Proactiva Open Arms: Difference between revisions

Proactiva Open Arms
	Volunteer lifeguards (with yellow-red clothes) from Proactiva Open Arms helping Syrian and Iraqi refugees (Lesbos, October 2015).
Named after	Proactiva Serveis Aquàtics
Founder	Òscar Camps
Founded at	Badalona (Catalonia, Spain)
Type	Private non profit foundation
Purpose	Search and rescue (SAR)
Location	Lesbos, Greece;
Region	Mediterranean
Services	Sea rescue lifeguards
Website	www.proactivaopenarms.org

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Proactiva Open Arms (POA) is a Spanish NGO devoted to search and rescue (SAR) at sea. Set up in October 2015, it carried out its first rescue action that same month from its base on the Greek island of Lesbos.^[1] As well as maintaining a permanent base on Lesbos, the NGO carries out its rescue operations from three ships, a sailing yacht Astral,^[2] the Golfo Azzurro^[3] and Open Arms.^[4]^[5]^[6]

In 2016, Proactiva won the H.E.R.O. Award for Outstanding Team Contribution to a Maritime SAR Operation at the first edition of the UK-based International Maritime Rescue Federation's (IMRF) H.E.R.O. (Honouring Excellence in Rescue Operations) Awards for their participation in saving the lives of over 200 people who had capsized their overloaded vessel off the north shore of Lesbos.^[7]

The NGO has received several other awards, including the European Citizen's Prize awarded by the European Parliament in 2016.^[8] Its founder, Òscar Camps, was named Catalan of the Year by El Periódico de Catalunya in 2015.^[9] In October 2021, film director Marcel Barrena released a film, Mediterraneo: The Law of the Sea, devoted to the story of Òscar Camps and his colleagues which is very close to be a documentary.

Origins

As an NGO, Proactiva developed from Pro-Activa Serveis Aquàtics, a company providing lifeguard and water rescue services, located in Badalona, Spain. Due to the refugee crisis and the several high-profile deaths at sea, Oscar Camps travelled to Lesbos in September 2015, along with three other volunteers.

Lesbos

In September the first volunteers arrived on the Greek island to collaborate in rescue operations. In the beginning, the only materials available to them was basic diving equipment. Their main activities were to guide and assist the migrants to arrive safely on the shore.^[10]

28 October 2015: Alongside Greek coastguards, local fishermen and Frontex, the first six lifeguards deployed by Proactiva on Lesbos participated, with two jetskis, in the rescue of 242 survivors of a capsized boat. 60 people lost their lives in the tragedy.^[11]

Mediterranean search-and-rescue zone

In July 2017, Proactiva Open Arms was one of the three migrant rescue NGOs operating in the area that signed the Italian government’s code of conduct for rescue operations. Five other NGOs refused.^[12] Apart from the organisations refusing to sign the code, Amnesty International commented that the code of conduct "is the result of a wrong belief that having rescuers attracts migration";^[13] that it "is specifically designed to hinder the work of humanitarian ships" and "has no legal value whatsoever", as it conflicts with international law regarding rescue operations (Gianfranco Schiavone, Italian Association for Legal Studies on Immigration, ASGI);^[13] and that application of the code could carry "serious consequences" for rescuers because it could expose them to accusations of aiding illegal immigration and that it was "a trick to make NGOs more vulnerable to future legal actions" (Fulvio Vassallo Paleologo, University of Palermo).^[13]

Previously, experts on migration policy had commented that EU politicians and policy makers have repeatedly declared they are ‘at war’ with the smugglers and that they intend to ‘break the smugglers business model’. "The evidence from our research suggests that smuggling is driven, rather than broken, by EU policy" (Dr Franck Duvell, Centre on Migration Policy and Society at the University of Oxford),^[14] and that "The problem is there’s a huge political agenda around migration, so the more pragmatic of effective alternatives are being overridden by political aspirations of leaders across the European Union. They’ve backed themselves into a political corner where it’s very difficult to do anything else" (Professor Heaven Crawley, Coventry University's Centre for Trust, Peace and Social Relations).^[14] At the end of 2016 Human Rights Watch stated that "A lack of leadership, vision, and solidarity based on human rights principles are at the core of the EU’s dismal response to refugee and migration challenges".^[15]

Likewise, a December 2016 report by Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) analysing the EU's accusations, based on an internal report from the European border agency, Frontex, that the humanitarian organisations running search and rescue operations in the Central Mediterranean were doing so in collusion with smugglers or were helping them to carry out their deadly trade, concluded that "... the alternative implied by Frontex’s concerns about our rescue operations is to let people drown as a strategy to deter the smugglers".^[16]

Also responding to Frontex's allegations that aid groups were indirectly supporting criminal traffickers, Mario Giro, Italy's deputy foreign minister, said it showed a fundamental misunderstanding of so-called "push" and "pull" factors, adding that it was "a misleading controversy being used for internal purposes".^[17]

The view that the rescue NGOs' boats in the Mediterranean acted as a "pull factor" for migrants and traffickers was also challenged in March 2017 by two academics from Oxford and UC Berkeley who looked at data on rescues and deaths at sea and concluded that there was no correlation between the number of rescue vessels near Libya and the number of migrants arriving in Italy,^[18] stating that "SAR (search and rescue) operations reduce mortality risks (or conversely, the absence of SAR operations leads to more deaths), and has little or no effect on the number of arrivals".^[19]

On the other hand, researchers also cite testimonies of smugglers bribing police in Greece, Turkey and other countries of transit and that state officials, the military, law enforcement, and border guards are also involved in smuggling.^[14]

2016

4 October: members of the POA aboard the sailing yacht Astral participated in the rescue of hundreds of people on overloaded wooden vessels and rafts and recovered dozens of corpses –with over two dozen people found dead in one boat alone–.^[20]

2017

2 January 2017: the POA rescued 112 migrants^[21]
24 March 2017: POA lifeguards recovered five corpses from two capsized boats, each of which could hold in overload mode more than 100 people.^[22]^[23]
14 April 2017: The Italian coastguard service confirmed that 2,074 migrants on 16 rubber dinghies and three small wooden boats had been saved that day in 19 rescue operations by coastguards or NGOs. One person was found dead and ninety-seven people are missing, presumed drowned.^[24]
6 August 2017: Members of the POA operating on the Golfo Azzurro rescued three people in international waters 100 miles from the Libyan coast in an operation co-ordinated by the Italian coastguard. Reuters reported 48 hours later the ship had still not received authorisation to disembark anywhere, after having been refused permission to dock in Lampedusa, the nearest port to where the rescue took place.^[25] The ship's captain, Adrian Sonneveld, stated that all the instructions concerning the rescue had come from the coast guard control centre in Rome. He added that as the closest port was Lampedusa, "By international maritime law, it is illegal to refuse the Golfo Azzurro entry to this port".^[26]
15 August 2017: the Libyan coastguard service threatened the mariners on board the Golfo Azzurro^[27] in the search-and-rescue (SAR) zone of international waters.^[27]^[28] Three charities —Save the Children, MSF and Sea Eye—^[29] had already suspended their rescue work due to such threats, leaving only the POA, SOS Méditerranée and Moas carrying out SAR operations in the area. Commenting on the incident to the Italian state broadcaster, RAI, senator Luigi Manconi stated: "Life for NGOs is becoming dangerous. There is a strategy of dissuasion and intimidation, and strong pressure by the Libyans in order for (NGOs) to stop operating at sea".^[28] That same day, a speedboat operated by anti-immigration activists Defend Europe approached one of Proactive's RHIBs to place stickers on the side.^[30] Defend Europe's action came shortly after POA founder Oscar Camps had accused the anti-immigration activists of falsifying data, posting images of false boat positions, and making "threats by radio". He also stated that "our AIS signal has been hacked to show we're in Libyan waters, but we're not". The Italian magazine Famiglia Cristiana later confirmed Camps' statement after it had verified the AIS signal, that includes the boat's GPS location, with Marine Traffic, the digital hub that collects and publishes navigation data.^[19]

2018

27 January 2018: the POA, in a co-ordinated rescue operation with the Spanish Navy frigate Santa María, rescued 329 people, including 95 women, three of them pregnant, and 37 children, six of whom were newborns.^[31]
11 March 2018: the POA rescued three brothers who had fled Libya in a rubber dinghy, one of them a 13-year-old boy suffering from leukemia and with an IV line attached to his body.^[32]
12 March 2018: the POA rescued 93 migrants, disembarking in Pozzallo, Sicily.^[33]

16 March 2018: a Libyan coastguard vessel intercepted the Open Arms^[34] in international waters and threatened to "shoot to kill" unless the lifeguards handed over the women and children on board who were among the 218 people rescued earlier that day by the POA in international waters.^[35]^[36] Open Arms had attended an alert sent out by the Italian coastguard's Italian Maritime Rescue Coordination Center (IMRCC)^[37] to rescue two overloaded boats in difficulty.^[38] After the POA had reached the boat carrying the migrants, IMRCC informed them that Libya forces had command over the operation, but "told the Open Arms crew to use their judgment".^[37] A Libyan coastguard patrol boat reached the scene approximately 30 minutes after all the migrants had been issued with life jackets and all the women and children had been transferred to the POA's RHIBs.^[37] Two days later, The Associated Press, quoting the Italian news agency Agenzia Nazionale Stampa Associata (ANSA), reported that the ship had been impounded by Italian authorities and its captain and two other people were being investigated for human trafficking after arriving in Pozzallo, Sicily with 216 of the 218 migrants they had rescued^[39] in international waters, 73 miles (117 kilometers) from the coast of Libya.^[40] Two of the people rescued, a mother and her sick child, had been evacuated to Malta,^[41]^[40] where the ship is based, before Italian authorities permitted the ship to proceed to Sicily "given the precarious conditions of the migrants and worsening weather forecasts".^[40]
16 April 2018: The Italian court orders the release of the vessel Open Arms, nevertheless the human trafficking investigations continue.^[42]

Reactions to impoundment by Italian authorities

Following the impoundment of the rescue ship on arrival at Pozzallo, major international humanitarian NGOs issued statements criticising the action of the Italian authorities.

AI referred to the incident as "reckless disregard for common decency". The statement added that "It is time for European governments to urgently reset their cooperation with Libya on migration. Their callous complicity with smugglers, criminals and torturers must end and the safety and the rights of refugees, asylum-seekers and migrants must be prioritized".^[43]
HRW, reporting on the incident, stated that "Proactiva acted to save migrants’ lives and then prevented them from being abused in indefinite detention. It is perverse to try to characterize as criminal a refusal to hand victims to Libyan coast guard forces knowing they could face possible torture and rape in Libyan detention centers".^[37] The report went on to explain that "international human rights and refugee law prohibits returning anyone to a place where they face a real risk of torture or ill-treatment –the non-refoulement principle. Empowering Libyan forces to capture people on the high seas, when it is known that they will return them to cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment in arbitrary detention exposes Italy and other EU states involved to charges of aiding and abetting in serious human rights violations in detention".^[37]
MSF criticised the "criminalisation" of the NGOs that rescue migrants at sea, pointing out that "under no circumstances" should the people rescued be returned to Libya, and referring to the impoundment of Proactiva's ship as "the latest in a series of actions against NGOs that carry out life-saving rescue operations".^[44]
Vincent Cochetel, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees's (UNHCR) special envoy for the central Mediterranean, stated that he hoped this incident was not a return of what he called "the campaign we saw in 2017 against NGOs involved in rescue-at-sea".^[45]
Referring to the Code of Conduct for NGOs, Senator Luigi Manconi noted that "the code has no legal force. It is a treaty agreement between the Ministry and an individual. I do not find that a violation occurred, and if it did, it certainly would not constitute a crime." He went on to add that, "information to the flag state qualifies more as a commitment, while saving those in danger is an obligation. The hierarchy is very clear."^[46]

2020

On 8 and 9 September 2020 the crew of Open Arms picked up three groups of 77, 116 and 83 migrants.^[47] The ship anchored a few hundred meters off Palermo harbor with some 278 migrants on board and waited for permission to dock. After a week of waiting, on 17 September 2020, 75 migrants jumped overboard and tried to swim to the shore. The 75 were finally picked up by the Italian coast guard, while 188 remained on the Open Arms.^[48] The scene repeated the next day, now with 48 migrants trying to make it ashore. They were also picked up to be later transferred to the MS GNV Allegra for COVID-19 quarantine.^[49]

