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Coordinates: 20°13′S 70°9′W / 20.217°S 70.150°W / -20.217; -70.150
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[[File:Spanish Colonial Architecture-- Iquique.jpg|thumb]]
[[File:Spanish Colonial Architecture-- Iquique.jpg|thumb|The Astoreca Palace in Iquique, reflecting the influence of [[Spanish Colonial architecture|Spanish colonial architecture]].]]
'''Iquique''' ({{IPA-es|iˈkike}}) is a port [[List of cities in Chile|city]] and [[Communes of Chile|commune]] in northern [[Chile]], capital of both the [[Iquique Province]] and [[Tarapacá Region]]. It lies on the [[Pacific coast]], west of the [[Pampa del Tamarugal]], which is part of the [[Atacama Desert]]. It has a population of 191,468 according to the 2017 census.<ref name="INE"/> It is also the main commune of [[Greater Iquique]]. The city developed during the heyday of the [[Potassium nitrate|saltpetre]] mining in the Atacama Desert in the 19th century. Once a Peruvian city with a large Chilean population, it was conquered by Chile in the [[War of the Pacific]] (1879–1883). Today it is one of only two [[free port]]s of Chile, the other one being [[Punta Arenas]], in the country's far south.
'''Iquique''' ({{IPA|es|iˈkike}}) is a port [[List of cities in Chile|city]] and [[Communes of Chile|commune]] in northern [[Chile]], capital of both the [[Iquique Province]] and [[Tarapacá Region]]. It lies on the [[Pacific coast]], west of the [[Pampa del Tamarugal]], which is part of the [[Atacama Desert]]. It has a population of 191,468 according to the 2017 census.<ref name="INE"/> It is also the main commune of [[Greater Iquique]]. The city developed during the heyday of the [[Potassium nitrate|saltpetre]] mining in the Atacama Desert in the 19th century. Once a Peruvian city with a large Chilean population, it was conquered by Chile in the [[War of the Pacific]] (1879–1883). Today it is one of only two [[free port]]s of Chile, the other one being [[Punta Arenas]], in the country's far south.


==History==
==History==
{{unreferenced section|date=May 2013}}
{{unreferenced section|date=May 2013}}
Although the city was founded in the 16th century, there is evidence of habitation in the area by the [[Changos|Chango]] people as early as 7,000 BC. During colonial times, Iquique was part of the [[Viceroyalty of Peru]] as much of South America was at the time, and remained part of [[Peru]]vian territory until the end of the 19th century. Iquique's early development was due in large part to the discovery of mineral riches, particularly the presence of large deposits of [[sodium nitrate]] in the [[Atacama Desert]] (then part of Peruvian territory).
Although the city was founded in the 16th century, there is evidence of habitation in the area by the [[Changos|Chango]] people as early as 7,000 BC. During colonial times, Iquique was part of the [[Viceroyalty of Peru]] as much of South America was at the time, and remained part of [[Peru]]vian territory until the end of the 19th century. Iquique's early development was due in large part to the discovery of mineral riches, particularly the presence of large deposits of [[sodium nitrate]] in the [[Atacama Desert]] (then part of Peruvian territory) ; and guano.<ref>[https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/2556090]</ref>


In July 1835, [[Charles Darwin]], during his voyage on the ''Beagle'', traveled to Iquique and described it as a town "very much in want of everyday necessities, such as water and firewood". These necessities had to be brought in from considerable distances. Darwin also visited the [[Potassium nitrate|saltpetre]] works.
In July 1835, [[Charles Darwin]], during his voyage on the ''Beagle'', traveled to Iquique and described it as a town "very much in want of everyday necessities, such as water and firewood". These necessities had to be brought in from considerable distances. Darwin also visited the [[saltpetre works]].


The city has been devastated by several earthquakes, including the [[1868 Arica earthquake]], the [[1877 Iquique earthquake]], and the [[2005 Tarapacá earthquake]]. The [[2014 Iquique earthquake]] occurred with a [[moment magnitude scale|moment magnitude]] of 8.2 on April 1, 2014.
The city has been devastated by several earthquakes, including the [[1868 Arica earthquake]], the [[1877 Iquique earthquake]], and the [[2005 Tarapacá earthquake]]. The [[2014 Iquique earthquake]] occurred with a [[moment magnitude scale|moment magnitude]] of 8.2 on April 1, 2014.


