the Department of the Côte-d'Or).
4. Department du Cher (Department of Cher): Tribunal de commerce du département du Cher (Commercial Court of the Department of Cher).
5. Région de Tananarive, District de Tananarive, Madagascar

Main article: Prefectures in France

Main article: Departments of France

Historical Context

Unlike court suppliers or royal patronage systems that symbolized favor under monarchies, the notable commerçant system reflected a more institutional approach to recognizing commercial prestige. It also played a functional role in the governance and organization of commerce through the judicial system. The integration of this recognition into commercial court elections highlights its administrative significance.

Old

Notable commerçant  NC ^ᵀ  (French for prestigious firm or distinguished merchant or reputable firm) was a special recognition from the French government that began in 1848, during the French Second Republic (1848–1852), and flourished through the Third Republic (1870–1940), which of course could not appoint court suppliers. see Worth (modehuis). The directory Almanac Bottin identified designees with the symbol  NC ^ᵀ . (See "Explantation des signes et abréviations" n.p.).

The distinction was determined regionally:

• Les notables commerçants du Départements [Notable Merchants of the Departments]:

1. D'Oran, Algérie [The Department of Oran, Algeria]. Tribunal de commerce d'Alger [Commercial Court of Algeria].
2. De la Seine [The Seine Department]. Tribunal de commerce du département de la Seine [Commercial Court of the Department of Seine].
3. De la Côte-d'Or [The Côte-d'Or Department]. Tribunal de commerce du département de la Côte-d'Or [Commercial Court of the Department of Côte-d'Or].
4. Du Cher [The Cher Department].

Structure

1. Commercial Courts (Tribunaux de Commerce)

Organizational Basis

• There was typically one Commercial Court per département in France. This centralization made sense because the courts were judicial institutions meant to cover legal disputes over a broader geographical and economic area.

• In Algeria, during French colonization, the equivalent organizational unit might have been by region rather than individual cities, as Algeria was divided into fewer administrative units than France proper.

Purpose and Scope

• These courts handled disputes between merchants, traders, and industrialists within their jurisdiction.

• Their central focus on judicial matters meant that they did not need to proliferate across every city or town, as the volume of trade disputes did not warrant multiple courts per département.

2. Chambers of Commerce (Chambres de Commerce)

Organizational Basis

• Unlike Commercial Courts, Chambers of Commerce were more flexible and localized. A département could have several Chambers of Commerce, especially in areas with multiple economically significant towns or cities.

• Chambers were established in towns that met specific size and economic activity criteria, reflecting the presence of a sufficiently vibrant business community.

Purpose and Scope

• Their role was advisory and promotional, aimed at supporting local trade and industry, advising government policies, and developing infrastructure.

• Since their purpose was to advocate for local commercial interests, having multiple chambers in larger départements with several economic hubs was logical.

Algeria's Adaptation

• In colonial Algeria, where the administrative structure mirrored that of France, the arrangement likely followed a similar pattern:

• One Commercial Court per region: For instance, Constantine, Oran, and Algiers (the main administrative and economic centers) had their own courts to manage legal disputes across their regions.

• Multiple Chambers of Commerce: Larger towns like Philippeville (Skikda), Bône (Annaba), and Oran might each have had their own chamber if they met the criteria for local economic significance.

Summary

• Commercial Courts: One per département (or region in Algeria), centralized to ensure legal uniformity and adequate oversight.

• Chambers of Commerce: Multiple per département, as many as necessary based on the size and economic activity of towns.

This structure reflects the different purposes of these institutions:

• Commercial Courts needed centralized authority for consistent legal adjudication.
• Chambers of Commerce needed local representation to address the unique commercial needs of individual towns.

Key Features of the Organization

1. Role of Notable Merchants:

The notables commerçants (notable merchants) were central to the selection of judicial officials for the tribunal. Their list was approved by the Minister of the Interior, Agriculture, and Commerce, indicating that being a "notable merchant" required both local recognition and governmental approval. These merchants represented the elite of the business community, chosen based on their reputation, experience, and standing within the département.