2021

In February 2021, the POA rescued over 100 migrants off the coast of Libya.^[50]

Vessels

In July 2016, the NGO received the sailing yacht Astral, donated by Livio Lo Monaco.^[51] Designed by Philip Rhodes and built in 1970,^[52] the yacht featured in the documentary recorded on board that same month by Jordi Évole for Salvados, directed by Évoli for Atresmedia Televisión.^[53] The box office takings from the documentary, shown at cinemas throughout Catalunya before being broadcast on TV, were earmarked in their entirety for the NGO.^[54]

At the end of 2016, Astral was substituted by Golfo Azzurro, a fishing trawler 43 metres in length and 8 metres beam.^[55] Based in Malta, this vessel covered the NGO's rescue operations in the central Mediterranean region and in international waters off the northern coast of Libya.^[55]

In mid-2017, the POA commissioned Open Arms, an emergency tow vessel (37 metres in length) which had previously seen service with Spain's maritime safety agency Salvamento Marítimo and was donated to the NGO by the Spanish shipping agency Grupo Ibaizabal.^[56]

In August 2017 POA vessels were barred by Italy and Malta from disembarking migrants.^[25] The POA also came in close contact with the Libyan coastguard who fired warning shots over one of its boats.^[25]

In June 2020 Astral returned to POA activity in the Mediterranean.^[6]

Awards

H.E.R.O. Award for Outstanding Team Contribution to a Maritime SAR Operation at the first edition of the UK-based International Maritime Rescue Federation’s (IMRF) H.E.R.O. (Honouring Excellence in Rescue Operations) Awards for their participation in saving the lives of over 200 people.^[7]
the Pere Casàldiga Award in 2016^[57]
European Citizen's Prize^[8]
Premio UNICEF 2017 Comité Español Transforma^[58]

References

^ Mackey, Robert. "As More Children Drown, Volunteers on Lesbos Say Rescues Are Left Largely to Themselves". The New York Times. Retrieved 27 August 2017.
^ Minder, Raphael. "Saving Refugees on the Mediterranean: a Luxury Yacht With a New Purpose". The New York Times. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
^ Domenèch, Rossend. "El barco de Proactiva, de nuevo intimidado por una patrullera de Libia". El Periódico (in Spanish). Retrieved 17 March 2018.
^ "Proactiva Open Arms estrena buque insignia para sus rescates en el Mediterráneo". El Periódico. Retrieved 17 March 2018.
^ "Las donaciones a Proactiva Open Arms bajan un 40% desde el referéndum independentista". El País (in Spanish). Retrieved 17 March 2018.
^ ^a ^b "A pesar de todo y por cuarto año consecutivo Astral vuelve a entrar en el Mediterraneo". Twitter (in Spanish).
^ ^a ^b "Search & Rescue 'Heroes' Announced at First IMRF International Awards Event". International Maritime Rescue Federation. Retrieved 19 March 2018. Archived 20 March 2018 at the Wayback Machine
^ ^a ^b "CIVI EUROPAEO PRAEMIUM" (PDF). European Parliament. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
^ "Pro-refugee activist wins 2015 Catalan of the Year Award". Catalan News Agency. 8 April 2016. Retrieved 13 December 2016.
^ "La labor humanitaria de Pro-Activa, el mejor ejemplo de solidaridad ante la crisis migratoria". pressdigital.es.
^ (In Spanish.) "Socorristas catalanes rescatan a 242 personas naufragadas en Lesbos." La Vanguardia. Accessed 19 March 2018.
^ Reuters. "Aid groups snub Italian code of conduct on Mediterranean rescues." The Guardian. Accessed 21 March 2018.
^ ^a ^b ^c Momigliano, Anna. "Aid groups say Italy is forcing them to stop rescuing migrants at sea." The Washington Post. Accessed 22 March 2018.
^ ^a ^b ^c Dearden, Lizzie. "Refugee crisis: European leaders blamed for record high deaths in the Mediterranean." The Independent. Accessed 22 March 2018.
^ "EU Policies Put Refugees At Risk." Human Rights Watch. Accessed 22 March 2018.
^ Ponthieu, Aurélie. "Bounties not Bodies: Smugglers Profit from Sea Rescues Though No Clear Alternative Available." Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF). Accessed 22 March 2018.
^ Kirchgaessner, Stephanie. "EU migration crisis: border agency accused of stirring controversy." The Guardian. Accessed 23 March 2018.
^ Steinhilper, Elias and Rob Gruijters. "Border Deaths in the Mediterranean: What We Can Learn from the Latest Data." The Faculty of Law. University of Oxford. Accessed 22 March 2018.
^ ^a ^b Miller, Nick. "Aid group accused of helping people smugglers suspect far-right hackers." The Sydney Morning Herald. Accessed 22 March 2018.
^ Gladstone, Rick. "Stepping Over the Dead on a Migrant Boat." The New York Times. Accessed 25 March 2018.
^ "The Spanish lifeguards who save migrants from risky waters." PBS. Accessed 19 March 2018.
^ "More than 200 migrants feared drowned in Mediterranean." BBC News. Accessed 19 March 2018.
^ Walker, Peter. "More than 240 refugees feared drowned in the Mediterranean after rubber boats capsize." The Independent. Accessed 22 March 2018.
^ McIntyre, Niamh. "EU 'leaving migrants to drown' say rescuers who saved 2,000 from Mediterranean in single day." The Independent. Accessed 22 March 2018.
^ ^a ^b ^c Binnie, Isla. "Migrant rescue NGO says boat drifting after Italy and Malta refuse access."Reuters. Accessed 20 March 2018.
^ Miller, Nick. "'Next time you will be targeted': Libyan coast guard threatens migrant rescue ship." The Sydney Morning Herald. Accessed 22 March 2018.
^ ^a ^b "Libyans 'threatened' Med migrant aid boat Golfo Azzurro." BBC News. Accessed 19 March 2018.
^ ^a ^b Behrakis, Yannis. "Spanish migrant rescue ship threatened by Libyan coastguard: witness." Reuters. Accessed 20 March 2018.
^ "Migrant crisis: Spain rescues 600 people in busiest day." BBC News. Accessed 19 March 2018.
^ Behrakis, Yannis. Photo caption: "Anti-immigration activists aboard a speed craft try to place "Defend Europe" stickers on a RHIB of the Proactiva Open Arms rescue charity in the Western Mediterranean Sea. August 15, 2017." Reuters. Accessed 20 March 2018.
^ The Associated Press. "Spain: Dozens of Children Among 329 Migrants Rescued at Sea." U.S. News & World Report. Accessed 21 March 2018.
^ The Associated Press. "Rescued Brothers Report Sailing From Libya to Seek Cure." The New York Times. Accessed 19 March 2018.
^ Reuters. "Migrant Death in Italy Points to Dire Conditions in Libya: Aid Workers." The New York Times. Accessed 19 March 2018.
^ The Associated Press. "Spain Migrant Ship Heads to Italy After Threats by Libya." The New York Times. Accessed 17 March 2018.
^ The Associated Press. "Italy Seizes Spanish Rescue Boat That Defied Libyan Threats." The New York Times. Accessed 19 March 2018.
^ (In Spanish.) «La Armada libia amenaza con "disparar a matar" al barco de Proactiva Open Arms.» La Sexta. Accessed March 15, 2018.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Italy: Migrant Rescue Ship Impounded." Human Rights Watch. Accessed 19 March 2018.
^ (In Spanish.) «Rescatados 218 migrantes por Proactiva Open Arms en aguas del Mediterráneo central.» Europa Press. Accessed 17 March 2018.
^ The Associated Press. "Italians seize NGO migrant rescue ship in Sicily." The Washington Post. Accessed 19 March 2018.
^ ^a ^b ^c The Associated Press. "Spain Migrant Ship Heads to Italy After Threats by Libya." Archived 19 March 2018 at the Wayback Machine The New York Times. Accessed 19 March 2018.
^ The Associated Press. "Spanish Aid Group Fears Migrant Trafficking Charges in Italy." The New York Times. Accessed 19 March 2018.
^ "La Fiscalía de Ragusa recurre la liberación del barco de rescate de Proactiva Open Arms". eldiario.es (in Spanish). 27 April 2018. Retrieved 19 May 2018.
^ "Italy: Targeting of NGO rescue ship displays "reckless disregard for common decency"." Amnesty International. Accessed 21 March 2018.
^ Europa Press (in Spanish). "MSF critica la "criminalización" de las ONG de rescate en el Mediterráneo." Accessed 21 March 2018.
^ Reuters/Sam Edwards/Andrew Heavens "Italy Seizes Ship That Picked Up Migrants in Mediterranean." The New York Times. Accessed 22 March 2018.
^ Petrillo, Marina; Lorenzo Bagnoli and Claudia Torrisi. "The prosecutor’s case against the rescue ship Open Arms." Open Migration. Accessed 4 April 2018.
^ "Migranti, terzo salvataggio per Open Arms, le persone a bordo ora sono 276." repubblica.it. Accessed 12 September 2020.
^ "Dalla Open Arms 75 migranti si lanciano in mare per raggiungere Palermo: tutti riportati a bordo" la Stampa, 17 September 2020, Accessed 17 September 2020
^ "Finita l’odissea dei migranti a bordo della Open Arms: trasbordati sulla nave quarantena" lastampa.it, 18 September 2020, Accessed 18 September 2020
^ Armstrong, Mark (14 February 2021). "Mediterranean rescue: Open Arms saves over 100 more migrants off Libya". Euronews.
^ Sánchez Juárez, Ana (1 October 2016). "Livio Lo Monaco, el fabricante de colchones que donó su yate para salvar vidas en el mar". El Confidencial. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
^ Negre, Javier. "Astral: Las otras vidas del yate salva-inmigrantes de Évole." El Mundo. Accessed 27 August 2017.
^ Pérez de Rozas, Emilio. "'Astral': Viaje de ida y vuelta al infierno." El Periódico. Accessed 27 August 2017.
^ «Jordi Évole presenta el documental 'Astral'.» The Huffington Post. Accessed 27 August 2017.
^ ^a ^b "La oenegé Proactiva Open Arms cambia el 'Astral' por un barco más grande para el rescate de inmigrantes." El Periódico. Accessed 27 August 2017.
^ «Proactiva Open Arms estrena buque insignia para sus rescates en el Mediterráneo.» El Periódico. Accessed 19 March 2018.
^ «La oenegé Proactiva Open Arms rep el Premi Pere Casaldàliga a la Solidaritat 2016». Festival Internacional Cinema Solidari. Accessed 4 June 2016.
^ "Premio UNICEF Comité Español Transforma." UNICEF Comité Español. Accessed 21 March 2018.

External links

Web page of the organization

[1] Mackey, Robert. "As More Children Drown, Volunteers on Lesbos Say Rescues Are Left Largely to Themselves". The New York Times. Retrieved 27 August 2017.

[2] Minder, Raphael. "Saving Refugees on the Mediterranean: a Luxury Yacht With a New Purpose". The New York Times. Retrieved 25 March 2018.

[3] Domenèch, Rossend. "El barco de Proactiva, de nuevo intimidado por una patrullera de Libia". El Periódico (in Spanish). Retrieved 17 March 2018.

[4] "Proactiva Open Arms estrena buque insignia para sus rescates en el Mediterráneo". El Periódico. Retrieved 17 March 2018.

[5] "Las donaciones a Proactiva Open Arms bajan un 40% desde el referéndum independentista". El País (in Spanish). Retrieved 17 March 2018.

[twitter.com-6] "A pesar de todo y por cuarto año consecutivo Astral vuelve a entrar en el Mediterraneo". Twitter (in Spanish).

[imrfhero-7] "Search & Rescue 'Heroes' Announced at First IMRF International Awards Event". International Maritime Rescue Federation. Retrieved 19 March 2018. Archived 20 March 2018 at the Wayback Machine

[citizen-8] "CIVI EUROPAEO PRAEMIUM" (PDF). European Parliament. Retrieved 21 March 2018.

[Catalan_News_Agency-9] "Pro-refugee activist wins 2015 Catalan of the Year Award". Catalan News Agency. 8 April 2016. Retrieved 13 December 2016.

