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Coordinates: 36°21′N 6°36′E / 36.350°N 6.600°E / 36.350; 6.600
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m Task 20: replace {lang-??} templates with {langx|??} ‹See Tfd› (Replaced 1);
 
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| settlement_type = [[List of cities in Algeria|City]]
| settlement_type = [[List of cities in Algeria|City]]
| motto =
| motto =
| image_skyline = Magnia.jpg
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
⚫
| image_caption = Constantine
| total_width = 280
| image_style = border:1;
| perrow = 1/2/2
| image1 = Ville de Constantine مدينة قسنطينة 2.jpg
| caption1 = View from the [[Bab El Kantra Bridge]]
| image2 = Constantine - Pont de Sidi Mcid قسنطينة - جسر سيدي مسيد (29374481101).jpg
| caption2 = [[Sidi M'Cid Bridge]]
| image3 = Constantine algerie grande mosquee emir abdelkader4.jpg
| caption3 = [[Emir Abdelkader Mosque]]
| image4 = Monument aux morts - Constantine معلم تذكاري - قسنطينة.jpg
| caption4 = Monument aux morts de Constantine
| image5 = Constantina 02.jpg
| caption5 = Central Constantine
}}
⚫
| image_caption =
| image_flag =
| image_flag =
| image_seal = Coat of Arms of Constantine.svg
| image_seal = Coat of Arms of Constantine.svg
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| pushpin_map_caption = Location within Algeria
| pushpin_map_caption = Location within Algeria
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[Algeria]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Algeria}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Algeria|Province]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Algeria|Province]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Constantine Province]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Constantine Province]]
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| government_type =
| government_type =
| leader_title = President
| leader_title = President
| leader_name = A. Chibane (2007–12)
| leader_name = C. Bensari (2022 - 2026)
| established_title = Cirta
| established_title = Cirta
| established_date = 203 BC
| established_date = 203 BC
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| population_demonym = Constantinian
| population_demonym = Constantinian
| population_as_of = 2008
| population_as_of = 2008
| population_footnotes = census<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ons.dz/collections/w25_p1.pdf |title=(1998-2008) |access-date=2013-03-12}}</ref>
| population_footnotes = census<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ons.dz/collections/w25_p1.pdf |title=(1998-2008) |access-date=2013-03-12 |archive-date=2011-07-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721112912/http://www.ons.dz/collections/w25_p1.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web |url=http://citypopulation.de/en/algeria/constantine/2501__constantine/ |title=Constantine (Province Capital, Constantine, Algeria) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location |website=citypopulation.de |access-date=2022-03-20}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web |url=http://citypopulation.de/en/algeria/constantine/2501__constantine/ |title=Constantine (Province Capital, Constantine, Algeria) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location |website=citypopulation.de |access-date=2022-03-20 |archive-date=2022-03-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320121513/http://citypopulation.de/en/algeria/constantine/2501__constantine/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| population_note =
| population_note =
| population_total = 464219
| population_total = 464219
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| utc_offset = +1
| utc_offset = +1
| coordinates = {{coord|36|21|N|6|36|E|region:DZ_type:city|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates = {{coord|36|21|N|6|36|E|region:DZ_type:city|display=inline,title}}
| elevation_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mundomanz.com/meteo_p/pr_data?ind=60419 |title=Datos |publisher=Mundomanz.com |access-date=2020-05-29}}</ref>
| elevation_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mundomanz.com/meteo_p/pr_data?ind=60419 |title=Datos |publisher=Mundomanz.com |access-date=2020-05-29 |archive-date=2021-08-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805100827/http://www.mundomanz.com/meteo_p/pr_data?ind=60419 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| elevation_m = 694
| elevation_m = 694
| postal_code_type = Postal code
| postal_code_type = Postal code
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|1847 |20,800
|1847 |20,800
|1911 |65,193
|1911 |65,193
|1965 |235,000
|1987 |440,842
|1987 |440,842
}}
}}


'''Constantine''' ({{lang-ar|قسنطينة|Qusanṭīnah|links=no}}), also spelled '''Qacentina'''<ref name="Britannica">{{cite web |url= https://www.britannica.com/place/Constantine-Algeria |title= Constantine-Algeria |publisher= Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date= 17 July 2015}}</ref> or '''Kasantina''', is the capital of [[Constantine Province]] in northeastern [[Algeria]]. During [[Roman Empire|Roman times]] it was called [[Cirta]] and was renamed "Constantina" in honour of Emperor [[Constantine the Great]]. Located somewhat inland, Constantine is about {{convert|80|km|0|abbr=off}} from the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean coast]], on the banks of the [[Rhumel River]].
'''Constantine''' ({{langx|ar|قسنطينة|Qusanṭīnah}}), also spelled '''Qacentina'''<ref name="Britannica">{{cite web |url= https://www.britannica.com/place/Constantine-Algeria |title= Constantine-Algeria |publisher= Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date= 17 July 2015 |archive-date= 17 July 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150717163502/http://www.britannica.com/place/Constantine-Algeria |url-status= live }}</ref> or '''Kasantina''', is the capital of [[Constantine Province]] in northeastern [[Algeria]]. During [[Roman Empire|Roman times]] it was called [[Cirta]] and was renamed "Constantina" in honour of Emperor [[Constantine the Great]]. Located somewhat inland, Constantine is about {{convert|80|km|0|abbr=off}} from the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean coast]], on the banks of the [[Rhumel River]].