2. Electoral Process:

• The notable merchants gathered in a formal assembly to vote on the appointments of:

• President of the tribunal (for two years).
• Judges (five for two years, five for one year).
• Alternate judges (suppléans) (eight for two years, eight for one year).

• The election process was highly structured:

• Provisional leadership was chosen based on seniority (oldest merchant presiding, next three oldest as scrutinators, youngest as secretary).
• Permanent leadership (president, secretary, and scrutinators) was selected via individual ballots.

• All voting was conducted by absolute majority and followed strict protocols, including the use of ballot boxes and a defined number of rounds.

3. Oversight and Formality:

• A delegated official from the Prefecture oversaw the initial organization of the assembly, ensuring compliance with regulations, but then withdrew to maintain the independence of the voting process.
• The results of the elections were formally recorded in minutes (procès-verbaux) and submitted to the Prefecture for documentation and transparency.

4. Publicity and Transparency:

• The list of notable merchants and the decree governing the election process were printed and publicly posted, particularly at the stock exchange (Bourse) and the tribunal itself. This ensured that the process was open and visible to the business community.

Differences Between Tribunaux de Commerce and Chambres de Commerce:

Tribunaux de Commerce (Commercial Courts):

• Judicial Focus: The notable merchants were directly involved in the election of judges and officials responsible for adjudicating trade disputes.
• Legal Independence: The assembly's independence was emphasized, with government oversight limited to organizing and approving the process, not interfering in outcomes.
• Formal Governance: The entire process was structured like a judicial election, with rules for majority voting, appeals, and documented results.

Chambres de Commerce (Chambers of Commerce):

• Economic Advocacy: Chambers were more about advising local government and promoting trade, infrastructure, and business development.
• Broader Representation: While notable merchants were important, the Chambers likely represented a wider variety of economic stakeholders, not just those involved in judicial functions.
• Focus on Policy: Their activities centered on economic policies rather than legal adjudication.

What Does This Reveal About the Notable Merchants?

Dual Role: Notable merchants served as representatives of their peers in both economic advocacy (Chambers of Commerce) and legal oversight (Commercial Courts). Selection Criteria: They were chosen for their reputation, expertise, and leadership in commerce. In the courts, their role was to ensure that legal decisions were made by those familiar with commercial practices, not professional jurists. Government Involvement: While the government had a hand in approving the list of notables, the system emphasized peer-based decision-making and democratic processes within the commercial elite.

Article

Préfecture de la Seine.

Renouvellement du (Exécution du décret du 2 mars 1852.) Nous, préfet du département de la Seine,

Vu : le décret du 2 mars 1852 ;

du 2ᵉ  Les articles 618, 619, 620, 621, 622, 623 du livre IV, titre 1ᵉʳ du Code de commerce, relatifs à l'organisation des tribunaux de commerce ;

3ᵉ  La liste des notables commerçants du département de la Seine, approuvée par M. le ministre de l'Intérieur, de l'agriculture et du commerce,

Arrêtons :

Art. 1ᵉʳ Les notables commerçans, dont la liste est annexée au présent arrêté, s'assembleront dans l'une des salles de la Bourse, le 9 juin prochain et jours sui-vans, à neuf heures du matin, à l'effet de procéder à l'élection du président, des juges et des juges suppléans du tribunal de commerce.

Art. 2. Il sera, en conséquence, adressé à chacun desdits notables une lettre de convocation 'pour qu'il se rende à l'assemblée au lieu et au jour fixés par l'article précédent.

Art. 3. L'assemblée s'ouvrira le 9 juin, en présence d'un fonctionnaire délégué par nous à cet effet.

Art. 4. Elle constituera son bureau provisoire en désignant, parmi les membres présens , le doyen d'âge pour président, les trois commerçans les plus âgés après lui pour scrutateurs, et le plus jeune pour secrétaire.

Art. 5. Immédiatement après la formation du bureau provisoire, et lorsque le fonctionnaire délégué se sera retiré, l'assemblée procédera simultanément à la nomination des membres du bureau définitif, savoir du président et du secrétaire, par la voie du scrutin individuel, et des trois scrutateurs par la voie du scrutin de liste simple.