[[File:Combate Naval Iquique-Thomas Somerscales.jpg|thumb|left|200px|[[Battle of Iquique|Naval Battle of Iquique]] during the [[War of the Pacific]] (1879–1884).]]
[[File:Combate Naval Iquique-Thomas Somerscales.jpg|thumb|left|[[Battle of Iquique|Naval Battle of Iquique]] during the [[War of the Pacific]] (1879–1884).]]
[[Atacama border dispute|Territorial disputes]] between Bolivia and Chile triggered the [[War of the Pacific]] in 1879. The [[Battle of Iquique]] was fought in the harbor of Iquique on May 21, 1879, now commemorated as [[Navy Day]], an annual [[Public holidays in Chile|public holiday in Chile]]. The outcome of the war gave Chile this portion of the Peruvian territory.
[[Atacama border dispute|Territorial disputes]] between Bolivia and Chile triggered the [[War of the Pacific]] in 1879. The [[Battle of Iquique]] was fought in the harbor of Iquique on May 21, 1879, now commemorated as [[Navy Day]], an annual [[Public holidays in Chile|public holiday in Chile]]. The outcome of the war gave Chile this portion of the Peruvian territory.


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In December 1907, the city was marred by the [[Santa María de Iquique Massacre]] when the [[Chilean Army]], under the command of Gen. [[Roberto Silva Renard]], opened fire on thousands of saltpetre miners, and their wives and children, who assembled inside the Santa María School. The workers had marched into town to protest their working conditions and wages. Somewhere between 500 and 2,000 people were killed. The folk group [[Quilapayún]] recorded an album in remembrance of the event ([[Cantata Santa María de Iquique]]) in 1970. In December 2007 a series of cultural and ceremonial activities were planned, culminating in the week between December 14 to 21, to commemorate the centenary year of the massacre.
In December 1907, the city was marred by the [[Santa María de Iquique Massacre]] when the [[Chilean Army]], under the command of Gen. [[Roberto Silva Renard]], opened fire on thousands of saltpetre miners, and their wives and children, who assembled inside the Santa María School. The workers had marched into town to protest their working conditions and wages. Somewhere between 500 and 2,000 people were killed. The folk group [[Quilapayún]] recorded an album in remembrance of the event ([[Cantata Santa María de Iquique]]) in 1970. In December 2007 a series of cultural and ceremonial activities were planned, culminating in the week between December 14 to 21, to commemorate the centenary year of the massacre.


Mars 96 launched by Russia in 1996, but failed to leave Earth orbit, and re-entered the atmosphere a few hours later. The two RTGs onboard carried in total 200 g of plutonium and are assumed to have survived reentry as they were designed to do. They are thought to now lie somewhere in a northeast-southwest running oval {{convert|320|km|0|abbr=on}} long by {{convert|80|km|0|abbr=on}} wide which is centred {{convert|32|km|0|abbr=on}} east of Iquique, Chile.<ref name="Ref_q">[http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/text/mars96_timeline.txt Mars 96 timeline], NASA</ref>
Mars 96 was launched by Russia in 1996, but failed to leave the Earth orbit, and re-entered the atmosphere a few hours later. The two RTGs onboard carried 200 g of plutonium in total and are assumed to have survived the re-entry as they were designed to do. They are thought to now lie somewhere in a northeast-southwest running oval {{convert|320|km|0|abbr=on}} long by {{convert|80|km|0|abbr=on}} wide, which is centred {{convert|32|km|0|abbr=on}} east of Iquique, Chile.<ref name="Ref_q">[http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/text/mars96_timeline.txt Mars 96 timeline], NASA</ref>


Prior to becoming Chilean territory, Iquique was home to some of the greatest Peruvian heroes, namely [[Alfonso Ugarte]] (who was elected mayor in 1876), [[Ramon Zavala]], a rich saltpetre entrepreneur; [[Guillermo Billinghurst]], later President of Peru (who after being overthrown in 1914 came to Iquique – then already under Chilean rule – to live out his last years), and [[Ramon Castilla]], three times president of Peru, who was born in [[San Lorenzo de Tarapacá]] and died in the Desert of Tiviliche, [[Tarapacá Province (Peru)|Tarapacá]], who lived in Iquique during his mandate as Governor of Tarapacá in 1825.
Prior to becoming Chilean territory, Iquique was home to some of the greatest Peruvian heroes, namely [[Alfonso Ugarte]] (who was elected mayor in 1876), [[Ramón Zavala]], a rich saltpetre entrepreneur; [[Guillermo Billinghurst]], later President of Peru (who after being overthrown in 1914 came to Iquique – then already under Chilean rule – to live out his last years), and [[Ramón Castilla]], thrice president of Peru, who was born in [[San Lorenzo de Tarapacá]] and died in the Desert of Tiviliche, [[Tarapacá Province (Peru)|Tarapacá]], who lived in Iquique during his mandate as Governor of Tarapacá in 1825.


==Governance==
==Governance==
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==Economy==
==Economy==
[[File:Iquique Product Exports (2020).svg|thumb|upright=1.6|Iquique products treemap, 2020]]
Iquique has one of the largest duty-free commercial port centers of South America, the [[Zona Franca of Iquique]] (free zone of Iquique) which has been traditionally called ''Zofri''. There are around {{convert|2.4|km2|sqmi}} of warehouses, banking branches, and restaurants.
Iquique has one of the largest duty-free commercial port centers of South America, the [[Zona Franca of Iquique]] (free zone of Iquique) which has been traditionally called ''Zofri''. There are around {{convert|2.4|km2|sqmi}} of warehouses, banking branches, and restaurants.