Constantine is regarded as the capital of eastern Algeria and the commercial centre of its region and has a population of about 450,000 (938,475<ref name="Alg2008RGPH">[http://rgph2008.ons.dz/resultat/histo.htm Office National des Statistiques, Recensement General de la Population et de l'Habitat 2008] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724130336/http://rgph2008.ons.dz/resultat/histo.htm |date=July 24, 2008 }} 2008 population census. Accessed on 2016-01-27.</ref> with the agglomeration), making it the third largest city in the country after [[Algiers]] and [[Oran]]. There are several museums and historical sites located around the city. Constantine is often referred to as the "City of Bridges" because of the numerous picturesque bridges connecting the various hills, valleys, and ravines that the city is built on and around.
Constantine is regarded as the capital of eastern Algeria and the commercial centre of its region and has a population of about 450,000 (938,475<ref name="Alg2008RGPH">[http://rgph2008.ons.dz/resultat/histo.htm Office National des Statistiques, Recensement General de la Population et de l'Habitat 2008] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724130336/http://rgph2008.ons.dz/resultat/histo.htm |date=July 24, 2008 }} 2008 population census. Accessed on 2016-01-27.</ref> with the agglomeration), making it the third largest city in the country after [[Algiers]] and [[Oran]]. There are several museums and historical sites located around the city. Constantine is often referred to as the "City of Bridges" because of the numerous picturesque bridges connecting the various hills, valleys, and ravines that the city is built on and around.
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[[File:General view, Constantine, Algeria-LCCN2001697860.jpg|thumb|left|General view, Constantine, 1899]]
[[File:General view, Constantine, Algeria-LCCN2001697860.jpg|thumb|left|General view, Constantine, 1899]]


The ancient name of Constantine is [[Cirta]] and was the capital of Numidia.In 112 B.C., the city was the capital of the Numidian king [[Jugurtha]], who defeated his half-brother [[Adherbal (king of Numidia)|Adherbal]]. The city later served as the base for Roman generals [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Numidicus]] and [[Gaius Marius]] in their [[Jugurthine War|war against Jugurtha]]. Later, with the removal of King [[Juba I of Numidia|Juba I]] and the remaining supporters of [[Pompey]] in Africa ({{circa|46}}), [[Julius Caesar]] gave special rights to the citizens of [[Cirta]], now known as Colonia Sittlanorum.
In antiquity, the city was originally called [[Cirta]] and served as the capital of the [[Berbers|Berber]] kingdom of [[Numidia]]. In 112 B.C., the city was the capital of the Numidian king [[Jugurtha]], who defeated his half-brother [[Adherbal (king of Numidia)|Adherbal]]. The city later served as the base for Roman generals [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Numidicus]] and [[Gaius Marius]] in their [[Jugurthine War|war against Jugurtha]]. Later, with the removal of King [[Juba I of Numidia|Juba I]] and the remaining supporters of [[Pompey]] in Africa ({{circa|46}}), [[Julius Caesar]] gave special rights to the citizens of [[Cirta]], now known as Colonia Sittlanorum.


In 311 AD, during the civil war between emperor [[Maxentius]] and usurper [[Domitius Alexander]] (a former governor of Africa), the city was destroyed. Rebuilt in 313 AD, it was subsequently named in Latin as "Colonia Constantiniana" or "Constantina",<ref>LOUIS, RENÉ. "A LA RECHERCHE DE 'CIRTA REGIA' CAPITALE DES ROIS NUMIDES." Hommes Et Mondes, vol. 10, no. 39, 1949, pp. 276–287. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/44207191. Accessed 19 Feb. 2020.</ref> after emperor [[Constantine the Great]], who had defeated Maxentius. Captured by the [[Vandals]] in 432, Constantine returned to the Byzantine [[Exarchate of Africa]] from 534 to 697. It was conquered by the Arabs in the 8th century, receiving the name of ''Qacentina'', It was part of the region known to the Islamic world as [[Ifriqiya]].
In 311 AD, during the civil war between emperor [[Maxentius]] and usurper [[Domitius Alexander]] (a former governor of Africa), the city was destroyed. Rebuilt in 313 AD, it was subsequently named in Latin as "Colonia Constantiniana" or "Constantina",<ref>{{cite journal |last=Louis |first=René |title=A La Recherche de ''Cirta Regia'' Capitale des Rois Numides |journal=Hommes et Mondes |volume=10 |issue=39 |date=1949 |pages=276–287 |jstor=44207191 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44207191 |access-date=19 February 2020 |archive-date=29 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429234707/https://www.jstor.org/stable/44207191 |url-status=live }}</ref> after emperor [[Constantine the Great]], who had defeated Maxentius. During Roman rule, the city exported wheat and was the only population center that lay on both of the Roman roads paved in ancient Algeria.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Thomas |first1=Benjamin |title=Fortress City of Constantine, Algeria |journal=The Scientific Monthly |date=1955 |volume=81 |issue=3 |pages=130–137 |jstor=21967 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/21967 |access-date=2024-04-30 |archive-date=2024-04-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240430003321/https://www.jstor.org/stable/21967 |url-status=live }}</ref> Captured by the [[Vandals]] in 432, Constantine returned to the Byzantine [[Exarchate of Africa]] from 534 to 697. Following the Arab conquest of the city in the 8th century, it became known as ''Qacentina''. The city was a part of the wider region of [[Ifriqiya]].