Art. 6. À cet effet, il y aura sur le bureau trois boites destinées à recevoir : la première, les votes pour la nomination du président ; la deuxième, les votes pour la nomination du secrétaire et la troisième, les votes pour la nomination des trois scrutateurs.

Art. 7. Le bureau définitif s'étant installé, l'assemblée procédera, aux termes de l'art. 22 du Code de commerce, au. choix du président du tribunal pour deux ans, au choix de cinq juges pour deux ans, et de cinq juges pour un an ; au choix-de huit juges suppléans pour deux ans, et de huit juges suppléans pour un an.

Art. 8. Toutes les nominations se feront au scrutin individuel et à la majorité absolue des suffrages.

Art. 9. Il y aura, par chaque tour de scrutin, un appel et un rappel, après quoi le président déclarera le scrutin fermé.

Art. 10. L'assemblée ayant terminé ses élections, les procès-verbaux des opérations seront déposés par le président à la préfecture de la Seine.

Art. 11. Le présent arrêté sera imprimé et affiché, ainsi que la liste des notables commercans, dans l'étendue de la ville de Paris, et notamment à la Bourse et au tribunal de commerce.

Fait à Paris, le 28 mai 1852.

Le préfet de la Seine, Berger.

Par le préfet :

le secrétaire général de la préfecture,  Ch Merruau.

Translated

Charles Denis Joseph Merruau (1807–1882)

Renewal of the (Execution of the decree of March 2, 1852.)

We, Prefect of the Department of the Seine,

Having seen: the decree of March 2, 1852;

of 2nd Articles 618, 619, 620, 621, 622, 623 of Book IV, Title 1 of the Commercial Code, relating to the organization of commercial courts;

3rd The list of notable merchants of the Department of the Seine, approved by the Minister of the Interior, Agriculture and Commerce,

We decree:

Article N°	Description
1:	The notable merchants, whose list is annexed to this decree, will assemble in one of the rooms of the Stock Exchange, on June 9th and the following days, at nine o'clock in the morning, for the purpose of proceeding with the election of the president, judges and substitute judges of the commercial court.
2:	A letter of convocation will therefore be sent to each of the said notables so that he may attend the meeting at the place and on the day fixed by the preceding article.
3:	The meeting will open on June 9th, in the presence of an official delegated by us for this purpose.
4:	It will constitute its provisional office by designating, from among the members present, the oldest member as president, the three oldest merchants after him as scrutineers, and the youngest as secretary.
5:	Immediately after the formation of the provisional office, and when the delegated official has withdrawn, the assembly will proceed simultaneously to the appointment of the members of the definitive office, namely the president and the secretary, by individual ballot, and of the three scrutineers by simple list ballot.
6:	For this purpose, there will be three boxes on the office intended to receive: the first, the votes for the appointment of the president; the second, the votes for the secretary; and the third, the votes for the appointment of the three scrutineers.
7:	The definitive office having been installed, the assembly will proceed, in accordance with Art. 22 of the Commercial Code, to the choice of the president of the court for two years, to the choice of eight substitute judges for two years, and of eight substitute judges for one year.
8:	All appointments will be made by individual ballot and by absolute majority of votes.
9:	There will be, for each round of voting, a roll call and a recall, after which the president will declare the ballot closed.
10:	The assembly having completed its elections, the minutes of the operations will be filed by the president at the prefecture of the Seine.
11:	This decree will be printed and posted, as well as the list of notable merchants, throughout the city of Paris, and in particular at the Stock Exchange and the commercial court.

Done in Paris, May 28, 1852.

The Prefect of the Seine, Jean-Jacques Berger (1790–1859).

By the prefect:

The Secretary General of the Prefecture, Charles Denis Joseph Merruau (1807–1882).

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• (long list, here)

The prefect of the Seine, Jean-Jacques Berger (1790–1859).

Read and approved, May 26, 1852.