[10] "La labor humanitaria de Pro-Activa, el mejor ejemplo de solidaridad ante la crisis migratoria". pressdigital.es.

[11] (In Spanish.) "Socorristas catalanes rescatan a 242 personas naufragadas en Lesbos." La Vanguardia. Accessed 19 March 2018.

[12] Reuters. "Aid groups snub Italian code of conduct on Mediterranean rescues." The Guardian. Accessed 21 March 2018.

[momigliano-13] Momigliano, Anna. "Aid groups say Italy is forcing them to stop rescuing migrants at sea." The Washington Post. Accessed 22 March 2018.

[dearden-14] Dearden, Lizzie. "Refugee crisis: European leaders blamed for record high deaths in the Mediterranean." The Independent. Accessed 22 March 2018.

[15] "EU Policies Put Refugees At Risk." Human Rights Watch. Accessed 22 March 2018.

[16] Ponthieu, Aurélie. "Bounties not Bodies: Smugglers Profit from Sea Rescues Though No Clear Alternative Available." Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF). Accessed 22 March 2018.

[17] Kirchgaessner, Stephanie. "EU migration crisis: border agency accused of stirring controversy." The Guardian. Accessed 23 March 2018.

[18] Steinhilper, Elias and Rob Gruijters. "Border Deaths in the Mediterranean: What We Can Learn from the Latest Data." The Faculty of Law. University of Oxford. Accessed 22 March 2018.

[miller-19] Miller, Nick. "Aid group accused of helping people smugglers suspect far-right hackers." The Sydney Morning Herald. Accessed 22 March 2018.

[20] Gladstone, Rick. "Stepping Over the Dead on a Migrant Boat." The New York Times. Accessed 25 March 2018.

[21] "The Spanish lifeguards who save migrants from risky waters." PBS. Accessed 19 March 2018.

[22] "More than 200 migrants feared drowned in Mediterranean." BBC News. Accessed 19 March 2018.

[23] Walker, Peter. "More than 240 refugees feared drowned in the Mediterranean after rubber boats capsize." The Independent. Accessed 22 March 2018.

[24] McIntyre, Niamh. "EU 'leaving migrants to drown' say rescuers who saved 2,000 from Mediterranean in single day." The Independent. Accessed 22 March 2018.

[binnie-25] Binnie, Isla. "Migrant rescue NGO says boat drifting after Italy and Malta refuse access."Reuters. Accessed 20 March 2018.

[26] Miller, Nick. "'Next time you will be targeted': Libyan coast guard threatens migrant rescue ship." The Sydney Morning Herald. Accessed 22 March 2018.

[bbcthreat-27] "Libyans 'threatened' Med migrant aid boat Golfo Azzurro." BBC News. Accessed 19 March 2018.

[behrakis-28] Behrakis, Yannis. "Spanish migrant rescue ship threatened by Libyan coastguard: witness." Reuters. Accessed 20 March 2018.

[29] "Migrant crisis: Spain rescues 600 people in busiest day." BBC News. Accessed 19 March 2018.

[30] Behrakis, Yannis. Photo caption: "Anti-immigration activists aboard a speed craft try to place "Defend Europe" stickers on a RHIB of the Proactiva Open Arms rescue charity in the Western Mediterranean Sea. August 15, 2017." Reuters. Accessed 20 March 2018.

[31] The Associated Press. "Spain: Dozens of Children Among 329 Migrants Rescued at Sea." U.S. News & World Report. Accessed 21 March 2018.

[32] The Associated Press. "Rescued Brothers Report Sailing From Libya to Seek Cure." The New York Times. Accessed 19 March 2018.

[33] Reuters. "Migrant Death in Italy Points to Dire Conditions in Libya: Aid Workers." The New York Times. Accessed 19 March 2018.

[34] The Associated Press. "Spain Migrant Ship Heads to Italy After Threats by Libya." The New York Times. Accessed 17 March 2018.

[35] The Associated Press. "Italy Seizes Spanish Rescue Boat That Defied Libyan Threats." The New York Times. Accessed 19 March 2018.

[36] (In Spanish.) «La Armada libia amenaza con "disparar a matar" al barco de Proactiva Open Arms.» La Sexta. Accessed March 15, 2018.

[hrwimpounded-37] "Italy: Migrant Rescue Ship Impounded." Human Rights Watch. Accessed 19 March 2018.

[38] (In Spanish.) «Rescatados 218 migrantes por Proactiva Open Arms en aguas del Mediterráneo central.» Europa Press. Accessed 17 March 2018.

[39] The Associated Press. "Italians seize NGO migrant rescue ship in Sicily." The Washington Post. Accessed 19 March 2018.

[nytheads-40] The Associated Press. "Spain Migrant Ship Heads to Italy After Threats by Libya." Archived 19 March 2018 at the Wayback Machine The New York Times. Accessed 19 March 2018.

[41] The Associated Press. "Spanish Aid Group Fears Migrant Trafficking Charges in Italy." The New York Times. Accessed 19 March 2018.

[42] "La Fiscalía de Ragusa recurre la liberación del barco de rescate de Proactiva Open Arms". eldiario.es (in Spanish). 27 April 2018. Retrieved 19 May 2018.

[43] "Italy: Targeting of NGO rescue ship displays "reckless disregard for common decency"." Amnesty International. Accessed 21 March 2018.

[44] Europa Press (in Spanish). "MSF critica la "criminalización" de las ONG de rescate en el Mediterráneo." Accessed 21 March 2018.

[45] Reuters/Sam Edwards/Andrew Heavens "Italy Seizes Ship That Picked Up Migrants in Mediterranean." The New York Times. Accessed 22 March 2018.

[46] Petrillo, Marina; Lorenzo Bagnoli and Claudia Torrisi. "The prosecutor’s case against the rescue ship Open Arms." Open Migration. Accessed 4 April 2018.

[47] "Migranti, terzo salvataggio per Open Arms, le persone a bordo ora sono 276." repubblica.it. Accessed 12 September 2020.

[48] "Dalla Open Arms 75 migranti si lanciano in mare per raggiungere Palermo: tutti riportati a bordo" la Stampa, 17 September 2020, Accessed 17 September 2020

[49] "Finita l’odissea dei migranti a bordo della Open Arms: trasbordati sulla nave quarantena" lastampa.it, 18 September 2020, Accessed 18 September 2020

[enma-50] Armstrong, Mark (14 February 2021). "Mediterranean rescue: Open Arms saves over 100 more migrants off Libya". Euronews.

[51] Sánchez Juárez, Ana (1 October 2016). "Livio Lo Monaco, el fabricante de colchones que donó su yate para salvar vidas en el mar". El Confidencial. Retrieved 19 March 2018.

[52] Negre, Javier. "Astral: Las otras vidas del yate salva-inmigrantes de Évole." El Mundo. Accessed 27 August 2017.

[53] Pérez de Rozas, Emilio. "'Astral': Viaje de ida y vuelta al infierno." El Periódico. Accessed 27 August 2017.

[54] «Jordi Évole presenta el documental 'Astral'.» The Huffington Post. Accessed 27 August 2017.

[periodico-55] "La oenegé Proactiva Open Arms cambia el 'Astral' por un barco más grande para el rescate de inmigrantes." El Periódico. Accessed 27 August 2017.

[56] «Proactiva Open Arms estrena buque insignia para sus rescates en el Mediterráneo.» El Periódico. Accessed 19 March 2018.

[57] «La oenegé Proactiva Open Arms rep el Premi Pere Casaldàliga a la Solidaritat 2016». Festival Internacional Cinema Solidari. Accessed 4 June 2016.

[58] "Premio UNICEF Comité Español Transforma." UNICEF Comité Español. Accessed 21 March 2018.