=== Modern history ===
=== Modern history ===
The city recovered in the 12th century and under [[Almohad]] and [[Hafsid]] rule it was again a prosperous market, with links to [[Republic of Pisa|Pisa]], [[Republic of Genoa|Genoa]] and [[Republic of Venice|Venice]]. After taking it from the [[Hafsids]] in 1529 it was intermittently part of [[Ottoman Empire]], ruled by a Turkish [[bey]] (governor) subordinate to the [[dey]] of [[Algiers]]. [[Salah Bey ben Mostefa|Salah Bey]], who ruled the city in 1770–1792, greatly embellished it and built much of the [[Islamic architecture|Muslim architecture]] still visible today.
The city recovered in the 12th century and under [[Almohad]] and [[Hafsid]] rule it was again a prosperous market, with links to [[Republic of Pisa|Pisa]], [[Republic of Genoa|Genoa]] and [[Republic of Venice|Venice]]. After taking it from the [[Hafsids]] in 1529 it was intermittently part of [[Ottoman Empire]], ruled by a Turkish [[bey]] (governor) subordinate to the [[dey]] of [[Algiers]]. [[Salah Bey ben Mostefa|Salah Bey]], who ruled the city in 1770–1792, greatly embellished it and built much of the [[Islamic architecture|Muslim architecture]] still visible today. During the Ottoman reign of Constantine, merchants traded a variety of goods such as; agricultural products, animals, embroidered textiles, leather, precious metals, swords, and pistols.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cole |first1=Joshua |title=Lethal Provocation: The Constantine Murders and the Politics of French Algeria |date=2019 |page=17|publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=9781501739415}}</ref>


{{Multiimage
{{Multiimage
| image1 = Les colonnes d’assaut se mettent en mouvement..jpg
| image1 = Les colonnes d’assaut se mettent en mouvement..jpg
| caption1 = [[Siege of Constantine]] in October 1837]]
| caption1 = [[Siege of Constantine]] in October 1837
| image2 = Hadj Ahmed Ben Mohamed Chérif, dit Ahmed Bey, au musée central de l'armée, Alger.png
| image2 = Hadj Ahmed Ben Mohamed Chérif, dit Ahmed Bey, au musée central de l'armée, Alger.png
| caption2 = Ahmed Ben Mohamed Chérif, known as Ahmed Bey, Musée central de l'armée, Algiers
| caption2 = Ahmed Ben Mohamed Chérif, known as Ahmed Bey, Musée central de l'armée, Algiers
}}
}}


In 1826 the last bey, [[Ahmed Bey ben Mohamed Chérif]], became the new head of state. He led a fierce resistance against French forces, which had invaded Algeria four years later. By 13 October 1837, the territory was captured by France, and from 1848 on until 1962 it was the centre of the Constantine Département. In 1880, while working in the military hospital in Constantine, [[Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran]] discovered that the cause of [[malaria]] is a [[protozoa]]n. He observed the parasites in a [[blood smear]] taken from a soldier who had just died of malaria.<ref name="Bruce-Chuvatt LJ 1981 531–6">{{cite journal |author=Bruce-Chuvatt LJ |title=Alphonse Laveran's discovery 100 years ago and today's global fight against malaria |journal=J R Soc Med |volume=74 |issue=7 |pages=531–6 |date=July 1981 |pmid=7021827 |pmc=1439072 |doi= 10.1177/014107688107400715}}</ref> For this, he received the 1907 [[Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine]].<ref name="Bruce-Chuvatt LJ 1981 531–6"/> This was the first time that protozoa were shown to be a cause of disease. His work helped inspire researchers and veterinarians today to try to find a cure for malaria in animals.<ref name="Bruce-Chuvatt LJ 1981 531–6"/>
In 1826 the last bey, [[Ahmed Bey ben Mohamed Chérif]], became the new head of state. He led a fierce resistance against French forces, which invaded Algeria four years later. By 13 October 1837, the territory was captured by France, and from 1848 on until 1962 it was the centre of the Constantine Département. In 1880, while working in the military hospital in Constantine, [[Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran]] discovered that the cause of [[malaria]] is a [[protozoa]]n. He observed the parasites in a [[blood smear]] taken from a soldier who had just died of malaria.<ref name="Bruce-Chuvatt LJ 1981 531–6">{{cite journal |author=Bruce-Chuvatt LJ |title=Alphonse Laveran's discovery 100 years ago and today's global fight against malaria |journal=J R Soc Med |volume=74 |issue=7 |pages=531–536 |date=July 1981 |pmid=7021827 |pmc=1439072 |doi= 10.1177/014107688107400715}}</ref> For this, he received the 1907 [[Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine]].<ref name="Bruce-Chuvatt LJ 1981 531–6"/> This was the first time that protozoa were shown to be a cause of disease. His work helped inspire researchers and veterinarians today to try to find a cure for malaria in animals.<ref name="Bruce-Chuvatt LJ 1981 531–6"/>