For the Minister of the Interior, Agriculture and Trade, the State Councilor Director
Signé [Nicolas] Heurtier (1812–1870)

Regions

Algeria

• Philippeville (now known as Skikda) was part of France in the 19th century. It was a colonial settlement established by the French during their occupation of Algeria. The French colonized Algeria in 1830, and Philippeville was founded in 1838 near the ancient Roman city of Rusicade. Under French rule, Algeria was not considered a colony in the traditional sense but rather an integral part of France, divided into administrative départements similar to those in mainland France. Philippeville was located in the Constantine département. This arrangement lasted until Algeria's independence in 1962 following the Algerian War of Independence.

• Bône (now known as Annaba) is a coastal city in modern-day Algeria. In the 19th century, during the French colonization of Algeria, Bône was part of French Algeria, much like Philippeville. It was an important administrative and economic center under French rule.

• Oran was a key colonial outpost and a center for Mediterranean trade. Designated Notable Merchants reflected France's emphasis on the economic development of this particular colony, particularly with respect to resource extraction and trade.

Les notables commerçants du département d'Oran, Algérie [Notable Merchants of the Department of Oran, Algeria]. Tribunal de commerce d'Alger [Commercial Court of Algeria].

• Constantine – a city today – was, in 1837, captured by the French after a challenging campaign that marked a significant step in their colonization of Algeria. Under French rule, Constantine became the administrative center of the Constantine Département, one of the three main départements of French Algeria, alongside Algiers and Oran. The city flourished as a center for agriculture, trade, and administration. Its unique geography, perched on a plateau surrounded by deep gorges, made it a natural fortress and a visually stunning location.

Notable commerçant de la ville de Paris

Notable commerçant de Paris

• Les notables commerçants du département de la Seine [Notable Merchants of the Seine Department]. Tribunal de commerce du département de la Seine [Commercial Court of the Department of Seine].

Seine: As the department containing Paris, the economic and political capital of France, the Seine was naturally a hub for commerce and trade. Notable merchants in this region would have played a critical role in the national economy.

• Les notables commerçants du département de la Côte-d'Or [Notable Merchants of the Côte-d'Or Department]. Tribunal de commerce du département de la Côte-d'Or [Commercial Court of the Department of Côte-d'Or].

Côte-d'Or: This department, with Dijon as its capital, was central to Burgundy's renowned wine trade. Notable Merchants, here, among other things, were prominent in exporting Burgundy wines, which were significant to the national economy.

• Les notables commerçants du département du Cher [Notable Merchants of the Cher Department]. Tribunal de commerce du département du Cher [Commercial Court of the Department of Cher].

Cher: Although less prominent than the others, Cher's capital, Bourges, was an important historical center for manufacturing and trade, particularly in textiles and agriculture. Notable Merchants in this region were distinguished for their role in regional economic activities.

Legal notes

• (1) This article was introduced by the law of March 3, 1810; the former Article 617 was worded as follows: "Each commercial court shall be composed of a presiding judge, judges, and alternates. The number of judges shall not exceed two nor eight, excluding the president. The number of alternates shall be proportional to the needs of the service. A public administration regulation shall determine, for each court, the number of judges and alternates." — The bill of March 3 contained a new system for the election of commercial court judges; however, none of the numerous articles forming this system were accepted by the legislator in 1840.

• Former Article 618 repealed by the decree of August 28, 1848: "Art. 61. The members of the commercial courts will be elected in an assembly composed of notable merchants and mainly the heads of the oldest and most recommendable houses for probity, the spirit of order and economy.

• Former Article 619 repealed by the decree of August 28, 1849: "Art. 619. The list of notables will be drawn up, on all the merchants of the district by the prefect and approved by the Minister of the Interior: their number cannot be less than twenty-five in cities where the population does not exceed fifteen thousand souls, in other cities, it must be increased at the rate of one voter per thousand souls of population."

• Former article 620 repealed by the decree of August 28, 1848: "Art. 620. Any merchant may be appointed judge or substitute, if he is 30 years old, if he has practiced trade with honor and distinction for five years. The president must be forty years old, and may only be chosen from among the oldest judges, including those who have practiced in current courts, and even former consul judges of merchants.

• Former article 621 repealed by the decree of August 28, 1848: "Art. 621. The election will be made by individual ballot, by absolute plurality of votes; and when it is a question of electing the president, the special object of this election will be announced before going to the ballot.