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@@ Line 27: / Line 27: @@
 | successor           =
 | formation           =
-| founder             = Òscar Camps
+| founder             = [[Òscar Camps]]
 | founding_location   = [[Badalona]] (Catalonia, Spain)
 | extinction          = <!-- use {{end date and age|YYYY|MM|DD}} -->
@@ Line 43: / Line 43: @@
 | website             = {{URL|www.proactivaopenarms.org}}
 }}
-'''Proactiva Open Arms''' is a [[Spain|Spanish]] [[NGO]] devoted to [[search and rescue]] (SAR) at sea. Set up in October 2015, it carried out its first rescue action that same month from its base on the Greek island of [[Lesbos]].<ref>Mackey, Robert. [https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/30/world/europe/as-more-children-drown-volunteers-on-greek-island-say-rescues-are-left-largely-to-them.html "As More Children Drown, Volunteers on Lesbos Say Rescues Are Left Largely to Themselves".] ''[[The New York Times]]''. Retrieved 27 August 2017.</ref>
+'''Proactiva Open Arms''' (POA) is a Spanish [[NGO]] devoted to [[search and rescue]] (SAR) at sea. Set up in October 2015, it carried out its first rescue action that same month from its base on the Greek island of [[Lesbos]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Mackey, Robert |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/30/world/europe/as-more-children-drown-volunteers-on-greek-island-say-rescues-are-left-largely-to-them.html |title=As More Children Drown, Volunteers on Lesbos Say Rescues Are Left Largely to Themselves |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=27 August 2017}}</ref> As well as maintaining a permanent base on Lesbos, the NGO carries out its rescue operations from three ships, a sailing yacht ''[[Astral (yacht)|Astral]]'',<ref>{{cite web |author=Minder, Raphael |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/08/world/europe/mediterranean-refugees-astral-yacht.html |title=Saving Refugees on the Mediterranean: a Luxury Yacht With a New Purpose. |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=25 March 2018}}</ref> the ''[[Golfo Azzurro]]''<ref>{{cite web |author=Domenèch, Rossend |language=Spanish |url=https://www.elperiodico.com/es/internacional/20170815/a-6225436 |title=El barco de Proactiva, de nuevo intimidado por una patrullera de Libia. |work=[[El Periódico de Catalunya|El Periódico]] |access-date=17 March 2018}}</ref> and ''[[Open Arms (watercraft)|Open Arms]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.elperiodico.com/es/internacional/20170620/proactiva-open-arms-estrena-embarcacion-que-se-suma-al-golfo-azzurro-en-los-rescates-en-el-mediterraneo-6117549 |title=Proactiva Open Arms estrena buque insignia para sus rescates en el Mediterráneo. |work=[[El Periódico de Catalunya|El Periódico]] |access-date=17 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://elpais.com/ccaa/2018/02/12/catalunya/1518455524_465959.html |language=Spanish |title=Las donaciones a Proactiva Open Arms bajan un 40% desde el referéndum independentista. |work= El País |access-date=17 March 2018}}</ref><ref name="twitter.com">{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/campsoscar/status/1271367415608328193 |language=Spanish |title=A pesar de todo y por cuarto año consecutivo Astral vuelve a entrar en el Mediterraneo |work=[[Twitter]]}}</ref>
+In 2016, Proactiva won the H.E.R.O. Award for Outstanding Team Contribution to a Maritime SAR Operation at the first edition of the UK-based [[International Maritime Rescue Federation]]'s (IMRF) H.E.R.O. (Honouring Excellence in Rescue Operations) Awards for their participation in saving the lives of over 200 people who had capsized their overloaded vessel off the north shore of Lesbos.<ref name=imrfhero>{{cite web |url=http://www.imrfhero.org/past-awards/h-e-r-o-awards-2016/lists/the-winners |title=Search & Rescue 'Heroes' Announced at First IMRF International Awards Event |work= [[International Maritime Rescue Federation]] |access-date=19 March 2018}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320165932/http://www.imrfhero.org/past-awards/h-e-r-o-awards-2016/lists/the-winners |date=20 March 2018}}</ref>
-As well as maintaining a permanent base on Lesbos, the NGO carries out its rescue operations from three ships, a sailing yacht ''Astral'',<ref>Minder, Raphael. [https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/08/world/europe/mediterranean-refugees-astral-yacht.html "Saving Refugees on the Mediterranean: a Luxury Yacht With a New Purpose."] ''[[The New York Times]]''. Retrieved 25 March 2018.</ref> the ''Golfo Azzurro''<ref>Domenèch, Rossend (in Spanish). [https://www.elperiodico.com/es/internacional/20170815/a-6225436 "El barco de Proactiva, de nuevo intimidado por una patrullera de Libia."] ''[[El Periódico de Catalunya|El Periódico]]''. Retrieved 17 March 2018.</ref> and ''Open Arms''.<ref>[https://www.elperiodico.com/es/internacional/20170620/proactiva-open-arms-estrena-embarcacion-que-se-suma-al-golfo-azzurro-en-los-rescates-en-el-mediterraneo-6117549 "Proactiva Open Arms estrena buque insignia para sus rescates en el Mediterráneo."] ''[[El Periódico de Catalunya|El Periódico]]''. Retrieved 17 March 2018.</ref> <ref>(In Spanish.) [https://elpais.com/ccaa/2018/02/12/catalunya/1518455524_465959.html "Las donaciones a Proactiva Open Arms bajan un 40% desde el referéndum independentista."] ''El País''. Retrieved 17 March 2018.</ref><ref>(In Spanish.) [https://twitter.com/campsoscar/status/1271367415608328193 "A pesar de todo y por cuarto año consecutivo Astral vuelve a entrar en el Mediterraneo"] [[Twitter]]</ref>
+The NGO has received several other awards, including the [[European Citizen's Prize]] awarded by the [[European Parliament]] in 2016.<ref name=citizen>{{cite web |url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/resources/library/media/20160603RES30254/20160603RES30254.pdf |title=CIVI EUROPAEO PRAEMIUM |work=[[European Parliament]] |access-date=21 March 2018}}</ref> Its founder, [[Òscar Camps]], was named [[Catalan of the year Award|Catalan of the Year]] by ''[[El Periódico de Catalunya]]'' in 2015.<ref name="Catalan News Agency">{{cite news|title=Pro-refugee activist wins 2015 Catalan of the Year Award|url=http://www.catalannewsagency.com/society-science/item/pro-refugee-activist-wins-2015-catalan-of-the-year-award|access-date=13 December 2016|publisher=Catalan News Agency|date=8 April 2016}}</ref> In October 2021, film director [[Marcel Barrena]] released a film, ''[[Mediterraneo: The Law of the Sea]]'', devoted to the story of Òscar Camps and his colleagues which is very close to be a documentary.
-In 2016, Proactiva won the H.E.R.O. Award for Outstanding Team Contribution to a Maritime SAR Operation at the first edition of the UK-based [[International Maritime Rescue Federation]]'s (IMRF) H.E.R.O. (Honouring Excellence in Rescue Operations) Awards for their participation in saving the lives of over 200 people who had capsized their overloaded vessel off the north shore of Lesbos.<ref name=imrfhero>[http://www.imrfhero.org/past-awards/h-e-r-o-awards-2016/lists/the-winners "Search & Rescue 'Heroes' Announced at First IMRF International Awards Event."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320165932/http://www.imrfhero.org/past-awards/h-e-r-o-awards-2016/lists/the-winners |date=20 March 2018 }} [[International Maritime Rescue Federation]]. Retrieved 19 March 2018.</ref>
-The NGO has received several other awards, including the [[European Citizen's Prize]] awarded by the [[European Parliament]] in 2016.<ref name=citizen>[http://www.europarl.europa.eu/resources/library/media/20160603RES30254/20160603RES30254.pdf «CIVI EUROPAEO PRAEMIUM.»] [[European Parliament]]. Retrieved 21 March 2018.</ref> Its founder, Òscar Camps, was named [[Catalan of the year Award|Catalan of the Year]] by ''[[El Periódico de Catalunya]]'' in 2015.<ref name="Catalan News Agency">{{cite news|title=Pro-refugee activist wins 2015 Catalan of the Year Award|url=http://www.catalannewsagency.com/society-science/item/pro-refugee-activist-wins-2015-catalan-of-the-year-award|access-date=13 December 2016|publisher=Catalan News Agency|date=8 April 2016}}</ref>
 ==Origins==
@@ Line 57: / Line 55: @@
 == Lesbos ==
-In September the first volunteers arrived on the Greek island to collaborate in rescue operations. In the beginning, the only materials available to them was basic diving equipment. Their main activities were to guide and assist the migrants to arrive safely on the shore.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.pressdigital.es/texto-diario/mostrar/318904/la-labor-humanitaria-de-pro-activa-el-mejor-ejemplo-de-solidaridad-ante-la-crisis-migratoria | title=La labor humanitaria de Pro-Activa, el mejor ejemplo de solidaridad ante la crisis migratoria |agency=pressdigital.es}}</ref>
+In September the first volunteers arrived on the Greek island to collaborate in rescue operations. In the beginning, the only materials available to them was basic diving equipment. Their main activities were to guide and assist the migrants to arrive safely on the shore.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.pressdigital.es/texto-diario/mostrar/318904/la-labor-humanitaria-de-pro-activa-el-mejor-ejemplo-de-solidaridad-ante-la-crisis-migratoria | title=La labor humanitaria de Pro-Activa, el mejor ejemplo de solidaridad ante la crisis migratoria |trans-title= |agency=pressdigital.es}}</ref>
-*28 October 2015: Alongside Greek coastguards, local fishermen and [[Frontex]], the first six lifeguards deployed by Proactiva on Lesbos participated, with two [[Personal water craft|jetskis]], in the rescue of 242 survivors of a capsized boat. 60 people lost their lives in the tragedy.<ref>(In Spanish.) [http://www.lavanguardia.com/vida/20151029/54438477313/socorristas-catalanes-rescatan-a-242-personas-naufragadas-en-lesbos-grecia.html "Socorristas catalanes rescatan a 242 personas naufragadas en Lesbos."] ''[[La Vanguardia]]''. Retrieved 19 March 2018.</ref>
+*28 October 2015: Alongside Greek coastguards, local fishermen and [[Frontex]], the first six lifeguards deployed by Proactiva on Lesbos participated, with two [[Personal water craft|jetskis]], in the rescue of 242 survivors of a capsized boat. 60 people lost their lives in the tragedy.<ref>(In Spanish.) [http://www.lavanguardia.com/vida/20151029/54438477313/socorristas-catalanes-rescatan-a-242-personas-naufragadas-en-lesbos-grecia.html "Socorristas catalanes rescatan a 242 personas naufragadas en Lesbos."] ''[[La Vanguardia]]''. Accessed 19 March 2018.</ref>
 ==Mediterranean search-and-rescue zone==
-In July 2017, Proactiva Open Arms was one of the three migrant rescue NGOs operating in the area that signed the [[Italian government]]’s code of conduct for rescue operations. Five other NGOs refused.<ref> [[Reuters]]. [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jul/31/aid-groups-snub-italian-code-conduct-mediterranean-rescues "Aid groups snub Italian code of conduct on Mediterranean rescues."] ''[[The Guardian]]''. Retrieved 21 March 2018.</ref> Apart from the organisations refusing to sign the code, [[Amnesty International]] commented that the code of conduct "is the result of a wrong belief that having rescuers attracts migration";<ref name=momigliano>Momigliano, Anna. [https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2017/08/15/aid-groups-say-italy-is-forcing-them-to-stop-rescuing-migrants-at-sea/ "Aid groups say Italy is forcing them to stop rescuing migrants at sea."] ''[[The Washington Post]]''. Retrieved 22 March 2018.</ref> that it "is specifically designed to hinder the work of humanitarian ships" and "has no legal value whatsoever", as it conflicts with international law regarding rescue operations (Gianfranco Schiavone, Italian Association for Legal Studies on Immigration, ASGI);<ref name=momigliano/> and that application of the code could carry "serious consequences" for rescuers because it could expose them to accusations of aiding [[illegal immigration]] and that it was "a trick to make [[NGOs]] more vulnerable to future legal actions" (Fulvio Vassallo Paleologo, University of Palermo).<ref name=momigliano/>
+In July 2017, Proactiva Open Arms was one of the three migrant rescue NGOs operating in the area that signed the [[Italian government]]’s code of conduct for rescue operations. Five other NGOs refused.<ref>[[Reuters]]. [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jul/31/aid-groups-snub-italian-code-conduct-mediterranean-rescues "Aid groups snub Italian code of conduct on Mediterranean rescues."] ''[[The Guardian]]''. Accessed 21 March 2018.</ref> Apart from the organisations refusing to sign the code, [[Amnesty International]] commented that the code of conduct "is the result of a wrong belief that having rescuers attracts migration";<ref name=momigliano>Momigliano, Anna. [https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2017/08/15/aid-groups-say-italy-is-forcing-them-to-stop-rescuing-migrants-at-sea/ "Aid groups say Italy is forcing them to stop rescuing migrants at sea."] ''[[The Washington Post]]''. Accessed 22 March 2018.</ref> that it "is specifically designed to hinder the work of humanitarian ships" and "has no legal value whatsoever", as it conflicts with international law regarding rescue operations (Gianfranco Schiavone, Italian Association for Legal Studies on Immigration, ASGI);<ref name=momigliano/> and that application of the code could carry "serious consequences" for rescuers because it could expose them to accusations of aiding [[illegal immigration]] and that it was "a trick to make [[NGOs]] more vulnerable to future legal actions" (Fulvio Vassallo Paleologo, University of Palermo).<ref name=momigliano/>