In 1934, Muslim anti-Jewish riots, the [[1934 Constantine Pogrom]], caused the death of 34 local Jews.<ref name="Vance2011">{{cite book|author=Sharon Vance|title=The Martyrdom of a Moroccan Jewish Saint|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5eE0QbtrTAgC|date=10 May 2011|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-20700-4|page=182|quote=Muslim anti Jewish riots in Constantine in 1934 when 34 Jews were killed}}</ref>
In 1934, Muslim anti-Jewish riots, the [[1934 Constantine Pogrom]], caused the death of 23 local Jews and 3 local Muslims, 81 people were injured on both sides of the conflict.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cole |first1=Joshua |title=Constantine Before the Riots of August 1934: Civil Status, anti-Semitism, and the Politics of Assimilation in Interwar French Algeria. |journal=Journal of North African Studies |date=December 2012 |volume=17 |issue=5 |page=839 |doi=10.1080/13629387.2012.723432}}</ref>


During [[World War II]], during the campaign in North Africa (1942–43), Allied forces used Constantine and the nearby cities of [[Sétif]] and Bone as operational bases.
During [[World War II]], during the campaign in North Africa (1942–43), Allied forces used Constantine and the nearby cities of [[Sétif]] and Bone as operational bases.

[[History of Jews in Constantine|Constantine's jewish community]] was expelled after [[1962 Algerian independence referendum|Algerian Independence]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jewish Virtual Library |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/ |access-date=2024-03-21 |website=www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org}}</ref>

A magnitude 6 earthquake would strike Constantine in October 1981.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bounif |first=A. |last2=Haessler |first2=H. |last3=Meghraoui |first3=M. |date=1987-10-01 |title=The Constantine (northeast Algeria) earthquake of October 27, 1985: surface ruptures and aftershock study |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987E&PSL..85..451B |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |volume=85 |pages=451–460 |doi=10.1016/0012-821X(87)90140-3 |issn=0012-821X}}</ref>


== Geography ==
== Geography ==
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{{Weather box
{{Weather box
| location = Constantine ([[Mohamed Boudiaf International Airport]]) (1991–2020, extremes 1913–2020)
| location = Constantine ([[Mohamed Boudiaf International Airport]]) 1991–2020, extremes 1913–2020
| metric first = yes
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
| single line = yes
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|archive-date = 9 October 2023
|archive-date = 9 October 2023
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
|source 2 = [[Deutscher Wetterdienst]] (extremes, 1913–1992, humidity, 1975–1986 and sun, 1975–1990)<ref name = DWD>
|source 2 = [[Deutscher Wetterdienst]] (extremes, 1913–1992, humidity, 1975–1986 and sun, 1975–1990)<ref name = DWD>{{cite web
{{cite web
| url = http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_604190_kt.pdf
| url = http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_604190_kt.pdf
| title = Klimatafel von Constantine / Algerien
| title = Klimatafel von Constantine / Algerien
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| publisher = Deutscher Wetterdienst
| publisher = Deutscher Wetterdienst
| language = de
| language = de
| access-date = 17 October 2016}}</ref>
| access-date = 17 October 2016
| archive-date = 20 September 2021
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210920071351/https://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_604190_kt.pdf
| url-status = live
}}</ref>
| date=February 2013}}
| date=February 2013}}


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[[File:Map of Constantine Algeria 1940s.jpg|thumb|US Army map of Constantine during the [[World War II|Second World War]]]]
[[File:Map of Constantine Algeria 1940s.jpg|thumb|US Army map of Constantine during the [[World War II|Second World War]]]]
The city is framed by a deep ravine and has a dramatic appearance. In 1911, [[Baedeker]] described it as "resembling the Kasba of [[Algiers]], the picturesque charm of which has so far been marred by the construction of but a few new streets."<ref name="WDL">{{cite web |url = http://www.wdl.org/en/item/8789/ |title = General View, Constantine, Algeria |website = [[World Digital Library]] |year = 1899 |access-date = 2013-09-26 }}</ref>
The city is framed by a deep ravine and has a dramatic appearance. In 1911, [[Baedeker]] described it as "resembling the Kasba of [[Algiers]], the picturesque charm of which has so far been marred by the construction of but a few new streets."<ref name="WDL">{{cite web |url = http://www.wdl.org/en/item/8789/ |title = General View, Constantine, Algeria |website = [[World Digital Library]] |year = 1899 |access-date = 2013-09-26 |archive-date = 2013-09-28 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130928142557/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/8789/ |url-status = live }}</ref>