• (1) This article was introduced by the law of March 5, 1840. The former article 623 was worded as follows: "The president and the judges may not remain in office for more than two years, nor be re-elected after an interval of one year."

Distinguished designees

Paris

• Maison Devambez

Elsewhere

• Claude-Marie Courmes (1770–1865) was a distinguished merchant and shipowner from Grasse. He served as the mayor of Grasse from 1830 to 1835 and was elected deputy for Var from 1831 to 1834. His roles in both commerce and politics exemplify the status and influence that notable merchants could attain during that era.

• Aristide Boucicaut (1810–1877), who transformed Le Bon Marché into one of the first modern department stores. His innovative approaches to retail and employee welfare set new standards in the industry, highlighting the impact that notable merchants could have on French commerce and society.

• Édouard Devambez (1844–1923) (see Maison Devambez)

• Auguste Frédéric Anjubault (1820–1868), "mechanic-builder, notable merchant, founding member of the Société du Prince Impérial, president of a mutual aid society", created, in 1853, a company of mechanics and construction of steam engines, notably locomotives. He set up his factory, workshop and offices, at no. 4 rue Keller in the current 11th arrondissement of Paris, address where he is also domiciled.

c:Category:Auguste Anjubault

• Worth Fashion House In 1901, the house was designated as an "ancien notable commerçant" (former notable merchant). This was a special recognition from the government of the Third Republic, which, could not appoint court suppliers.

Annual

• Didot, Ambroise Firmin (1790–1876) [in French]; Didot, Hyacinthe Firmin (1794–1880) [in French], eds. (1838–1908). Annuaire-almanach du commerce, de l’industrie, de la magistrature et de l’administration, ou almanach des 1,500,000 adresses de Paris, des départements et des pays étrangers [Directory-Almanac of Commerce, Industry, the Judiciary, and Administration, or Almanac of 1,500,000 Addresses of Paris, the Departments, and Foreign Countries] (Didot-Bottin). "Avec annuaire illustré des fabricants" ["With an Illustrated Directory of Manufacturers"]. Vol. 84 (84ᵉ année de la publication, 1881). A Paris, Chez Firmin-Didot et Cⁱᵉ, imprimeurs-libraires de l'institut, rue Jacob, 56. p. 1521.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: editors list (link)

1. BnF 32698036g (1938–1956)
2. BnF 32695639f (1857–1908)
3. LCCN sf86-91914
4. ISSN 2452-7246 (BnF)
5. ISSN 1770-6890 (HathiTrust)
6. ISSN 1770-6777
8. ISSN 1770-6882 ( ...et de Annuaire général du commerce, de l'industrie, de la magistrature et de l'administration [ ... and General Directory of Commerce, Industry, Judiciary and Administration].)
9. ISSN 2610-2897 (Becomes Annuaire du commerce Didot-Bottin [Didot-Bottin Business Directory].)
10. ISSN 3040-844X (Supplement: Album illustré de l'Almanach Didot-Bottin [Illustrated Album of the Didot-Bottin Almanac]: 1877–1879.)
    (Supplement: Annuaire illustré des fabricants [Illustrated Album of the Didot-Bottin Almanac]: 1880–1883.)
11. OCLC 8450268 (all editions), OCLC 472031623 (all editions), and 1125689879

The term "imprimeurs-libraires de l'institut" refers not merely to a professional designation, but to a prestigious affiliation with a leading intellectual body, such as the Institut de France. During the 19th century, printers and booksellers granted this title were recognized for their excellence and entrusted with producing scholarly works on behalf of esteemed academic institutions. This association highlighted the firm's distinguished role in France's intellectual and cultural life, elevating it beyond a standard commercial operation.

1. 1881: "84ᵉ année de la publication".
2. 1889: "92ᵉ année de la publication".
1. "Première partie" [Part 1].
3. 1891: "94ᵉ année de la publication".
1. "Première partie" [Part 1].
2. "Deuxième partie" [Part 2].