 Previously, experts on migration policy had commented that EU politicians and policy makers have repeatedly declared they are ‘at war’ with the smugglers and that they intend to ‘break the smugglers business model’.
-"The evidence from our research suggests that smuggling is driven, rather than broken, by EU policy" (Dr Franck Duvell, Centre on Migration Policy and Society at the [[University of Oxford]]),<ref name=dearden/> and that "The problem is there’s a huge political agenda around migration, so the more pragmatic of effective alternatives are being overridden by political aspirations of leaders across the [[European Union]]. They’ve backed themselves into a political corner where it’s very difficult to do anything else" (Professor Heaven Crawley, Coventry University’s Centre for Trust, Peace and Social Relations).<ref name=dearden>Dearden, Lizzie. [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/refugee-crisis-closing-borders-people-smugglers-human-trafficking-mediterranean-deaths-record-a7391736.html "Refugee crisis: European leaders blamed for record high deaths in the Mediterranean."] ''[[The Independent]]''. Retrieved 22 March 2018.</ref> At the end of 2016 [[Human Rights Watch]] stated that "A lack of leadership, vision, and solidarity based on human rights principles are at the core of the EU’s dismal response to refugee and migration challenges".<ref>[https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/11/23/eu-policies-put-refugees-risk "EU Policies Put Refugees At Risk."] [[Human Rights Watch]]. Retrieved 22 March 2018.</ref>
+"The evidence from our research suggests that smuggling is driven, rather than broken, by EU policy" (Dr Franck Duvell, Centre on Migration Policy and Society at the [[University of Oxford]]),<ref name=dearden/> and that "The problem is there’s a huge political agenda around migration, so the more pragmatic of effective alternatives are being overridden by political aspirations of leaders across the [[European Union]]. They’ve backed themselves into a political corner where it’s very difficult to do anything else" (Professor Heaven Crawley, Coventry University's Centre for Trust, Peace and Social Relations).<ref name=dearden>Dearden, Lizzie. [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/refugee-crisis-closing-borders-people-smugglers-human-trafficking-mediterranean-deaths-record-a7391736.html "Refugee crisis: European leaders blamed for record high deaths in the Mediterranean."] ''[[The Independent]]''. Accessed 22 March 2018.</ref> At the end of 2016 [[Human Rights Watch]] stated that "A lack of leadership, vision, and solidarity based on human rights principles are at the core of the EU’s dismal response to refugee and migration challenges".<ref>[https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/11/23/eu-policies-put-refugees-risk "EU Policies Put Refugees At Risk."] [[Human Rights Watch]]. Accessed 22 March 2018.</ref>
-Likewise, a December 2016 report by [[Médecins Sans Frontières]] (MSF) analysing the EU's accusations, based on an internal report from the European border agency, [[Frontex]], that the humanitarian organisations running search and rescue operations in the Central Mediterranean were doing so in collusion with smugglers or were helping them to carry out their deadly trade, concluded that "... the alternative implied by Frontex’s concerns about our rescue operations is to let people drown as a strategy to deter the smugglers".<ref>Ponthieu, Aurélie. [https://msf-analysis.org/bounties-not-bodies-smugglers-profit-sea-rescues-though-no-clear-alternative-available/ "Bounties not Bodies: Smugglers Profit from Sea Rescues Though No Clear Alternative Available."] [[Médecins Sans Frontières]] (MSF). Retrieved 22 March 2018.</ref>
+Likewise, a December 2016 report by [[Médecins Sans Frontières]] (MSF) analysing the EU's accusations, based on an internal report from the European border agency, [[Frontex]], that the humanitarian organisations running search and rescue operations in the Central Mediterranean were doing so in collusion with smugglers or were helping them to carry out their deadly trade, concluded that "... the alternative implied by Frontex’s concerns about our rescue operations is to let people drown as a strategy to deter the smugglers".<ref>Ponthieu, Aurélie. [https://msf-analysis.org/bounties-not-bodies-smugglers-profit-sea-rescues-though-no-clear-alternative-available/ "Bounties not Bodies: Smugglers Profit from Sea Rescues Though No Clear Alternative Available."] [[Médecins Sans Frontières]] (MSF). Accessed 22 March 2018.</ref>
-Also responding to Frontex's allegations that aid groups were indirectly supporting criminal traffickers, [[Mario Giro]], Italy’s deputy foreign minister, said it showed a fundamental misunderstanding of so-called “push” and “pull” factors, adding that it was "a misleading controversy being used for internal purposes".<ref>Kirchgaessner, Stephanie. [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/apr/05/eu-migration-crisis-frontex-people-traffickers "EU migration crisis: border agency accused of stirring controversy."] ''[[The Guardian]]''. Retrieved 23 March 2018.</ref>
+Also responding to Frontex's allegations that aid groups were indirectly supporting criminal traffickers, [[Mario Giro]], Italy's deputy foreign minister, said it showed a fundamental misunderstanding of so-called "push" and "pull" factors, adding that it was "a misleading controversy being used for internal purposes".<ref>Kirchgaessner, Stephanie. [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/apr/05/eu-migration-crisis-frontex-people-traffickers "EU migration crisis: border agency accused of stirring controversy."] ''[[The Guardian]]''. Accessed 23 March 2018.</ref>
-The view that the rescue NGOs' boats in the Mediterranean acted as a "pull factor" for migrants and traffickers was also challenged in March 2017 by two academics from [[Oxford University|Oxford]] and [[UC Berkeley]] who looked at data on rescues and deaths at sea and concluded that there was no correlation between the number of rescue vessels near Libya and the number of migrants arriving in Italy,<ref>Steinhilper, Elias and Rob Gruijters. [https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/research-subject-groups/centre-criminology/centreborder-criminologies/blog/2017/03/border-deaths "Border Deaths in the Mediterranean: What We Can Learn from the Latest Data."] The Faculty of Law. [[University of Oxford]]. Retrieved 22 March 2018.</ref> stating that "SAR (search and rescue) operations reduce mortality risks (or conversely, the absence of SAR operations leads to more deaths), and has little or no effect on the number of arrivals".<ref name=miller/>
+The view that the rescue NGOs' boats in the Mediterranean acted as a "pull factor" for migrants and traffickers was also challenged in March 2017 by two academics from [[Oxford University|Oxford]] and [[UC Berkeley]] who looked at data on rescues and deaths at sea and concluded that there was no correlation between the number of rescue vessels near [[Libya]] and the number of migrants arriving in Italy,<ref>Steinhilper, Elias and Rob Gruijters. [https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/research-subject-groups/centre-criminology/centreborder-criminologies/blog/2017/03/border-deaths "Border Deaths in the Mediterranean: What We Can Learn from the Latest Data."] The Faculty of Law. [[University of Oxford]]. Accessed 22 March 2018.</ref> stating that "SAR (search and rescue) operations reduce mortality risks (or conversely, the absence of SAR operations leads to more deaths), and has little or no effect on the number of arrivals".<ref name=miller/>
-On the other hand, researchers also cite testimonies of smugglers bribing police in Greece, Turkey and other countries of transit and that state officials, the military, law enforcement, and border guards are also involved in smuggling.<ref name=dearden/>
+On the other hand, researchers also cite testimonies of smugglers bribing police in Greece, [[Turkey]] and other countries of transit and that state officials, the military, law enforcement, and border guards are also involved in smuggling.<ref name=dearden/>
 ===2016===
-October: Astral participated in the rescue of hundreds of people on overloaded wooden vessels and rafts and recovered dozens of corpses –with over two dozen people found dead in one boat alone–.<ref>Gladstone, Rick. [https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/06/world/europe/migrants-mediterranean.html "Stepping Over the Dead on a Migrant Boat."] ''[[The New York Times]]''. Retrieved 25 March 2018.</ref>
+October: members of the POA aboard the sailing yacht ''Astral'' participated in the rescue of hundreds of people on overloaded wooden vessels and rafts and recovered dozens of corpses –with over two dozen people found dead in one boat alone–.<ref>Gladstone, Rick. [https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/06/world/europe/migrants-mediterranean.html "Stepping Over the Dead on a Migrant Boat."] ''[[The New York Times]]''. Accessed 25 March 2018.</ref>
 ===2017===
-* 2 January 2017: Proactiva rescued 112 migrants<ref>[https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/photos-group-spain-rescues-migrants-sea "The Spanish lifeguards who save migrants from risky waters."] [[PBS]]. Retrieved 19 March 2018.</ref>
+* 2 January 2017: the POA rescued 112 migrants<ref>[https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/photos-group-spain-rescues-migrants-sea "The Spanish lifeguards who save migrants from risky waters."] [[PBS]]. Accessed 19 March 2018.</ref>
+*24 March 2017: POA lifeguards recovered five corpses from two capsized boats, each of which could hold in overload mode more than 100 people.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-39372030 "More than 200 migrants feared drowned in Mediterranean."] [[BBC News]]. Accessed 19 March 2018.</ref><ref>Walker, Peter. [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/refugees-240-migrants-drown-mediterranean-sea-boats-capsize-north-africa-europe-crisis-a7647201.html "More than 240 refugees feared drowned in the Mediterranean after rubber boats capsize."] ''[[The Independent]]''. Accessed 22 March 2018.</ref>
-*24 March 2017: Proactiva lifeguards recovered five corpses from two capsized boats, each of which could hold more than 100 people.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-39372030 "More than 200 migrants feared drowned in Mediterranean."] [[BBC News]]. Retrieved 19 March 2018.</ref><ref>Walker, Peter. [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/refugees-240-migrants-drown-mediterranean-sea-boats-capsize-north-africa-europe-crisis-a7647201.html "More than 240 refugees feared drowned in the Mediterranean after rubber boats capsize."] ''[[The Independent]]''. Retrieved 22 March 2018.</ref>
+*14 April 2017: The Italian coastguard service confirmed that 2,074 migrants on 16 [[rubber dinghies]] and three small wooden boats had been saved that day in 19 rescue operations by coastguards or NGOs. One person was found dead and ninety-seven people are missing, presumed drowned.<ref>McIntyre, Niamh. [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/eu-leaving-migrants-drown-frontex-say-rescuers-2000-saved-italy-libya-mediterranean-a7684911.html "EU 'leaving migrants to drown' say rescuers who saved 2,000 from Mediterranean in single day."] ''[[The Independent]]''. Accessed 22 March 2018.</ref>
+*6 August 2017: Members of the POA operating on the ''Golfo Azzurro'' rescued three people in international waters 100 miles from the Libyan coast in an operation co-ordinated by the Italian coastguard. ''[[Reuters]]'' reported 48 hours later the ship had still not received authorisation to disembark anywhere, after having been refused permission to dock in [[Lampedusa]], the nearest port to where the rescue took place.<ref name=binnie>Binnie, Isla. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180320230950/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-europe-migrants-italy-libya/migrant-rescue-ngo-says-boat-drifting-after-italy-and-malta-refuse-access-idUKKBN1AO1JP "Migrant rescue NGO says boat drifting after Italy and Malta refuse access."][[Reuters]]. Accessed 20 March 2018.</ref> The ship's captain, Adrian Sonneveld, stated that all the instructions concerning the rescue had come from the coast guard control centre in Rome. He added that as the closest port was Lampedusa, "By international maritime law, it is illegal to refuse the ''Golfo Azzurro'' entry to this port".<ref>Miller, Nick. [https://www.smh.com.au/world/next-time-you-will-be-targeted-libyan-coastguard-threaten-migrant-rescue-ship-20170809-gxs5ma.html "'Next time you will be targeted': Libyan coast guard threatens migrant rescue ship."] ''[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]''. Accessed 22 March 2018.</ref>