* [[El Bey Mosque]] built in 1703 also known by its post colonial name Souq El Ghezal Mosque.
* [[El Bey Mosque]] built in 1703 also known by its post colonial name Souq El Ghezal Mosque.
* [[Great Mosque of Constantine]] historical mosque built in 1136.
* [[Great Mosque of Constantine]] historical mosque built in 1136.
* [[Cirta Museum]], previously Gustave Mercier Museum (displays ancient and modern Algerian art)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.engival.fr/const-musee.htm |title=Musée Gustave MERCIER - Constantine (Algérie) |publisher=Engival.fr |access-date=2013-03-12}}</ref>
* [[Cirta Museum]], previously Gustave Mercier Museum (displays ancient and modern Algerian art)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.engival.fr/const-musee.htm |title=Musée Gustave MERCIER - Constantine (Algérie) |publisher=Engival.fr |access-date=2013-03-12 |archive-date=2013-03-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130323082326/http://www.engival.fr/const-musee.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Abd al Hamid Ben Badis]] Mosque
* [[Abd al Hamid Ben Badis]] Mosque
* The Casbah ([[Kasbah]]) known locally by the name of Swika
* The Casbah ([[Kasbah]]) known locally by the name of Swika
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== Education ==
== Education ==
Constantine has in general four universities: two of them are downtown Constantine [[University of Brothers Mentouri|Mentouri Public University]], designed by the Brazilian architect [[Oscar Niemeyer]], and Algerian architect [[Rashid Hassaine]], including Zerzara technical engineering pole, Zouaghi Slimane Geography and Earth Sciences Pole, and in the City of El-Khroub is the Institute of Veterinary Sciences. [[Emir Abdelkader University]] is one of the biggest Islamic universities with many faculties covering religious studies, foreign languages, literature. Constantine's new town "nouvelle ville ali mendjeli" has two big universities: Université Constantine 2 known as "lella nsoumer" offering maths, computer and economy majors, and the new university is actually a university pole with more than 20,000 students, 17 faculties and more than 40,000 residents. It is now the largest African university under the name of "Université Salah Boubnider" known as "Université Constantine 3".
Constantine has in general four universities: two of them are downtown Constantine [[University of Brothers Mentouri|Mentouri Public University]], designed by the Brazilian architect [[Oscar Niemeyer]], and Algerian architect [[Rashid Hassaine]], including Zerzara technical engineering pole, Zouaghi Slimane Geography and Earth Sciences Pole, and in the City of El-Khroub is the Institute of Veterinary Sciences. [[Emir Abdelkader University]] is one of the biggest Islamic universities with many faculties covering religious studies, foreign languages, and literature. Constantine's new town "nouvelle ville ali mendjeli" has two big universities: Université Constantine 2 known as "lella nsoumer" offers maths, computer and economy majors, and the new university is actually a university pole with more than 20,000 students, 17 faculties and more than 40,000 residents. It is now the largest African university under the name of "Université Salah Boubnider" known as "Université Constantine 3".


==Transport==
==Transport==
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Constantine is served by [[Mohamed Boudiaf International Airport]].
Constantine is served by [[Mohamed Boudiaf International Airport]].


Constantine also owns its 14.7&nbsp;km-long tram network serving the city centre at the airport but also in the main neighbourhoods of the metropolis [[Constantine tramway]].
Constantine also owns its 14.7&nbsp;km-long tram network serving the city centre at the airport and the main neighbourhoods of the metropolis [[Constantine tramway]].


==Twin towns - sister cities==
==Twin towns - sister cities==
{{See also|List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Africa#Algeria|l1=List of twin towns and sister cities in Algeria}}
{{See also|List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Africa#Algeria|l1=List of twin towns and sister cities in Algeria}}
Constantine is [[Sister city|twinned]] with:
Constantine is [[Sister city|twinned]] with:
*[[Grenoble]], France<ref>{{cite web |title=Jumelages et coopérations|url=https://www.grenoble.fr/96-jumelages-et-cooperations.htm|website=grenoble.fr|publisher=Grenoble|language=fr|access-date=2020-11-03}}</ref>
*[[Grenoble]], France<ref>{{cite web|title=Jumelages et coopérations|url=https://www.grenoble.fr/96-jumelages-et-cooperations.htm|website=grenoble.fr|publisher=Grenoble|language=fr|access-date=2020-11-03|archive-date=2015-03-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316175536/http://www.grenoble.fr/103-jumelages-et-cooperations.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Sousse]], Tunisia<ref>{{cite web|title=Le printemps de Sousse est de retour|url=http://www.letemps.com.tn/article/90206/le-printemps-de-sousse-est-de-retour|website=letemps.com.tn|publisher=Le Temps|language=fr|access-date=2020-11-03|archive-date=2015-12-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151226102004/http://www.letemps.com.tn/article/90206/le-printemps-de-sousse-est-de-retour|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*[[Sousse]], Tunisia<ref>{{cite web|title=Le printemps de Sousse est de retour|url=http://www.letemps.com.tn/article/90206/le-printemps-de-sousse-est-de-retour|website=letemps.com.tn|publisher=Le Temps|language=fr|access-date=2020-11-03|archive-date=2015-12-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151226102004/http://www.letemps.com.tn/article/90206/le-printemps-de-sousse-est-de-retour|url-status=dead}}</ref>