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|}
|}


[[File:SRTM-W70.33E68.34S21.00N19.00.Iquique.png|thumb|300px | Iquique geographical position in the Region of Tarapaca.]]
[[File:SRTM-W70.33E68.34S21.00N19.00.Iquique.png|thumb|upright=1.2| Iquique geographical position in the Region of Tarapaca.]]
There is a significant percentage of ethnic group colony residents. The most numerous communities are [[Croatians|Croatian]], [[Italians|Italian]], [[Greeks|Greek]], Chinese, [[Arab]]ic nationalities, [[Peruvian]]s and [[Bolivian people|Bolivian]]s, British peoples (i.e. [[Scottish people|Scots]]), and the French.
There is a significant percentage of ethnic group colony residents. The most numerous communities are [[Croatians|Croatian]], [[Italians|Italian]], [[Greeks|Greek]], Chinese, [[Arab]]ic nationalities, [[Peruvian]]s and [[Bolivian people|Bolivian]]s, British peoples (i.e. [[Scottish people|Scots]]), and the French.


In the 1910s and 1920s, about a thousand [[Indian people|East Indian]] (from India and [[Pakistani people|Pakistani]]) [[Sodium nitrate|Chile saltpetre]] mine workers hired by British mine companies appeared in Iquique and today, their descendants are mixed into the local population. {{Citation needed|date=August 2010}} Lately, a wave of [[North Americans in Chile|North American]] and Australian immigrants came to retire and enjoy the city's beach climate. Immigrants currently correspond to 9.2% of the total population.<ref>http://latercera.com/contenido/680_194898_9.shtml
In the 1910s and 1920s, about a thousand [[Indian people|East Indian]] (from India and [[Pakistani people|Pakistani]]) [[Sodium nitrate|Chile saltpetre]] mine workers hired by British mine companies appeared in Iquique and today, their descendants are mixed into the local population. {{Citation needed|date=August 2010}} Lately, a wave of [[North Americans in Chile|North American]] and Australian immigrants came to retire and enjoy the city's beach climate. Immigrants currently correspond to 9.2% of the total population.<ref>http://latercera.com/contenido/680_194898_9.shtml {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713191218/http://latercera.com/contenido/680_194898_9.shtml |date=July 13, 2011 }}
Iquique has almost 10% of its foreign population.</ref>
Iquique has almost 10% of its foreign population.</ref>