Name changes

---

1838–1856: Firmin Didot Frères [Firmin Didot Brothers] (1838–1856): Ambroise Firmin Didot (1790–1876) and Hyacinthe Firmin Didot (1794–1880).
1838

Annuaire général du commerce, de l'industrie et de l'agriculture de France et des principales villes du monde [General Directory of Commerce, Industry and Agriculture in France and the Main Cities of the World].

1839

Annuaire général du commerce, judiciaire et administratif de France et des principales villes du monde [General Directory of Commerce, Justice and Administration of France and the Main Cities of the World].

1841: 4ᵉ année de la publication.

Annuaire général du commerce et de l’industrie, de la magistrature et de l’administration, ou almanach des 500,000 adresses, publié par Firmin Didot Frères [Directory-Almanac of Commerce and Industry, of the Judiciary and Administration, or Almanac of 500,000 Addresses, Published by Firmin Didot Frères].

1845: 8ᵉ année de la publication.

Annuaire-almanach du commerce de l’industrie, de la magistrature et de l’administration, ou almanach des 500,000 adresses classées 1° par ordre alphabétique ; — 2° par rues et numéros ; — 3° par professions ; publié par Firmin Didot Frères [Yearbook-Almanac of Commerce, Industry, the Judiciary, and Administration, or Almanac of 500,000 Addresses, Classified: 1) Alphabetically; 2) by Streets and Numbers; 3) by Professions; Published by Firmin Didot Brothers].

1847: 10ᵉ année de la publication.

Annuaire-almanach du commerce de l’industrie, de la magistrature et de l’administration, ou almanach des 500,000 adresses, de Paris, des départements et des pays étrangers, classées 1° par ordre alphabétique ; — 2° par rues et numéros ; — 3° par professions ; publié par Firmin Didot Frères [Yearbook-Almanac of Commerce, Industry, the Judiciary, and Administration, or Almanac of 500,000 Addresses; From Paris, Departments and Foreign Countries; Classified: 1) Alphabetically; 2) by Streets and Numbers; 3) by Professions; Published by Firmin Didot Brothers].

1857–1908: Firmin Didot et Bottin Réunis [Firmin Didot and Bottin, United].
1857: 60ᵉ année de la publication.
In 1857, (i) the Bottin du Commerce – in its 60th year (founded 1797) and published by the heirs of Sébʳⁿ [Sébastien] Bottin (1764–1853) – and (ii) the Annuaire Général du Commerce – in its 20th year (founded 1838) and published by the Firmin Didot Brothers – merged. (Annuaire-almanach du commerce de l’industrie. 1857. )

Annuaire-almanach du commerce de l’industrie, de la magistrature et de l’administration, ou almanach des 500,000 adresses, de Paris, des départements et des pays étrangers [Yearbook-Almanac of Commerce, Industry, the judiciary and administration, or almanac of 500,000 addresses, of Paris, the departments and foreign countries].

1881: 84ᵉ année de la publication.

Annuaire-almanach du commerce, de l’industrie, de la magistrature et de l’administration, ou almanach des 1,500,000 adresses de Paris, des départements et des pays étrangers.

Abbreviations

Explication des signes et abréviations

• 🌟 — Chevalier de la Légion d'Honneur [Knight of the Legion of Honor].

• O. 🌟 – Officier de la Légion d'Honneur [Officer of the Legion of Honor].

• C. 🌟 – Commandeur de la Légion d'Honneur [Commander of the Legion of Honor].

• G. O. 🌟 – Grand-officier de la Légion d'Honneur [Grand Officer of the Legion of Honor].

• G. C. 🌟 – Grand-croix de la Légion d'Honneur [Grand Cross of the Legion of Honor].

• ✠ * – Toute autre croix que celle de la Légion d'Honneur [Any other cross apart from that of the Legion of Honor].

• A – Officier d'Académie [Officer of the Academy].

• I – Officier de l'Instruction publique [Officer of Public Instruction].

• Ⓥ – Médaille d'or [Gold medal].

• Ⓞ – Médaille de vermeil [vermeil or gilded silver medal].

• Ⓐ – Médaille d'argent [Silver medal].

• Ⓑ – Médaille de bronze [bronze medal].

• Ⓟ – Médaille de platine [Platinum medal].