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{{Portal|Algeria}}
{{Portal|Algeria}}
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}
<!-- Djamel Eddine, Laouisset (2009). A Retrospective Study of the Algerian Iron and Steel Industry. New York : Nova Publishers. ISBN 978-1-61761-190-2. -->
<!-- Djamel Eddine, Laouisset (2009). A Retrospective Study of the Algerian Iron and Steel Industry. New York : Nova Publishers. {{ISBN|978-1-61761-190-2}}. -->


== External links ==
== External links ==

Latest revision as of 11:15, 22 October 2024

Constantine
قسنطينة
Qusanṭīnah
City
View from the Bab El Kantra Bridge
Monument aux morts de Constantine
Central Constantine
Official seal of Constantine
Seal
Nickname: 
City of Bridges
Location of Constantine within Constantine Province
Location of Constantine within Constantine Province
Constantine is located in Algeria
Constantine
Constantine
Location within Algeria
Coordinates: 36°21′N 6°36′E / 36.350°N 6.600°E / 36.350; 6.600
Country Algeria
ProvinceConstantine Province
DistrictConstantine District
Cirta203 BC
Government
 • PresidentC. Bensari (2022 - 2026)
Area
 • Total
2,288 km2 (883 sq mi)
Elevation
[1]
694 m (2,277 ft)
Population
 (2008)census[2] [3]
 • Total
464,219
 • Density200/km2 (530/sq mi)
DemonymConstantinian
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
Postal code
250xx
Area code(+213) 031
ClimateCsa
Historical population
YearPop.±%
1832 25,000—    
1847 20,800−16.8%
1911 65,193+213.4%
1965 235,000+260.5%
1987 440,842+87.6%
Source: Cole[4]

Constantine (Arabic: قسنطينة, romanized: Qusanṭīnah), also spelled Qacentina[5] or Kasantina, is the capital of Constantine Province in northeastern Algeria. During Roman times it was called Cirta and was renamed "Constantina" in honour of Emperor Constantine the Great. Located somewhat inland, Constantine is about 80 kilometres (50 miles) from the Mediterranean coast, on the banks of the Rhumel River.

Constantine is regarded as the capital of eastern Algeria and the commercial centre of its region and has a population of about 450,000 (938,475[6] with the agglomeration), making it the third largest city in the country after Algiers and Oran. There are several museums and historical sites located around the city. Constantine is often referred to as the "City of Bridges" because of the numerous picturesque bridges connecting the various hills, valleys, and ravines that the city is built on and around.

Constantine was named the Arab Capital of Culture in 2015.[7]

History

[edit]

Ancient history

[edit]
Main article: Cirta
General view, Constantine, 1899

In antiquity, the city was originally called Cirta and served as the capital of the Berber kingdom of Numidia. In 112 B.C., the city was the capital of the Numidian king Jugurtha, who defeated his half-brother Adherbal. The city later served as the base for Roman generals Quintus Caecilius Metellus Numidicus and Gaius Marius in their war against Jugurtha. Later, with the removal of King Juba I and the remaining supporters of Pompey in Africa (c. 46), Julius Caesar gave special rights to the citizens of Cirta, now known as Colonia Sittlanorum.

In 311 AD, during the civil war between emperor Maxentius and usurper Domitius Alexander (a former governor of Africa), the city was destroyed. Rebuilt in 313 AD, it was subsequently named in Latin as "Colonia Constantiniana" or "Constantina",[8] after emperor Constantine the Great, who had defeated Maxentius. During Roman rule, the city exported wheat and was the only population center that lay on both of the Roman roads paved in ancient Algeria.[9] Captured by the Vandals in 432, Constantine returned to the Byzantine Exarchate of Africa from 534 to 697. Following the Arab conquest of the city in the 8th century, it became known as Qacentina. The city was a part of the wider region of Ifriqiya.