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{{Weather box
{{Weather box
|location = Iquique (1981–2010, extremes 1981–present)
|location = Iquique (1991–2020, extremes 1981–present)
|metric first = Yes
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|single line = Yes
Line 204: Line 203:
|Feb record high C = 30.6
|Feb record high C = 30.6
|Mar record high C = 31.1
|Mar record high C = 31.1
|Apr record high C = 28.4
|Apr record high C = 30.4
|May record high C = 27.0
|May record high C = 28.0
|Jun record high C = 24.1
|Jun record high C = 24.1
|Jul record high C = 22.6
|Jul record high C = 33.4
|Aug record high C = 31.0
|Aug record high C = 31.0
|Sep record high C = 23.4
|Sep record high C = 23.4
|Oct record high C = 29.0
|Oct record high C = 24.2
|Nov record high C = 25.5
|Nov record high C = 25.5
|Dec record high C = 27.8
|Dec record high C = 27.8
|year record high C =
|year record high C = 33.4
|Jan high C = 25.7
|Jan high C = 25.4
|Feb high C = 25.9
|Feb high C = 25.9
|Mar high C = 25.1
|Mar high C = 24.9
|Apr high C = 22.9
|Apr high C = 22.7
|May high C = 20.7
|May high C = 20.5
|Jun high C = 18.9
|Jun high C = 18.7
|Jul high C = 18.1
|Jul high C = 17.8
|Aug high C = 18.1
|Aug high C = 17.8
|Sep high C = 18.8
|Sep high C = 18.5
|Oct high C = 20.2
|Oct high C = 19.8
|Nov high C = 21.9
|Nov high C = 21.5
|Dec high C = 23.9
|Dec high C = 23.5
|year high C =
|year high C = 21.4
|Jan mean C = 21.9
|Jan mean C = 22.0
|Feb mean C = 21.9
|Feb mean C = 22.2
|Mar mean C = 21.0
|Mar mean C = 21.3
|Apr mean C = 19.1
|Apr mean C = 19.5
|May mean C = 17.4
|May mean C = 17.8
|Jun mean C = 16.1
|Jun mean C = 16.5
|Jul mean C = 15.4
|Jul mean C = 15.6
|Aug mean C = 15.4
|Aug mean C = 15.6
|Sep mean C = 16.0
|Sep mean C = 16.1
|Oct mean C = 17.2
|Oct mean C = 17.1
|Nov mean C = 18.7
|Nov mean C = 18.6
|Dec mean C = 20.4
|Dec mean C = 20.3
|year mean C =
|year mean C = 18.6
|Jan low C = 18.8
|Jan low C = 18.9
|Feb low C = 18.7
|Feb low C = 18.9
|Mar low C = 18.0
|Mar low C = 18.1
|Apr low C = 16.5
|Apr low C = 16.5
|May low C = 15.1
|May low C = 15.3
|Jun low C = 14.2
|Jun low C = 14.5
|Jul low C = 13.7
|Jul low C = 13.9
|Aug low C = 13.8
|Aug low C = 13.9
|Sep low C = 14.2
|Sep low C = 14.4
|Oct low C = 15.1
|Oct low C = 15.2
|Nov low C = 16.1
|Nov low C = 16.2
|Dec low C = 17.4
|Dec low C = 17.5
|year low C =
|year low C = 16.1
|Jan record low C = 14.8
|Jan record low C = 14.8
|Feb record low C = 14.7
|Feb record low C = 14.7
Line 259: Line 258:
|May record low C = 9.9
|May record low C = 9.9
|Jun record low C = 8.5
|Jun record low C = 8.5
|Jul record low C = 8.0
|Jul record low C = 8.3
|Aug record low C = 7.6
|Aug record low C = 7.6
|Sep record low C = 9.0
|Sep record low C = 9.0
|Oct record low C = 8.5
|Oct record low C = 8.5
|Nov record low C = 12.2
|Nov record low C = 11.9
|Dec record low C = 12.4
|Dec record low C = 12.4
|year record low C = 7.6
|year record low C = 7.6
|
|Jan precipitation mm = 0.0
|Jan precipitation mm = 0.0
|Feb precipitation mm = 0.0
|Feb precipitation mm = 0.0
|Mar precipitation mm = 0.0
|Mar precipitation mm = 0.0
|Apr precipitation mm = 0.0
|Apr precipitation mm = 0.1
|May precipitation mm = 0.4
|May precipitation mm = 0.3
|Jun precipitation mm = 0.3
|Jun precipitation mm = 0.0
|Jul precipitation mm = 0.2
|Jul precipitation mm = 0.1
|Aug precipitation mm = 0.0
|Aug precipitation mm = 0.2
|Sep precipitation mm = 0.0
|Sep precipitation mm = 0.0
|Oct precipitation mm = 0.0
|Oct precipitation mm = 0.0
|Nov precipitation mm = 0.0
|Nov precipitation mm = 0.0
|Dec precipitation mm = 0.1
|Dec precipitation mm = 0.1
|year precipitation mm =
|year precipitation mm = 0.8
|Jan humidity = 67.5
|Jan humidity = 66
|Feb humidity = 67.7
|Feb humidity = 66
|Mar humidity = 69.6
|Mar humidity = 68
|Apr humidity = 71.8
|Apr humidity = 70
|May humidity = 73.0
|May humidity = 71
|Jun humidity = 72.9
|Jun humidity = 71
|Jul humidity = 72.5
|Jul humidity = 71
|Aug humidity = 73.0
|Aug humidity = 72
|Sep humidity = 72.3
|Sep humidity = 71
|Oct humidity = 70.5
|Oct humidity = 70
|Nov humidity = 69.6
|Nov humidity = 68
|Dec humidity = 68.5
|Dec humidity = 67
|year humidity = 70.7
|year humidity = 69
|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 0.0
|Jan precipitation days = 0.0
Line 305: Line 305:
|Nov precipitation days = 0.0
|Nov precipitation days = 0.0
|Dec precipitation days = 0.0
|Dec precipitation days = 0.0
|year precipitation days = 0.3
|year precipitation days = 0.2
|Jan sun = 315
|Jan sun = 317.8
|Feb sun = 287
|Feb sun = 296.2
|Mar sun = 287
|Mar sun = 297.9
|Apr sun = 245