+*15 August 2017: the Libyan coastguard service threatened the mariners on board the ''Golfo Azzurro''<ref name=bbcthreat>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-40948222 "Libyans 'threatened' Med migrant aid boat Golfo Azzurro."] [[BBC News]]. Accessed 19 March 2018.</ref> in the search-and-rescue (SAR) zone of international waters.<ref name=bbcthreat/><ref name=behrakis>Behrakis, Yannis. [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-europe-migrants-libya-ngo/spanish-migrant-rescue-ship-threatened-by-libyan-coastguard-witness-idUSKCN1AV20Q "Spanish migrant rescue ship threatened by Libyan coastguard: witness."] [[Reuters]]. Accessed 20 March 2018.</ref> Three charities —[[Save the Children]], MSF and [[Sea Eye]]—<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-40957089 "Migrant crisis: Spain rescues 600 people in busiest day."] [[BBC News]]. Accessed 19 March 2018.</ref> had already suspended their rescue work due to such threats, leaving only the POA, [[SOS Méditerranée]] and [[Migrant Offshore Aid Station|Moas]] carrying out SAR operations in the area. Commenting on the incident to the Italian state broadcaster, [[RAI]], senator [[Luigi Manconi]] stated: "Life for NGOs is becoming dangerous. There is a strategy of dissuasion and intimidation, and strong pressure by the Libyans in order for (NGOs) to stop operating at sea".<ref name=behrakis/> That same day, a speedboat operated by anti-immigration activists [[Defend Europe]] approached one of Proactive's [[RHIB]]s to place stickers on the side.<ref>Behrakis, Yannis. [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-europe-migrants-libya-ngo/spanish-migrant-rescue-ship-threatened-by-libyan-coastguard-witness-idUSKCN1AV20Q Photo caption: "Anti-immigration activists aboard a speed craft try to place "Defend Europe" stickers on a RHIB of the Proactiva Open Arms rescue charity in the Western Mediterranean Sea. August 15, 2017."] [[Reuters]]. Accessed 20 March 2018.</ref> Defend Europe's action came shortly after POA founder Oscar Camps had accused the anti-immigration activists of falsifying data, posting images of false boat positions, and making "threats by radio". He also stated that "our [[Automatic identification system|AIS signal]] has been hacked to show we're in Libyan waters, but we're not". The Italian magazine ''[[Famiglia Cristiana]]'' later confirmed Camps' statement after it had verified the AIS signal, that includes the boat's GPS location, with [[Marine Traffic]], the digital hub that collects and publishes navigation data.<ref name=miller>Miller, Nick. [https://www.smh.com.au/world/aid-group-accused-of-helping-people-smugglers-suspect-farright-hackers-20170807-gxql2a.html "Aid group accused of helping people smugglers suspect far-right hackers."] ''[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]''. Accessed 22 March 2018.</ref>
-*14 April 2017: The Italian coastguard service confirmed that 2,074 migrants on 16 rubber dinghies and three small wooden boats had been saved that day in 19 rescue operations by coastguards or NGOs. One person was found dead and ninety-seven people are missing, presumed drowned.<ref>McIntyre, Niamh. [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/eu-leaving-migrants-drown-frontex-say-rescuers-2000-saved-italy-libya-mediterranean-a7684911.html "EU 'leaving migrants to drown' say rescuers who saved 2,000 from Mediterranean in single day."] ''[[The Independent]]''. Retrieved 22 March 2018.</ref>
-*6 August 2017: The Golfo Azzurro rescued three people in international waters 100 miles from the Libyan coast in an operation co-ordinated by the Italian coastguard. [[Reuters]] reported 48 hours later the ship had still not received authorisation to disembark anywhere, after having been refused permission to dock in [[Lampedusa]], the nearest port to where the rescue took place.<ref name=binnie>Binnie, Isla. [https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-europe-migrants-italy-libya/migrant-rescue-ngo-says-boat-drifting-after-italy-and-malta-refuse-access-idUKKBN1AO1JP "Migrant rescue NGO says boat drifting after Italy and Malta refuse access."][[Reuters]]. Retrieved 20 March 2018.</ref> The ship's captain, Adrian Sonneveld, stated that all the instructions concerning the rescue had come from the coast guard control centre in Rome. He added that as the closest port was Lampedusa, "By international maritime law, it is illegal to refuse the Golfo Azzurro entry to this port".<ref>Miller, Nick. [https://www.smh.com.au/world/next-time-you-will-be-targeted-libyan-coastguard-threaten-migrant-rescue-ship-20170809-gxs5ma.html "'Next time you will be targeted': Libyan coast guard threatens migrant rescue ship."] ''[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]''. Retrieved 22 March 2018.</ref>
-*15 August 2017: the Libyan coastguard service threatened the lifeguards on board the Golfo Azzurro<ref name=bbcthreat>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-40948222 "Libyans 'threatened' Med migrant aid boat Golfo Azzurro."] [[BBC News]]. Retrieved 19 March 2018.</ref> in the search-and-rescue (SAR) zone of international waters.<ref name=bbcthreat/><ref name=behrakis>Behrakis, Yannis. [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-europe-migrants-libya-ngo/spanish-migrant-rescue-ship-threatened-by-libyan-coastguard-witness-idUSKCN1AV20Q "Spanish migrant rescue ship threatened by Libyan coastguard: witness."] [[Reuters]]. Retrieved 20 March 2018.</ref> Three charities —[[Save the Children]], [[Doctors Without Borders]] (MSF) and [[Sea Eye]]—<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-40957089 "Migrant crisis: Spain rescues 600 people in busiest day."] [[BBC News]]. Retrieved 19 March 2018.</ref> had already suspended their rescue work due to such threats, leaving only Proactiva, [[SOS Méditerranée]] and [[Migrant Offshore Aid Station|Moas]] carrying out SAR operations in the area. Commenting on the incident to the Italian state broadcaster, [[RAI]], senator [[Luigi Manconi]] stated: "Life for NGOs is becoming dangerous. There is a strategy of dissuasion and intimidation, and strong pressure by the Libyans in order for (NGOs) to stop operating at sea".<ref name=behrakis/> That same day, a speedboat operated by anti-immigration activists [[Defend Europe]], operating in the area, approached one of Proactive's [[RHIB]]s to place stickers on the side.<ref>Behrakis, Yannis. [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-europe-migrants-libya-ngo/spanish-migrant-rescue-ship-threatened-by-libyan-coastguard-witness-idUSKCN1AV20Q Photo caption: "Anti-immigration activists aboard a speed craft try to place "Defend Europe" stickers on a RHIB of the Proactiva Open Arms rescue charity in the Western Mediterranean Sea. August 15, 2017."] [[Reuters]]. Retrieved 20 March 2018.</ref> Defend Europe's action came shortly after Proactiva founder Oscar Camps had accused the anti-immigration activists of falsifying data, posting images of false boat positions, and making "threats by radio". He also stated that "our [[Automatic identification system|AIS signal]] has been hacked to show we're in Libyan waters, but we're not". The Italian magazine ''[[Famiglia Cristiana]]'' later confirmed Camps' statement after it had verified the AIS signal, that includes the boat's GPS location, with [[Marine Traffic]], the digital hub that collects and publishes navigation data.<ref name=miller>Miller, Nick. [https://www.smh.com.au/world/aid-group-accused-of-helping-people-smugglers-suspect-farright-hackers-20170807-gxql2a.html "Aid group accused of helping people smugglers suspect far-right hackers."] ''[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]''. Retrieved 22 March 2018.</ref>
 === 2018 ===
-*27 January 2018: Proactiva, in a co-ordinated rescue operation with the [[Spanish Navy]] frigate [[Spanish frigate Santa María|Santa María]], rescued 329 people, including 95 women, three of them pregnant, and 37 children, six of whom were newborns.<ref>[[The Associated Press]]. [https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2018-01-29/spain-children-and-women-among-329-migrants-rescued-at-sea "Spain: Dozens of Children Among 329 Migrants Rescued at Sea."] ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]''. Retrieved 21 March 2018.</ref>
+*27 January 2018: the POA, in a co-ordinated rescue operation with the [[Spanish Navy]] frigate [[Spanish frigate Santa María|Santa María]], rescued 329 people, including 95 women, three of them pregnant, and 37 children, six of whom were newborns.<ref>[[The Associated Press]]. [https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2018-01-29/spain-children-and-women-among-329-migrants-rescued-at-sea "Spain: Dozens of Children Among 329 Migrants Rescued at Sea."] ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]''. Accessed 21 March 2018.</ref>
+*11 March 2018: the POA rescued three brothers who had fled Libya in a rubber dinghy, one of them a 13-year-old boy suffering from leukemia and with an [[IV line]] attached to his body.<ref>[[The Associated Press]]. [https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2018/03/11/world/europe/ap-eu-italy-migrants.html "Rescued Brothers Report Sailing From Libya to Seek Cure."] ''[[The New York Times]]''. Accessed 19 March 2018.</ref>
-*11 March 2018: Proactiva rescued three brothers who had fled Libya in a rubber dinghy, one of them a 13-year-old boy suffering from leukemia and with an [[IV line]] attached to his body.<ref>[[The Associated Press]]. [https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2018/03/11/world/europe/ap-eu-italy-migrants.html "Rescued Brothers Report Sailing From Libya to Seek Cure."] ''[[The New York Times]]''. Retrieved 19 March 2018.</ref>
+*12 March 2018: the POA rescued 93 migrants, disembarking in [[Pozzallo]], Sicily.<ref>[[Reuters]]. [https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2018/03/14/world/africa/14reuters-europe-migrants-italy.html "Migrant Death in Italy Points to Dire Conditions in Libya: Aid Workers."] ''[[The New York Times]]''. Accessed 19 March 2018.</ref>
-*12 March 2018: Proactiva rescued 93 migrants, disembarking in [[Pozzallo]], Sicily.<ref> [[Reuters]]. [https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2018/03/14/world/africa/14reuters-europe-migrants-italy.html "Migrant Death in Italy Points to Dire Conditions in Libya: Aid Workers."] ''[[The New York Times]]''. Retrieved 19 March 2018.</ref>
 [[File:Open Arms in Pozzallo.jpg|thumb|''Open Arms'' in Pozzallo 26.3.2018 after confiscation]]
-*16 March 2018: a Libyan coastguard vessel intercepted the Open Arms<ref>[[The Associated Press]].  [https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2018/03/16/world/europe/ap-eu-italy-migrants.html "Spain Migrant Ship Heads to Italy After Threats by Libya."] ''[[The New York Times]]''. Retrieved 17 March 2018.</ref> in international waters and threatened to "[[Deadly force|shoot to kill]]" unless the lifeguards handed over the women and children on board who were among the 218 people rescued earlier that day by Proactiva in international waters.<ref>[[The Associated Press]]. [https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2018/03/19/world/europe/ap-eu-italy-migrants.html "Italy Seizes Spanish Rescue Boat That Defied Libyan Threats."] ''[[The New York Times]]''. Retrieved 19 March 2018.</ref><ref>(In Spanish.) [http://www.lasexta.com/noticias/sociedad/la-armada-libia-amenaza-con-disparar-a-matar-al-barco-de-proactiva-open-arms_201803155aaab6330cf2aca4f1cdb0d2.html «La Armada libia amenaza con "disparar a matar" al barco de Proactiva Open Arms.»] [[La Sexta]]. Retrieved March 15 2018.</ref> ''Open Arms'' had attended an alert sent out by the Italian coastguard's [[Corps of the Port Captaincies – Coast Guard|Italian Maritime Rescue Coordination Center]] (IMRCC)<ref name=hrwimpounded/> to rescue two boats in difficulty.<ref> (In Spanish.) [http://www.europapress.es/internacional/noticia-rescatados-218-migrantes-proactiva-open-arms-aguas-mediterraneo-central-20180316215102.html «Rescatados 218 migrantes por Proactiva Open Arms en aguas del Mediterráneo central.»] [[Europa Press]]. Retrieved 17 March 2018.</ref> After the Spanish lifeguards had reached the boat carrying the migrants, IMRCC informed them that Libya forces had command over the operation, but "told the Open Arms crew to use their judgment".<ref name=hrwimpounded/> A Libyan coastguard patrol boat reached the scene approximately 30 minutes after all the migrants had been issued with life jackets and all the women and children had been transferred to Proactiva’s [[rigid-hulled inflatable boat]]s.<ref name=hrwimpounded>[https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/03/19/italy-migrant-rescue-ship-impounded "Italy: Migrant Rescue Ship Impounded."] [[Human Rights Watch]]. Retrieved 19 March 2018.</ref><br><br>Two days later, [[The Associated Press]], quoting the Italian [[news agency]] [[Agenzia Nazionale Stampa Associata]] (ANSA), reported that the ship had been impounded by Italian authorities and its captain and two other people were being investigated for [[human trafficking]] after arriving in [[Pozzallo]], Sicily with 216 of the 218 migrants they had rescued<ref>[[The Associated Press]]. [https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/report-italians-seize-ngo-migrant-rescue-ship-in-sicily/2018/03/18/3d4d1024-2afa-11e8-8dc9-3b51e028b845_story.html "Italians seize NGO migrant rescue ship in Sicily."] ''[[The Washington Post]]''. Retrieved 19 March 2018.</ref> in international waters, 73 miles (117 kilometers) from the coast of Libya.<ref name=nytheads/> Two of the people rescued, a mother and her sick child, had been evacuated to Malta,<ref>[[The Associated Press]]. [https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2018/03/19/world/europe/ap-eu-italy-migrants.html "Spanish Aid Group Fears Migrant Trafficking Charges in Italy."] ''[[The New York Times]]''. Retrieved 19 March 2018.</ref><ref name=nytheads>[[The Associated Press]]. [https://mobile.nytimes.com/aponline/2018/03/16/world/europe/ap-eu-italy-migrants.html "Spain Migrant Ship Heads to Italy After Threats by Libya."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180319214633/https://mobile.nytimes.com/aponline/2018/03/16/world/europe/ap-eu-italy-migrants.html |date=19 March 2018 }} ''[[The New York Times]]''. Retrieved 19 March 2018.</ref> where the ship is based, before Italian authorities permitted the ship to proceed to Pozzallo, Sicily "given the precarious conditions of the migrants and worsening weather forecasts".<ref name=nytheads/>