• M.H. ou MH – Mention honorable [Honorable mention].

• GM – Grande médaille de l'exposition de Londres [Grand medal of the London Exhibition].

• PM – Médaille 2ᵉ classe de l'exposition de Londres [Second-class medal of the London Exhibition].

• ⛝ – Bureau de poste aux Lettres [Post Office for Letters].

• – Poste télégraphique [Telegraph Post].

• 🐎 ou 📯 – Relais de poste aux Chevaux [Relay post for Horses].

• 🚂 – Chemin de fer [Railway].

• – Bateau à vapeur [Steamship].

•  NC ᵀ  – Notable commerçant [Notable merchant].

• EP – Caisse d'Epargne [Savings Bank].

• MP – Mont-de-Piété.[Pawnshop]

• 🏰 – Château [Castle].

• ☞ – Articles ayant rapport à la profession à la fin de laquelle ils sont placés [Items relating to the profession at the end of which they are placed].

• ★ ① ② ③ – Signes conventionnels pour la rédaction [Conventional signs for drafting].

Almanach-Bottin

ISSN 2418-5493 (1797–1838)

ISSN 2418-5345 (1842–1856)

BnF 32688404r (1797–1838)

BnF 32686424w (1842–1856)

1842–1856: Sébʳⁿ [Sébastien] Bottin (1764–1853).
1842: 45ᵉ année de la publication.

Almanach-Bottin du commerce de Paris, des départements de la France et des principales villes du monde [Bottin Almanac of Commerce for Paris, the Departments of France, and the Major Cities of the World] – via BnF (Gallica).

Bibliography

Annotations

Notes

References

• Dalloz, Désiré (1795–1869); Dalloz, Armand. Jurisprudence générale. Répertoire méthodique et alphabétique de législation, de doctrine et de jurisprudence en matière de droit civil, commercial, criminel, administratif, de droit des gens et de droit public [General Jurisprudence. Methodical and Alphabetical Directory of Legislation, Doctrine and Jurisprudence in Matters of Civil, Commercial, Criminal, Administrative, International Law and Public Law] (Nouvelle édition). Considérablement augmentée et précédée d'un Essai sur l'histoire générale du droit français [Considerably Enlarged and Preceded by an Essay on the General History of French Law]. Paris: Au bureau de la Jurisprudence générale, Rue de Lille, N° 19.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

1. 1869: Vol. 32, Part 2 – via BnF (Gallica).

• 1861–1867: Annuaire des notables commerçants de la ville de Paris, contenant : leurs noms et adresses, les spécialités de leur commerce, la date de leurs établissements, les distinctions honorifiques qu’ils ont obtenues, etc., accompagné de la composition du tribunal de commerce et de renseignements sur les monnaies étrangères, etc., etc [Directory of Notable Merchants of the City of Paris, Containing: Their Names and Addresses, the Specialties of Their Trade, the Dates of Their Establishments, the Honorary Distinctions They Have Received, Etc., Accompanied by the Composition of the Commercial Court and Information on Foreign Currencies, Etc., Etc.]. Publié par J[oseph] Techener, avec Le Concours de M. Émile Cottenet, Chef du secrétariat de la Chambre de commerce de Paris. Se trouve à Paris : à la Librairie J[oseph] Techener, rue de l'Arbre-Sec, 52. Retrieved December 10, 2024. ISSN 2452-9818, ISSN 2275-8178; OCLC 943609388 (all editions), OCLC 1447951032, 558706785, 1125921484, 763677122.

1. 1961 – via BnF (Gallica).
2. 1967 – via BnF (Gallica).

• Bulletin mensuel de la Chambre de commerce d'Agen et de Lot-et-Garonne [Monthly bulletin of the Chamber of Commerce of Agen and Lot-et-Garonne].

1. April 1934. Vol. 30, no. 3 – via BnF (Gallica).

• Bulletin officiel du gouvernement général de l'Algérie [Official Bulletin of the General Government of Algeria].

1. 1863: Vol. 3 – via Google Books (Gallica).