|Apr sun = 252.5
|May sun = 206
|May sun = 211.4
|Jun sun = 166
|Jun sun = 161.0
|Jul sun = 159
|Jul sun = 151.2
|Aug sun = 161
|Aug sun = 158.2
|Sep sun = 185
|Sep sun = 189.7
|Oct sun = 238
|Oct sun = 235.6
|Nov sun = 271
|Nov sun = 275.7
|Dec sun = 298
|Dec sun = 315.1
|year sun =
|year sun = 2862.3
|source 1 = Dirección Meteorológica de Chile<ref name=climatenormals>
|source 1 = Dirección Meteorológica de Chile<ref name=climatenormals>{{cite web
| url = https://climatologia.meteochile.gob.cl/application/historico/datosNormales/200006
⚫
| title = Datos Normales y Promedios Históricos Promedios de 30 años o menos
| publisher = Dirección Meteorológica de Chile
| language = es
⚫
| access-date = 20 May 2023
| archive-date = 21 May 2023
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230521020019/https://climatologia.meteochile.gob.cl/application/historico/datosNormales/200006
| url-status = live
}}</ref><ref name=promediotemp>
{{cite web
{{cite web
| url = https://climatologia.meteochile.gob.cl/application/historicos/datosNormales/200006#
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230521020620/https://climatologia.meteochile.gob.cl/application/historico/promedioTemperatura30/200006/2020
| archive-date = 21 May 2023
⚫
| title = Datos Normales y Promedios Históricos Promedios de 30 años o menos
| url = https://climatologia.meteochile.gob.cl/application/historico/promedioTemperatura30/200006/2020
| title = Temperaturas Medias y Extremas en 30 Años-Entre los años: 1991 al 2020-Nombre estación: Diego Aracena Iquique Ap.
| publisher = Dirección Meteorológica de Chile
| publisher = Dirección Meteorológica de Chile
| language = es
| language = es
| access-date = 31 March 2020}}</ref><ref name=records>{{cite web
| access-date = 21 May 2023}}</ref><ref name=records>{{cite web
| url = https://climatologia.meteochile.gob.cl/application/index/productos/RE3002
| url = https://climatologia.meteochile.gob.cl/application/historico/temperaturaHistoricaAnual/200006
| title = Temperatura Histórica de la Estación Diego Aracena Iquique Ap. (200006)
| title = Temperatura Histórica de la Estación Diego Aracena Iquique Ap. (200006)
| publisher = Dirección Meteorológica de Chile
| publisher = Dirección Meteorológica de Chile
| language = es
| language = es
| access-date = 9 December 2018
| access-date = 20 May 2023
| archive-date = January 9, 2020
| archive-date = 21 May 2023
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200109035752/https://climatologia.meteochile.gob.cl/application/index/productos/RE3002
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230521020418/https://climatologia.meteochile.gob.cl/application/historico/temperaturaHistoricaAnual/200006
| url-status = dead
| url-status = dead
}}</ref><ref name = DMC>{{cite web
}}</ref><ref name = DMC>{{cite web
Line 343: Line 354:
| language = es
| language = es
| date = March 2001}}</ref>
| date = March 2001}}</ref>
|source 2 = [[World Meteorological Organization]] (precipitation days and humidity 1981–2010),<ref name=WMOCLINO>{{cite web
|source 2 = [[NOAA]] (precipitation days 1991–2020)<ref>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211009200311/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1981-2010/RA-III/Chile/WMO_Normals_Chile%20%285%29.xlsx
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230804192229/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-3-WMO-Normals-9120/Chile/CSV/Diegoaracenaaeropuertoiquique_85418.csv
| archive-date = 9 October 2021
| archive-date = 4 August 2023
| url = https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1981-2010/RA-III/Chile/WMO_Normals_Chile%20(5).xlsx
| url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-3-WMO-Normals-9120/Chile/CSV/Diegoaracenaaeropuertoiquique_85418.csv
| title = World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1981–2010
| title = Diego Aracena Aeropuerto Iquique Climate Normals 1991–2020
| publisher = World Meteorological Organization
| work = World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020)
| publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]
| access-date = 9 October 2021}}</ref> Ogimet (sun 1981–2010)<ref name=ogimet>{{cite web
| access-date = 4 August 2023}}</ref>
| url = https://www.ogimet.com/cgi-bin/gclimat?lang=en&mode=0&ind=85418&ord=DIR&year=2019&mes=12&months=12
| title = CLIMAT summary for 85418: Iquique/Diego Aracena Airport (Chile) – Section 2: Monthly Normals
| work = CLIMAT monthly weather summaries
| publisher = Ogimet
⚫
| access-date = 31 March 2020}}</ref>
|date=May 2013}}
|date=May 2013}}