+*16 March 2018: a Libyan coastguard vessel intercepted the ''Open Arms''<ref>[[The Associated Press]].  [https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2018/03/16/world/europe/ap-eu-italy-migrants.html "Spain Migrant Ship Heads to Italy After Threats by Libya."] ''[[The New York Times]]''. Accessed 17 March 2018.</ref> in international waters and threatened to "[[Deadly force|shoot to kill]]" unless the lifeguards handed over the women and children on board who were among the 218 people rescued earlier that day by the POA in international waters.<ref>[[The Associated Press]]. [https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2018/03/19/world/europe/ap-eu-italy-migrants.html "Italy Seizes Spanish Rescue Boat That Defied Libyan Threats."] ''[[The New York Times]]''. Accessed 19 March 2018.</ref><ref>(In Spanish.) [http://www.lasexta.com/noticias/sociedad/la-armada-libia-amenaza-con-disparar-a-matar-al-barco-de-proactiva-open-arms_201803155aaab6330cf2aca4f1cdb0d2.html «La Armada libia amenaza con "disparar a matar" al barco de Proactiva Open Arms.»] [[La Sexta]]. Accessed March 15, 2018.</ref> ''Open Arms'' had attended an alert sent out by the Italian coastguard's [[Corps of the Port Captaincies – Coast Guard|Italian Maritime Rescue Coordination Center]] (IMRCC)<ref name=hrwimpounded/> to rescue two overloaded boats in difficulty.<ref>(In Spanish.) [http://www.europapress.es/internacional/noticia-rescatados-218-migrantes-proactiva-open-arms-aguas-mediterraneo-central-20180316215102.html «Rescatados 218 migrantes por Proactiva Open Arms en aguas del Mediterráneo central.»] [[Europa Press (news agency)|Europa Press]]. Accessed 17 March 2018.</ref> After the POA had reached the boat carrying the migrants, IMRCC informed them that Libya forces had command over the operation, but "told the Open Arms crew to use their judgment".<ref name=hrwimpounded/> A Libyan coastguard patrol boat reached the scene approximately 30 minutes after all the migrants had been issued with life jackets and all the women and children had been transferred to the POA's RHIBs.<ref name=hrwimpounded>[https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/03/19/italy-migrant-rescue-ship-impounded "Italy: Migrant Rescue Ship Impounded."] [[Human Rights Watch]]. Accessed 19 March 2018.</ref> Two days later, [[The Associated Press]], quoting the Italian [[news agency]] [[Agenzia Nazionale Stampa Associata]] (ANSA), reported that the ship had been impounded by Italian authorities and its captain and two other people were being investigated for [[human trafficking]] after arriving in [[Pozzallo]], [[Sicily]] with 216 of the 218 migrants they had rescued<ref>[[The Associated Press]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180319011159/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/report-italians-seize-ngo-migrant-rescue-ship-in-sicily/2018/03/18/3d4d1024-2afa-11e8-8dc9-3b51e028b845_story.html "Italians seize NGO migrant rescue ship in Sicily."] ''[[The Washington Post]]''. Accessed 19 March 2018.</ref> in international waters, 73 miles (117 kilometers) from the coast of Libya.<ref name=nytheads/> Two of the people rescued, a mother and her sick child, had been evacuated to [[Malta]],<ref>[[The Associated Press]]. [https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2018/03/19/world/europe/ap-eu-italy-migrants.html "Spanish Aid Group Fears Migrant Trafficking Charges in Italy."] ''[[The New York Times]]''. Accessed 19 March 2018.</ref><ref name=nytheads>[[The Associated Press]]. [https://mobile.nytimes.com/aponline/2018/03/16/world/europe/ap-eu-italy-migrants.html "Spain Migrant Ship Heads to Italy After Threats by Libya."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180319214633/https://mobile.nytimes.com/aponline/2018/03/16/world/europe/ap-eu-italy-migrants.html |date=19 March 2018 }} ''[[The New York Times]]''. Accessed 19 March 2018.</ref> where the ship is based, before Italian authorities permitted the ship to proceed to Sicily "given the precarious conditions of the migrants and worsening weather forecasts".<ref name=nytheads/>
-*16 April 2018: The Italian court orders the release of the vessel Open Arms, nevertheless the human trafficking investigations continue.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.eldiario.es/desalambre/Fiscalia-Ragusa-ONG-Proactiva-Open_0_765024790.html|title=La Fiscalía de Ragusa recurre la liberación del barco de rescate de Proactiva Open Arms|date=2018-04-27|work=eldiario.es|access-date=2018-05-19|language=es}}</ref>
+*16 April 2018: The Italian court orders the release of the vessel ''Open Arms'', nevertheless the human trafficking investigations continue.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.eldiario.es/desalambre/Fiscalia-Ragusa-ONG-Proactiva-Open_0_765024790.html|title=La Fiscalía de Ragusa recurre la liberación del barco de rescate de Proactiva Open Arms |trans-title= |date=2018-04-27|work=eldiario.es|access-date=2018-05-19|language=es}}</ref>
 ====Reactions to impoundment by Italian authorities====
@@ Line 108: / Line 100: @@
 Following the impoundment of the rescue ship on arrival at Pozzallo, major international [[humanitarian aid|humanitarian]] NGOs issued statements criticising the action of the Italian authorities.
-*[[Amnesty International]] referred to the incident as "reckless disregard for common decency". The statement added that "It is time for European governments to urgently reset their cooperation with Libya on migration. Their callous complicity with smugglers, criminals and torturers must end and the safety and the rights of refugees, asylum-seekers and migrants must be prioritized".<ref>[https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2018/03/italy-targeting-of-ngo-rescue-ship-displays-reckless-disregard-for-common-decency/ "Italy: Targeting of NGO rescue ship displays “reckless disregard for common decency”."] [[Amnesty International]]. Retrieved 21 March 2018.</ref>
+*AI referred to the incident as "reckless disregard for common decency". The statement added that "It is time for European governments to urgently reset their cooperation with Libya on migration. Their callous complicity with smugglers, criminals and torturers must end and the safety and the rights of refugees, asylum-seekers and migrants must be prioritized".<ref>[https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2018/03/italy-targeting-of-ngo-rescue-ship-displays-reckless-disregard-for-common-decency/ "Italy: Targeting of NGO rescue ship displays "reckless disregard for common decency"."] [[Amnesty International]]. Accessed 21 March 2018.</ref>
+*HRW, reporting on the incident, stated that "Proactiva acted to save migrants’ lives and then prevented them from being abused in indefinite detention. It is perverse to try to characterize as criminal a refusal to hand victims to Libyan coast guard forces knowing they could face possible torture and rape in Libyan detention centers".<ref name=hrwimpounded/> The report went on to explain that "international human rights and refugee law prohibits returning anyone to a place where they face a real risk of torture or ill-treatment –the [[non-refoulement]] principle. Empowering Libyan forces to capture people on the high seas, when it is known that they will return them to cruel, [[inhuman, or degrading treatment]] in arbitrary detention exposes Italy and other EU states involved to charges of aiding and abetting in serious human rights violations in detention".<ref name=hrwimpounded/>
+*MSF criticised the "criminalisation" of the NGOs that rescue migrants at sea, pointing out that "under no circumstances" should the people rescued be returned to Libya, and referring to the impoundment of Proactiva's ship as "the latest in a series of actions against NGOs that carry out life-saving rescue operations".<ref>[[Europa Press (news agency)|Europa Press]] (in Spanish). [http://www.europapress.es/internacional/noticia-msf-critica-criminalizacion-ong-rescate-mediterraneo-20180321134419.html "MSF critica la "criminalización" de las ONG de rescate en el Mediterráneo."] Accessed 21 March 2018.</ref>
+*[[Vincent Cochetel]], [[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]]'s (UNHCR) special envoy for the central Mediterranean, stated that he hoped this incident was not a return of what he called "the campaign we saw in 2017 against NGOs involved in rescue-at-sea".<ref>[[Reuters]]/Sam Edwards/Andrew Heavens [https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2018/03/19/world/europe/19reuters-europe-migrants-italy-seizure.html "Italy Seizes Ship That Picked Up Migrants in Mediterranean."]  ''[[The New York Times]]''. Accessed 22 March 2018.</ref>
+*Referring to the Code of Conduct for NGOs, Senator [[Luigi Manconi]] noted that "the code has no legal force. It is a treaty agreement between the Ministry and an individual. I do not find that a violation occurred, and if it did, it certainly would not constitute a crime." He went on to add that, "information to the flag state qualifies more as a commitment, while saving those in danger is an obligation. The hierarchy is very clear."<ref>Petrillo, Marina; Lorenzo Bagnoli and Claudia Torrisi. [https://openmigration.org/en/analyses/the-prosecutors-case-against-the-rescue-ship-open-arms/ "The prosecutor’s case against the rescue ship Open Arms."] Open Migration. Accessed 4 April 2018.</ref>
+=== 2020 ===
-*[[Human Rights Watch]], reporting on the incident, stated that “Proactiva acted to save migrants’ lives and then prevented them from being abused in indefinite detention. It is perverse to try to characterize as criminal a refusal to hand victims to Libyan coast guard forces knowing they could face possible torture and rape in Libyan detention centers”.<ref name=hrwimpounded/> The report went on to explain that "international human rights and refugee law prohibits returning anyone to a place where they face a real risk of torture or ill-treatment –the [[non-refoulement]] principle. Empowering Libyan forces to capture people on the high seas, when it is known that they will return them to cruel, [[inhuman, or degrading treatment]] in arbitrary detention exposes Italy and other European Union (EU) states involved to charges of aiding and abetting in serious human rights violations in detention".<ref name=hrwimpounded/>
+On 8 and 9 September 2020 the crew of ''Open Arms'' picked up three groups of 77, 116 and 83 migrants.<ref>[https://www.repubblica.it/cronaca/2020/09/11/news/migranti_terzo_salvataggio_per_open_arms_ora_sono_276_persone_a_bordo-266988750/?ref=search "Migranti, terzo salvataggio per Open Arms, le persone a bordo ora sono 276."] repubblica.it. Accessed 12 September 2020.</ref> The ship anchored a few hundred meters off [[Palermo]] harbor with some 278 migrants on board and waited for permission to dock. After a week of waiting, on 17 September 2020, 75 migrants jumped overboard and tried to swim to the shore. The 75 were finally picked up by the Italian coast guard, while 188 remained on the ''Open Arms''.<ref>[https://www.lastampa.it/cronaca/2020/09/17/news/dalla-open-arms-76-migranti-si-lanciano-in-mare-per-raggiungere-palermo-tutti-riportati-a-bordo-1.39317259 "Dalla Open Arms 75 migranti si lanciano in mare per raggiungere Palermo: tutti riportati a bordo"] la Stampa, 17 September 2020, Accessed 17 September 2020</ref> The scene repeated the next day, now with 48 migrants trying to make it ashore. They were also picked up to be later transferred to the [[MS GNV Allegra]] for [[Coronavirus disease 2019|COVID-19]] quarantine.<ref>[https://www.lastampa.it/cronaca/2020/09/18/news/altri-48-migranti-si-sono-gettati-in-mare-dalla-open-arms-ora-sono-su-una-delle-navi-quarantena-1.39321729 "Finita l’odissea dei migranti a bordo della Open Arms: trasbordati sulla nave quarantena"] lastampa.it, 18 September 2020, Accessed 18 September 2020</ref>
+=== 2021 ===