Modern history

[edit]

The city recovered in the 12th century and under Almohad and Hafsid rule it was again a prosperous market, with links to Pisa, Genoa and Venice. After taking it from the Hafsids in 1529 it was intermittently part of Ottoman Empire, ruled by a Turkish bey (governor) subordinate to the dey of Algiers. Salah Bey, who ruled the city in 1770–1792, greatly embellished it and built much of the Muslim architecture still visible today. During the Ottoman reign of Constantine, merchants traded a variety of goods such as; agricultural products, animals, embroidered textiles, leather, precious metals, swords, and pistols.[10]

Siege of Constantine in October 1837
Ahmed Ben Mohamed Chérif, known as Ahmed Bey, Musée central de l'armée, Algiers

In 1826 the last bey, Ahmed Bey ben Mohamed Chérif, became the new head of state. He led a fierce resistance against French forces, which invaded Algeria four years later. By 13 October 1837, the territory was captured by France, and from 1848 on until 1962 it was the centre of the Constantine Département. In 1880, while working in the military hospital in Constantine, Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran discovered that the cause of malaria is a protozoan. He observed the parasites in a blood smear taken from a soldier who had just died of malaria.[11] For this, he received the 1907 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine.[11] This was the first time that protozoa were shown to be a cause of disease. His work helped inspire researchers and veterinarians today to try to find a cure for malaria in animals.[11]

In 1934, Muslim anti-Jewish riots, the 1934 Constantine Pogrom, caused the death of 23 local Jews and 3 local Muslims, 81 people were injured on both sides of the conflict.[12]

During World War II, during the campaign in North Africa (1942–43), Allied forces used Constantine and the nearby cities of Sétif and Bone as operational bases.

Geography

[edit]
Constantine, canyon & bridges

Constantine is situated on a plateau at an elevation 640 metres (2,100 ft) above sea level. The city is framed by a deep ravine and has a dramatic appearance. The city is very picturesque with a number of bridges over Rhumel River and a viaduct crossing the ravine. The ravine is crossed by seven bridges, including Sidi M'Cid bridge. Constantine is the railhead of a prosperous and diverse agricultural area. It is also a centre of the grain trade and has flour mills, a tractor factory, and industries producing textiles, wool, linen and leather goods.[citation needed] Algeria and Tunisia serve as its markets.

Climate

[edit]

Constantine has a Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification Csa), with hot, dry summers and mild, moist winters.

Climate data for Constantine (Mohamed Boudiaf International Airport) 1991–2020, extremes 1913–2020
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 24.0
(75.2) 		26.6
(79.9) 		32.1
(89.8) 		34.3
(93.7) 		41.3
(106.3) 		43.2
(109.8) 		44.1
(111.4) 		44.8
(112.6) 		45.5
(113.9) 		37.2
(99.0) 		29.7
(85.5) 		27.8
(82.0) 		45.5
(113.9)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 12.4
(54.3) 		13.2
(55.8) 		16.6
(61.9) 		19.8
(67.6) 		25.2
(77.4) 		31.0
(87.8) 		35.0
(95.0) 		34.6
(94.3) 		29.1
(84.4) 		24.3
(75.7) 		17.5
(63.5) 		13.4
(56.1) 		22.7
(72.9)
Daily mean °C (°F) 7.4
(45.3) 		7.9
(46.2) 		10.7
(51.3) 		13.4
(56.1) 		17.9
(64.2) 		23.0
(73.4) 		26.6
(79.9) 		26.6
(79.9) 		22.3
(72.1) 		17.9
(64.2) 		12.0
(53.6) 		8.5
(47.3) 		16.2
(61.2)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 2.3
(36.1) 		2.5
(36.5) 		4.8
(40.6) 		7.0
(44.6) 		10.7
(51.3) 		15.0
(59.0) 		18.3
(64.9) 		18.5
(65.3) 		15.5
(59.9) 		11.6
(52.9) 		6.6
(43.9) 		3.6
(38.5) 		9.7
(49.5)
Record low °C (°F) −8.8
(16.2) 		−10.2
(13.6) 		−6.0
(21.2) 		−3.5
(25.7) 		−1.4
(29.5) 		3.0
(37.4) 		7.0
(44.6) 		7.8
(46.0) 		3.3
(37.9) 		−2.1
(28.2) 		−3.9
(25.0) 		−4.8
(23.4) 		−10.2
(13.6)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 64.8
(2.55) 		54.6
(2.15) 		57.0
(2.24) 		51.6
(2.03) 		40.9
(1.61) 		14.8
(0.58) 		4.0
(0.16) 		19.4
(0.76) 		35.9
(1.41) 		39.5
(1.56) 		53.3
(2.10) 		66.2
(2.61) 		502.0
(19.76)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 8.1 7.7 7.5 7.0 5.4 2.8 1.0 2.4 4.8 5.2 6.0 8.1 66.0
Average relative humidity (%) 76 73 72 70 65 54 42 48 60 68 75 76 65
Mean monthly sunshine hours 155.0 155.4 192.2 210.0 251.1 315.0 356.5 303.8 258.0 213.9 165.0 148.8 2,724.7
Mean daily sunshine hours 5.0 5.5 6.2 7.0 8.1 10.5 11.5 9.8 8.6 6.9 5.5 4.8 7.5
Source 1: NOAA[13]
Source 2: Deutscher Wetterdienst (extremes, 1913–1992, humidity, 1975–1986 and sun, 1975–1990)[14]