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==Sport==
==Sport==
Iquique is home to football team [[Deportes Iquique]]. It hosted the [[2016 FIRS Women's Roller Hockey World Cup]].
Iquique is home to football team [[Deportes Iquique]]. It hosted the [[2016 FIRS Women's Roller Hockey World Cup]].

==Notable residents==
*[[Juan Zanelli]] (1906–1944) racing driver, born in Iquique
*[[Arturo Godoy]] (1912–1986) professional boxer, born in Iquique
*[[Tomasa del Real]] (1986) Neoperreo/Reggaeton artist


==Gallery==
==Gallery==
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File:Cavancha Beach.jpg|Cavancha beach at the end of Cavancha peninsula
File:Cavancha Beach.jpg|Cavancha beach at the end of Cavancha peninsula
File:Cavancha sub-aqua wall painting.jpg|The underwater-themed mural situated in Cavancha Peninsula
File:Cavancha sub-aqua wall painting.jpg|The underwater-themed mural situated in Cavancha Peninsula
File:Admiralty Chart No 2093 Iquique, Published 1898, New Edition 1934.jpg|1934 nautical chart of Iquique
</gallery>
</gallery>


Revision as of 19:51, 21 November 2024

Iquique
City and Commune
Iquique
Montage of images of Iquique.
Flag of Iquique
Flag
Coat of arms of Iquique
Coat of arms
Map of Iquique in Tarapacá Region
Map of Iquique in Tarapacá Region
Location in Chile
Location in Chile
Iquique
Location in Chile
Coordinates: 20°13′S 70°9′W / 20.217°S 70.150°W / -20.217; -70.150
Country Chile
Region Tarapacá
ProvinceIquique
Founded16th Century
Government
[1]
 • TypeMunicipal council
 • AlcaldeMauricio Soria Macchiavello
Area
[2]
 • Total
2,242.1 km2 (865.7 sq mi)
Elevation
1 m (3 ft)
Population
 (2017 Census)[2]
 • Total
191,468
 • Density85/km2 (220/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC−4 (CLT)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−3 (CLST)
Postal code
1100000
ClimateBWh
WebsiteOfficial website (in Spanish)
The Astoreca Palace in Iquique, reflecting the influence of Spanish colonial architecture.

Iquique (Spanish pronunciation: [iˈkike]) is a port city and commune in northern Chile, capital of both the Iquique Province and Tarapacá Region. It lies on the Pacific coast, west of the Pampa del Tamarugal, which is part of the Atacama Desert. It has a population of 191,468 according to the 2017 census.[2] It is also the main commune of Greater Iquique. The city developed during the heyday of the saltpetre mining in the Atacama Desert in the 19th century. Once a Peruvian city with a large Chilean population, it was conquered by Chile in the War of the Pacific (1879–1883). Today it is one of only two free ports of Chile, the other one being Punta Arenas, in the country's far south.

History

Although the city was founded in the 16th century, there is evidence of habitation in the area by the Chango people as early as 7,000 BC. During colonial times, Iquique was part of the Viceroyalty of Peru as much of South America was at the time, and remained part of Peruvian territory until the end of the 19th century. Iquique's early development was due in large part to the discovery of mineral riches, particularly the presence of large deposits of sodium nitrate in the Atacama Desert (then part of Peruvian territory) ; and guano.[3]

In July 1835, Charles Darwin, during his voyage on the Beagle, traveled to Iquique and described it as a town "very much in want of everyday necessities, such as water and firewood". These necessities had to be brought in from considerable distances. Darwin also visited the saltpetre works.

The city has been devastated by several earthquakes, including the 1868 Arica earthquake, the 1877 Iquique earthquake, and the 2005 Tarapacá earthquake. The 2014 Iquique earthquake occurred with a moment magnitude of 8.2 on April 1, 2014.

Naval Battle of Iquique during the War of the Pacific (1879–1884).

Territorial disputes between Bolivia and Chile triggered the War of the Pacific in 1879. The Battle of Iquique was fought in the harbor of Iquique on May 21, 1879, now commemorated as Navy Day, an annual public holiday in Chile. The outcome of the war gave Chile this portion of the Peruvian territory.

Over the years there was substantial emigration from other parts of Chile to this area which was called the Norte Grande. In subsequent years the further exportation of Chilean saltpetre (mainly to European countries) significantly helped in the development of the city, attracting foreigners and rapidly expanding housing projects.

In December 1907, the city was marred by the Santa María de Iquique Massacre when the Chilean Army, under the command of Gen. Roberto Silva Renard, opened fire on thousands of saltpetre miners, and their wives and children, who assembled inside the Santa María School. The workers had marched into town to protest their working conditions and wages. Somewhere between 500 and 2,000 people were killed. The folk group Quilapayún recorded an album in remembrance of the event (Cantata Santa María de Iquique) in 1970. In December 2007 a series of cultural and ceremonial activities were planned, culminating in the week between December 14 to 21, to commemorate the centenary year of the massacre.

Mars 96 was launched by Russia in 1996, but failed to leave the Earth orbit, and re-entered the atmosphere a few hours later. The two RTGs onboard carried 200 g of plutonium in total and are assumed to have survived the re-entry as they were designed to do. They are thought to now lie somewhere in a northeast-southwest running oval 320 km (199 mi) long by 80 km (50 mi) wide, which is centred 32 km (20 mi) east of Iquique, Chile.[4]

Prior to becoming Chilean territory, Iquique was home to some of the greatest Peruvian heroes, namely Alfonso Ugarte (who was elected mayor in 1876), Ramón Zavala, a rich saltpetre entrepreneur; Guillermo Billinghurst, later President of Peru (who after being overthrown in 1914 came to Iquique – then already under Chilean rule – to live out his last years), and Ramón Castilla, thrice president of Peru, who was born in San Lorenzo de Tarapacá and died in the Desert of Tiviliche, Tarapacá, who lived in Iquique during his mandate as Governor of Tarapacá in 1825.