• Annuaire-almanach du commerce de l’industrie, de la magistrature et de l’administration, ou almanach des 500,000 adresses, de Paris, des départements et des pays étrangers, classées 1° par ordre alphabétique ; — 2° par rues et numéros ; — 3° par professions [Yearbook-Almanac of Commerce, Industry, the Judiciary, and Administration, or Almanac of 500,000 Addresses; From Paris, Departments and Foreign Countries; Classified: 1) Alphabetically; 2) by Streets and Numbers; 3) by Professions]. Paris: Firmin Didot Frères [Firmin Didot Brothers].

1. 1848: "Explication des signes et abréviations" ["Explanation of Signs and Abbreviations"] (11ᵉ année de la publication). p. n.p. – via BnF (Gallica).

• Rogron, Joseph-Andre (1793–1871); former lawyer to the King's Counsel and the Court of Cassation, Secretary General of the Prosecutor's Office of this Court, Member of the Legion of Honor [at Wikidata] (1863). Les Codes français expliqués par leurs motifs, par des exemples, et par la jurisprudence, Avec la solution, sous chaque article, des difficultés, ainsi que des principales questions que présente le texte, la définition des termes de droit et la reproduction des motifs de tous les arrêts-principes, suivis de formulaires ; ouvrage destine aux étudiants en droit, aux personnes chargées d'appliquer les lois, et a toutes celles qui, désirant les connaitre, n'ont pu en faire une étude spéciale [The French Codes Explained by Their Motives, Examples, and Jurisprudence, With Solutions Under Each Article for Difficulties and Principal Questions Presented by the Text, Definitions of Legal Terms, and Reproduction of the Motives Behind All Principle Rulings, Followed by Templates; A Work Intended for Law Students, Those Responsible for Applying the Laws, and All Who, Desiring to Understand Them, Have Been Unable to Undertake Specialized Study] (Cinquième édition grand in-4° [5th ed. grande quarto]. Corrigée et augmentée des arrêts-principes rendus jusqu'à de jour [Corrected and augmented with the leading decisions rendered up to the day]). Paris: Henri Plon, imprimeur-éditeur.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) OCLC 921319158 (all editions)

1. Livre quatrième: "De la juridiction commerciale (Loi décrétée le 14 septembre 1807, promulguée le 24)" [Vol. 4 (of 4): "On Commercial Jurisdiction (Law decreed September 14, 1807, promulgated on the 24th)"]. Via BnF. pp. 359–362 (44–47).

• Mémorial du commerce et de l'industrie ou annales du droit commercial répertoire universel théorique et pratique, législatif et judiciaire de la science commerciale recueil mensuel des lois, d'ordonnances, de documents officiels, de règlements, de décisions administratives, d'instructions pratiques, de doctrine, de jurisprudence, de dissertations, et de renseignements divers, en matière commerciale, terrestre et maritime [Memorial of Commerce and Industry, or Annals of Commercial Law: A Universal Theoretical and Practical Directory, Legislative and Judicial, of Commercial Science; A Monthly Collection of Laws, Ordinances, Official Documents, Regulations, Administrative Decisions, Practical Instructions, Doctrine, Jurisprudence, Dissertations, and Various Information on Commercial Matters, Terrestrial and Maritime].

• Lemercier, Claire (born 1976) [in French] (2001). La Chambre de Commerce de Paris, 1803–1852. Un « corps consultatif » entre représentation et information économiques [The Paris Chamber of Commerce, 1803–1852. A "Consultative Body" Between Economic Representation and Information]. The Center for Historical Research, which operates as a Joint Research Unit (UMR 8558) affiliated with both the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique [National Center for Scientific Research] (CNRS) and the School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences (EHESS).{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

1. Via HAL (PDF) (HAL).

• "Préfecture de la Seine". Journal des débats politiques et littéraires. June 7, 1852. pp. 3–4 (column 3). Retrieved November 24, 2024.

1. Via BnF (BnF).

• Perrousseaux, Yves (1940–2011) [in French] (1987). Histoire de l'écriture typographique, le XVIIIᵉ siècle [History of Typographic Writing, The 18th Century] (in French).{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

1. Tome I (Vol. 1) (BnF).
2. Tome II (Vol. 2) (BnF).

References; patents