Main sights

[edit]
US Army map of Constantine during the Second World War

The city is framed by a deep ravine and has a dramatic appearance. In 1911, Baedeker described it as "resembling the Kasba of Algiers, the picturesque charm of which has so far been marred by the construction of but a few new streets."[15]

Nearby are

The City of Bridges

[edit]

The topography of the city is unique and it determines the need for bridges. At the end of the 19th century, Guy de Maupassant wrote: "Eight bridges used to cross this ravine. Six of these bridges are in ruins today." Today the most important bridges are:

Education

[edit]

Constantine has in general four universities: two of them are downtown Constantine Mentouri Public University, designed by the Brazilian architect Oscar Niemeyer, and Algerian architect Rashid Hassaine, including Zerzara technical engineering pole, Zouaghi Slimane Geography and Earth Sciences Pole, and in the City of El-Khroub is the Institute of Veterinary Sciences. Emir Abdelkader University is one of the biggest Islamic universities with many faculties covering religious studies, foreign languages, and literature. Constantine's new town "nouvelle ville ali mendjeli" has two big universities: Université Constantine 2 known as "lella nsoumer" offers maths, computer and economy majors, and the new university is actually a university pole with more than 20,000 students, 17 faculties and more than 40,000 residents. It is now the largest African university under the name of "Université Salah Boubnider" known as "Université Constantine 3".

Transport

[edit]

Constantine is served by Mohamed Boudiaf International Airport.

Constantine also owns its 14.7 km-long tram network serving the city centre at the airport and the main neighbourhoods of the metropolis Constantine tramway.

Twin towns - sister cities

[edit]
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Algeria

Constantine is twinned with:

Notable people

[edit]
See also: Category:People from Constantine, Algeria

Constantine has been the hometown of many noteworthy people in Algeria and France.

Further reading

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Datos". Mundomanz.com. Archived from the original on 2021-08-05. Retrieved 2020-05-29.
  2. ^ "(1998-2008)" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2011-07-21. Retrieved 2013-03-12.
  3. ^ "Constantine (Province Capital, Constantine, Algeria) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location". citypopulation.de. Archived from the original on 2022-03-20. Retrieved 2022-03-20.
  4. ^ Cole, Joshua (2019). Lethal Provocation : The Constantine Murders and the Politics of French Algeria. Cornell University Press. ISBN 9781501739415.
  5. ^ "Constantine-Algeria". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 17 July 2015. Retrieved 17 July 2015.
  6. ^ Office National des Statistiques, Recensement General de la Population et de l'Habitat 2008 Archived July 24, 2008, at the Wayback Machine 2008 population census. Accessed on 2016-01-27.
  7. ^ Utilisateur, Super. "Constantine Capital of Arab Culture 2015". www.unesco.dz. Archived from the original on 2018-02-21. Retrieved 2017-06-14.
  8. ^ Louis, René (1949). "A La Recherche de Cirta Regia Capitale des Rois Numides". Hommes et Mondes. 10 (39): 276–287. JSTOR 44207191. Archived from the original on 29 April 2024. Retrieved 19 February 2020.
  9. ^ Thomas, Benjamin (1955). "Fortress City of Constantine, Algeria". The Scientific Monthly. 81 (3): 130–137. JSTOR 21967. Archived from the original on 2024-04-30. Retrieved 2024-04-30.
  10. ^ Cole, Joshua (2019). Lethal Provocation: The Constantine Murders and the Politics of French Algeria. Cornell University Press. p. 17. ISBN 9781501739415.
  11. ^ a b c Bruce-Chuvatt LJ (July 1981). "Alphonse Laveran's discovery 100 years ago and today's global fight against malaria". J R Soc Med. 74 (7): 531–536. doi:10.1177/014107688107400715. PMC 1439072. PMID 7021827.
  12. ^ Cole, Joshua (December 2012). "Constantine Before the Riots of August 1934: Civil Status, anti-Semitism, and the Politics of Assimilation in Interwar French Algeria". Journal of North African Studies. 17 (5): 839. doi:10.1080/13629387.2012.723432.
  13. ^ "Constantine Climate Normals for 1991-2020". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 9 October 2023. Retrieved 9 October 2023.
  14. ^ "Klimatafel von Constantine / Algerien" (PDF). Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world (in German). Deutscher Wetterdienst. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 September 2021. Retrieved 17 October 2016.
  15. ^ "General View, Constantine, Algeria". World Digital Library. 1899. Archived from the original on 2013-09-28. Retrieved 2013-09-26.
  16. ^ "Musée Gustave MERCIER - Constantine (Algérie)". Engival.fr. Archived from the original on 2013-03-23. Retrieved 2013-03-12.
  17. ^ "Jumelages et coopérations". grenoble.fr (in French). Grenoble. Archived from the original on 2015-03-16. Retrieved 2020-11-03.
  18. ^ "Le printemps de Sousse est de retour". letemps.com.tn (in French). Le Temps. Archived from the original on 2015-12-26. Retrieved 2020-11-03.
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Constantine, Algeria.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Constantine.
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Constantine (Algeria)".
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