Governance

As a commune, Iquique is a third-level administrative division of Chile administered by a municipal council, headed by an alcalde who is directly elected every four years. The 2012–2016 alcalde is Jorge Soria.[1]

Within the electoral divisions of Chile, Iquique is represented in the Chamber of Deputies by Marta Isasi (Ind.) and Hugo Gutiérrez (PC) as part of the 2nd electoral district, which includes the entire Tarapacá Region. The commune is represented in the Senate by José Miguel Insulza (PS, 2018–2026) and José Durana (UDI, 2018–2026) as part of the 1st senatorial constituency (Arica and Parinacota Region and Tarapacá Region).

Iquique Mounted Police at Cavanche

Economy

Iquique has one of the largest duty-free commercial port centers of South America, the Zona Franca of Iquique (free zone of Iquique) which has been traditionally called Zofri. There are around 2.4 square kilometres (0.93 sq mi) of warehouses, banking branches, and restaurants.

Copper mining, mainly in Quebrada Blanca, Cerro Colorado, and Doña Inés de Collahuasí, is also an important industry in Iquique.

Demographics

Panoramic view of Iquique.

According to the 2002 census of National Statistics Institute (INE), the commune of Iquique had an area of 2,835.3 km2 (1,095 sq mi)[2] and 216,419 inhabitants (108,897 men and 107,522 women). Of these, 214,586 (99.2%) lived in urban areas and 1,833 (0.9%) in rural areas. The township has an area of 2,262.4 km2 (874 sq mi) and a population of 166,204 inhabitants. The population grew by 42.7% (64,742 persons) between the 1992 and 2002 censuses.[2] Iquique is home to 56% of the total population of the Tarapacá region. In 2008, the city had 226,204 inhabitants.

Iquique commune is divided into the following districts:[5]

District 2002 Population Census Area (km2)
Port 3,721 0.8
Industrial District 12,800 65.4
Hospital 11,087 5.1
Caupolicán 19,486 2.2
Playa Brava 18,580 2.1
Cavancha 13,729 1.4
Parque Balmaceda 10,843 1.1
Arturo Prat 10,773 1.0
Punta Lobos 1,592 2,127.8
Gómez Carreño 23,165 1.7
La Tirana 40,428 33.5
Iquique geographical position in the Region of Tarapaca.

There is a significant percentage of ethnic group colony residents. The most numerous communities are Croatian, Italian, Greek, Chinese, Arabic nationalities, Peruvians and Bolivians, British peoples (i.e. Scots), and the French.

In the 1910s and 1920s, about a thousand East Indian (from India and Pakistani) Chile saltpetre mine workers hired by British mine companies appeared in Iquique and today, their descendants are mixed into the local population. [citation needed] Lately, a wave of North American and Australian immigrants came to retire and enjoy the city's beach climate. Immigrants currently correspond to 9.2% of the total population.[6]

Population evolution of the commune of Iquique:[5]
Year 1992 2002
Population 146,089 166,204
Population evolution of the city of Iquique:[5]
Year 1992 2002
Population 145,139 164,396

Climate

Iquique has an unusually mild to warm desert climate (Köppen: BWh) with low extremes of temperatures all year round and almost no rainfall. Due to its abundant cloudiness and coastal location, the climate is often abbreviated to BWn, as opposed to the usual BWh or BWk.[7] It is common for this place to have completely dry years without any precipitation day, making it one of the driest cities in the world, along with Arica.

Climate data for Iquique (1991–2020, extremes 1981–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 31.2
(88.2) 		30.6
(87.1) 		31.1
(88.0) 		30.4
(86.7) 		28.0
(82.4) 		24.1
(75.4) 		33.4
(92.1) 		31.0
(87.8) 		23.4
(74.1) 		24.2
(75.6) 		25.5
(77.9) 		27.8
(82.0) 		33.4
(92.1)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 25.4
(77.7) 		25.9
(78.6) 		24.9
(76.8) 		22.7
(72.9) 		20.5
(68.9) 		18.7
(65.7) 		17.8
(64.0) 		17.8
(64.0) 		18.5
(65.3) 		19.8
(67.6) 		21.5
(70.7) 		23.5
(74.3) 		21.4
(70.5)
Daily mean °C (°F) 22.0
(71.6) 		22.2
(72.0) 		21.3
(70.3) 		19.5
(67.1) 		17.8
(64.0) 		16.5
(61.7) 		15.6
(60.1) 		15.6
(60.1) 		16.1
(61.0) 		17.1
(62.8) 		18.6
(65.5) 		20.3
(68.5) 		18.6
(65.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 18.9
(66.0) 		18.9
(66.0) 		18.1
(64.6) 		16.5
(61.7) 		15.3
(59.5) 		14.5
(58.1) 		13.9
(57.0) 		13.9
(57.0) 		14.4
(57.9) 		15.2
(59.4) 		16.2
(61.2) 		17.5
(63.5) 		16.1
(61.0)
Record low °C (°F) 14.8
(58.6) 		14.7
(58.5) 		13.0
(55.4) 		11.7
(53.1) 		9.9
(49.8) 		8.5
(47.3) 		8.3
(46.9) 		7.6
(45.7) 		9.0
(48.2) 		8.5
(47.3) 		11.9
(53.4) 		12.4
(54.3) 		7.6
(45.7)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.1
(0.00) 		0.3
(0.01) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.1
(0.00) 		0.2
(0.01) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.1
(0.00) 		0.8
(0.03)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2
Average relative humidity (%) 66 66 68 70 71 71 71 72 71 70 68 67 69
Mean monthly sunshine hours 317.8 296.2 297.9 252.5 211.4 161.0 151.2 158.2 189.7 235.6 275.7 315.1 2,862.3
Source 1: Dirección Meteorológica de Chile[8][9][10][11]
Source 2: NOAA (precipitation days 1991–2020)[12]

Transport

Iquique is served by Diego Aracena International Airport (Spanish: Aeropuerto Internacional Diego Aracena) (IATA: IQQ, ICAO: SCDA). The airport is on the Pacific coast 48 kilometers (30 mi) south of the city.

Sport

Iquique is home to football team Deportes Iquique. It hosted the 2016 FIRS Women's Roller Hockey World Cup.

Notable residents

  • Baquedano Boulevard
    Baquedano Boulevard
  • Downtown Iquique
    Downtown Iquique
  • Municipal Theater of Iquique
    Municipal Theater of Iquique
  • Iquique Municipal Theatre at night
    Iquique Municipal Theatre at night
  • Plaza Prat
    Plaza Prat
  • Mall Zofri at Night
    Mall Zofri at Night
  • 21-May Square
    21-May Square
  • Trans-Atacama Tour Train
    Trans-Atacama Tour Train
  • Arturo Prat University (Main campus from Chile)
    Arturo Prat University (Main campus from Chile)
  • Arturo Prat University's Architecture-Faculty campus.
    Arturo Prat University's Architecture-Faculty campus.
  • Santo Tomas University Iquique campus.
    Santo Tomas University Iquique campus.
  • Slava Square .
    Slava Square .
  • Iquique Skatepark.
    Iquique Skatepark.
  • Cavancha Beach's Craft Market.
    Cavancha Beach's Craft Market.
  • Cavancha beach at the end of Cavancha peninsula
    Cavancha beach at the end of Cavancha peninsula
  • The underwater-themed mural situated in Cavancha Peninsula
    The underwater-themed mural situated in Cavancha Peninsula
  • 1934 nautical chart of Iquique
    1934 nautical chart of Iquique

References

  1. ^ a b "Municipality of Iquique" (in Spanish). Retrieved October 31, 2010.
  2. ^ a b c d e f "National Statistics Institute" (in Spanish). Retrieved September 9, 2010.
  3. ^ [1]
  4. ^ Mars 96 timeline, NASA
  5. ^ a b c "Territorial division of Chile" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 8, 2013. Retrieved October 31, 2010.
  6. ^ http://latercera.com/contenido/680_194898_9.shtml Archived July 13, 2011, at the Wayback Machine Iquique has almost 10% of its foreign population.
  7. ^ Cereceda, P.; Larrain, H.; osses, P.; Farias, M.; Egaña, I. (2008). "The climate of the coast and fog zone in the Tarapacá Region, Atacama Desert, Chile". Atmospheric Research. 87 (3–4): 301–311. Bibcode:2008AtmRe..87..301C. doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2007.11.011. hdl:10533/139314.
  8. ^ "Datos Normales y Promedios Históricos Promedios de 30 años o menos" (in Spanish). Dirección Meteorológica de Chile. Archived from the original on May 21, 2023. Retrieved May 20, 2023.
  9. ^ "Temperaturas Medias y Extremas en 30 Años-Entre los años: 1991 al 2020-Nombre estación: Diego Aracena Iquique Ap" (in Spanish). Dirección Meteorológica de Chile. Archived from the original on May 21, 2023. Retrieved May 21, 2023.
  10. ^ "Temperatura Histórica de la Estación Diego Aracena Iquique Ap. (200006)" (in Spanish). Dirección Meteorológica de Chile. Archived from the original on May 21, 2023. Retrieved May 20, 2023.
  11. ^ "Estadistica Climatologica Tomo I" (PDF) (in Spanish). Dirección General de Aeronáutica Civil. March 2001. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 30, 2017. Retrieved January 4, 2013.
  12. ^ "Diego Aracena Aeropuerto Iquique Climate Normals 1991–2020". World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on August 4, 2023. Retrieved August 4, 2023.
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