-*[[Médecins Sans Frontières]] (MSF) criticised the "criminalisation" of the NGOs that rescue migrants at sea, pointing out that "under no circumstances" should the people rescued be returned to Libya, and referring to the impoundment of Proactiva's ship as "the latest in a series of actions against NGOs that carry out life-saving rescue operations".<ref>[[Europa Press]] (in Spanish). [http://www.europapress.es/internacional/noticia-msf-critica-criminalizacion-ong-rescate-mediterraneo-20180321134419.html "MSF critica la "criminalización" de las ONG de rescate en el Mediterráneo."] Retrieved 21 March 2018.</ref>
+In February 2021, the POA rescued over 100 migrants off the coast of Libya.<ref name="enma">{{cite news |last1=Armstrong |first1=Mark |url=https://www.euronews.com/2021/02/14/mediterranean-rescue-open-arms-saves-over-100-more-migrants-off-libya |title=Mediterranean rescue: Open Arms saves over 100 more migrants off Libya |publisher=Euronews |date=14 February 2021}}</ref>
-*[[Vincent Cochetel]], [[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]]'s (UNHCR) special envoy for the central Mediterranean, stated that he hoped this incident was not a return of what he called "the campaign we saw in 2017 against NGOs involved in rescue-at-sea".<ref>[[Reuters]]/Sam Edwards/Andrew Heavens [https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2018/03/19/world/europe/19reuters-europe-migrants-italy-seizure.html "Italy Seizes Ship That Picked Up Migrants in Mediterranean."]  ''[[The New York Times]]''. Retrieved 22 March 2018.</ref>
-*Referring to the Code of Conduct for NGOs, Senator [[Luigi Manconi]] noted that "the code has no legal force. It is a treaty agreement between the Ministry and an individual. I do not find that a violation occurred, and if it did, it certainly would not constitute a crime.” He went on to add that, "information to the flag state qualifies more as a commitment, while saving those in danger is an obligation. The hierarchy is very clear."<ref> Petrillo, Marina; Lorenzo Bagnoli and Claudia Torrisi. [https://openmigration.org/en/analyses/the-prosecutors-case-against-the-rescue-ship-open-arms/ "The prosecutor’s case against the rescue ship Open Arms."] Open Migration. Retrieved 4 April 2018.</ref>
-=== 2020 ===
-On 8 and 9 September 2020 the crew of ''Open Arms'' picked up three groups of 77, 116 and 83 migrants.<ref>[https://www.repubblica.it/cronaca/2020/09/11/news/migranti_terzo_salvataggio_per_open_arms_ora_sono_276_persone_a_bordo-266988750/?ref=search "Migranti, terzo salvataggio per Open Arms, le persone a bordo ora sono 276."] repubblica.it. Retrieved 12 September 2020.</ref> The ship anchored a few hundred meters off Palermo harbor with some 278 migrants on board and waited for permission to dock. After a week of waiting, on 17 September 2020, 75 migrants jumped overboard and tried to swim to the shore. The 75 were finally picked up by the Italian coast guard, while 188 remained on the ''Open Arms''.<ref>[https://www.lastampa.it/cronaca/2020/09/17/news/dalla-open-arms-76-migranti-si-lanciano-in-mare-per-raggiungere-palermo-tutti-riportati-a-bordo-1.39317259 "Dalla Open Arms 75 migranti si lanciano in mare per raggiungere Palermo: tutti riportati a bordo"] la Stampa, 17 September 2020, Retrieved 17 September 2020</ref> The scene repeated the next day, now with 48 migrants trying to make it ashore. They were also picked up to be later transferred to the [[MS GNV Allegra]] for [[Coronavirus disease 2019|Covid-19]] quarantine.<ref>[https://www.lastampa.it/cronaca/2020/09/18/news/altri-48-migranti-si-sono-gettati-in-mare-dalla-open-arms-ora-sono-su-una-delle-navi-quarantena-1.39321729 "Finita l’odissea dei migranti a bordo della Open Arms: trasbordati sulla nave quarantena"] lastampa.it, 18 September 2020, Retrieved 18 September 2020</ref>
 ==Vessels==
-In July 2016, the NGO received the luxury [[sailing yacht]] Astral, donated by Livio Lo Monaco.<ref>{{cite news |first =Ana |last =Sánchez Juárez |title =Livio Lo Monaco, el fabricante de colchones que donó su yate para salvar vidas en el mar |url =https://www.vanitatis.elconfidencial.com/noticias/2016-10-01/livio-lo-monaco-fundador-rico-empresario-yate-astral-inmigrantes-mediterraneo-proactiva-open-arms_1267512/ |work = El Confidencial|date =1 October 2016 |access-date =19 March 2018 }}</ref> Designed by [[Philip Rhodes]] and built in 1970,<ref> Negre, Javier. [http://www.elmundo.es/cronica/2016/10/16/58020de746163f7b588b4651.html "Astral: Las otras vidas del yate salva-inmigrantes de Évole."] ''[[El Mundo (España)|El Mundo]]''. Retrieved 27 August 2017.</ref> the yacht featured in the documentary recorded on board that same month by [[Jordi Évole]] for ''[[Salvados]]'', directed by Évoli for [[Atresmedia Televisión]].<ref> Pérez de Rozas, Emilio. [http://www.elperiodico.com/es/internacional/20161011/astral-documental-evole-salvados-refugiados-migrantes-mediterraneo-proactiva-open-arms-5484556 "'Astral': Viaje de ida y vuelta al infierno."] ''[[El Periódico de Catalunya|El Periódico]]''. Retrieved 27 August 2017.</ref> The box office takings from the documentary, shown at cinemas throughout the country before being broadcast on TV, were earmarked in their entirety for the NGO.<ref>[http://www.huffingtonpost.es/2016/10/11/jordi-evole-documental_n_12441508.html «Jordi Évole presenta el documental 'Astral'.»] ''[[The Huffington Post]]''. Retrieved 27 August 2017.</ref>
+In July 2016, the NGO received the [[sailing yacht]] ''[[Astral (yacht)|Astral]]'', donated by Livio Lo Monaco.<ref>{{cite news |first =Ana |last =Sánchez Juárez |title =Livio Lo Monaco, el fabricante de colchones que donó su yate para salvar vidas en el mar |trans-title= |url =https://www.vanitatis.elconfidencial.com/noticias/2016-10-01/livio-lo-monaco-fundador-rico-empresario-yate-astral-inmigrantes-mediterraneo-proactiva-open-arms_1267512/ |work = El Confidencial|date =1 October 2016 |access-date =19 March 2018 }}</ref> Designed by [[Philip Rhodes]] and built in 1970,<ref>Negre, Javier. [http://www.elmundo.es/cronica/2016/10/16/58020de746163f7b588b4651.html "Astral: Las otras vidas del yate salva-inmigrantes de Évole."] ''[[El Mundo (España)|El Mundo]]''. Accessed 27 August 2017.</ref> the yacht featured in the documentary recorded on board that same month by [[Jordi Évole]] for ''[[Salvados]]'', directed by Évoli for [[Atresmedia Televisión]].<ref>Pérez de Rozas, Emilio. [http://www.elperiodico.com/es/internacional/20161011/astral-documental-evole-salvados-refugiados-migrantes-mediterraneo-proactiva-open-arms-5484556 "'Astral': Viaje de ida y vuelta al infierno."] ''[[El Periódico de Catalunya|El Periódico]]''. Accessed 27 August 2017.</ref> The box office takings from the documentary, shown at cinemas throughout [[Catalunya]] before being broadcast on TV, were earmarked in their entirety for the NGO.<ref>[http://www.huffingtonpost.es/2016/10/11/jordi-evole-documental_n_12441508.html «Jordi Évole presenta el documental 'Astral'.»] ''[[The Huffington Post]]''. Accessed 27 August 2017.</ref>
-At the end of 2016, Astral was substituted by Golfo Azzurro, a [[fishing trawler]] 43 metres in length and 8 metres beam.<ref name=periodico/> Based in Malta, this vessel covered the NGO's rescue operations in the central Mediterranean region and in international waters off the northern coast of Libya.<ref name=periodico>[http://www.elperiodico.com/es/internacional/20161221/la-oenege-proactiva-open-arms-cambia-el-astral-por-un-barco-mas-grande-para-el-rescate-de-inmigrantes-5704698 "La oenegé Proactiva Open Arms cambia el 'Astral' por un barco más grande para el rescate de inmigrantes."] ''[[El Periódico de Catalunya|El Periódico]]''. Retrieved 27 August 2017.</ref>
+At the end of 2016, ''Astral'' was substituted by ''[[Golfo Azzurro]]'', a [[fishing trawler]] 43 metres in length and 8 metres beam.<ref name=periodico/> Based in Malta, this vessel covered the NGO's rescue operations in the central Mediterranean region and in international waters off the northern coast of Libya.<ref name=periodico>[http://www.elperiodico.com/es/internacional/20161221/la-oenege-proactiva-open-arms-cambia-el-astral-por-un-barco-mas-grande-para-el-rescate-de-inmigrantes-5704698 "La oenegé Proactiva Open Arms cambia el 'Astral' por un barco más grande para el rescate de inmigrantes."] ''[[El Periódico de Catalunya|El Periódico]]''. Accessed 27 August 2017.</ref>
-In mid-2017, Proactiva commissioned Open Arms, an [[emergency tow vessel]] (37 metres in length) which had previously seen service with Spain's maritime safety agency [[Salvamento Marítimo]] and donated to the NGO by [[Grupo Ibaizabal]].<ref>[https://www.elperiodico.com/es/internacional/20170620/proactiva-open-arms-estrena-embarcacion-que-se-suma-al-golfo-azzurro-en-los-rescates-en-el-mediterraneo-6117549 «Proactiva Open Arms estrena buque insignia para sus rescates en el Mediterráneo.»] ''[[El Periódico de Catalunya|El Periódico]]''. Retrieved 19 March 2018.</ref>
+In mid-2017, the POA commissioned ''[[Open Arms (watercraft)|Open Arms]]'', an [[emergency tow vessel]] (37 metres in length) which had previously seen service with Spain's maritime safety agency [[Salvamento Marítimo]] and was donated to the NGO by the Spanish shipping agency [[Grupo Ibaizabal]].<ref>[https://www.elperiodico.com/es/internacional/20170620/proactiva-open-arms-estrena-embarcacion-que-se-suma-al-golfo-azzurro-en-los-rescates-en-el-mediterraneo-6117549 «Proactiva Open Arms estrena buque insignia para sus rescates en el Mediterráneo.»] ''[[El Periódico de Catalunya|El Periódico]]''. Accessed 19 March 2018.</ref>
-In August 2017 Proactiva boats were barred by Italy and Malta from disembarking migrants.<ref name=binnie/> Proactiva also came in close contact with the Libyan coastguard who fired warning shots over one of its boats.<ref name=binnie/>
+In August 2017 POA vessels were barred by Italy and Malta from disembarking migrants.<ref name=binnie/> The POA also came in close contact with the Libyan coastguard who fired warning shots over one of its boats.<ref name=binnie/>
-In June 2020 Astral returned to the Mediterranean.<ref>(In Spanish.) [https://twitter.com/campsoscar/status/1271367415608328193 "A pesar de todo y por cuarto año consecutivo Astral vuelve a entrar en el Mediterraneo"] [[Twitter]]</ref>
+In June 2020 ''Astral'' returned to POA activity in the Mediterranean.<ref name="twitter.com"/>
 ==Awards==
-* H.E.R.O. Award for Outstanding Team Contribution to a Maritime SAR Operation at the first edition of the UK-based [[International Maritime Rescue Federation]]’s (IMRF) H.E.R.O. (Honouring Excellence in Rescue Operations) Awards for their participation in saving the lives of over 200 people who had capsized off the north shore of Lesbos.<ref name=imrfhero/>
+* H.E.R.O. Award for Outstanding Team Contribution to a Maritime SAR Operation at the first edition of the UK-based [[International Maritime Rescue Federation]]’s (IMRF) H.E.R.O. (Honouring Excellence in Rescue Operations) Awards for their participation in saving the lives of over 200 people.<ref name=imrfhero/>
-* Award Pere Casàldiga to solidarity in 2016<ref>«La oenegé Proactiva Open Arms rep el Premi Pere Casaldàliga a la Solidaritat 2016». Festial Internacional Cinema Solidari. Retrieved 4 June 2016.</ref>
+* the Pere Casàldiga Award in 2016<ref>«La oenegé Proactiva Open Arms rep el Premi Pere Casaldàliga a la Solidaritat 2016». Festival Internacional Cinema Solidari. Accessed 4 June 2016.</ref>
 * [[European Citizen's Prize]]<ref name=citizen/>
-*Premio [[UNICEF]] 2017 Comité Español Transforma<ref>[https://www.unicef.es/prensa/premios-unicef-2017-ban-ki-moon-pulseras-candela-proactiva-open-arms-y-escuelab "Premio UNICEF Comité Español Transforma."] [[UNICEF]] Comité Español. Retrieved 21 March 2018.</ref>
+*Premio [[UNICEF]] 2017 Comité Español Transforma<ref>[https://www.unicef.es/prensa/premios-unicef-2017-ban-ki-moon-pulseras-candela-proactiva-open-arms-y-escuelab "Premio UNICEF Comité Español Transforma."] [[UNICEF]] Comité Español. Accessed 21 March 2018.</ref>
 ==See also==
+* [[Hellenic Rescue Team]]
+* [[Jugend Rettet|Iuventa]]
+* [[Mediterranea Saving Humans]]
+* [[Migrant Offshore Aid Station]]
+* [[No Border network]]
 * [[SOS Méditerranée]]
-* [[Migrant Offshore Aid Station]]
 ==References==
@@ Line 148: / Line 144: @@
 ==External links==
+* [https://www.proactivaopenarms.org/en Web page of the organization]
+{{European migrant crisis}}
-* [https://www.proactivaopenarms.org/en Web page of the organization]
 [[Category:2015 establishments in Spain]]
@@ Line 156: / Line 153: @@
 [[Category:Social welfare charities]]
 [[Category:Sea rescue organizations]]
+[[Category:European migrant crisis]]

v t e 2015 European migrant crisis
Timeline of the 2015 European migrant crisis
Refugees and immigration	Afghan refugees Kurdish refugees Syrian refugees Libyan refugees Iraqi refugees Assyrian refugees Sudanese refugees Immigration to Europe Immigration to Romania Immigration to Germany Immigration to Italy Immigration to Greece African immigration to Europe Migration diplomacy
Migrant vehicle incidents	May 2007 Malta migrant shipwreck (May 2007) 2009 Mediterranean Sea migrant shipwreck (March 2009) 2011 Mediterranean Sea migrant shipwreck (April 2011) Lampedusa shipwreck (October 2013) 2014 Malta migrant shipwreck (September 2014) 2014 Libya migrant shipwreck (September 2014) Blue Sky M incident (December 2014) Ezadeen incident (January 2015) Burgenland corpses discovery (August 2015) Death of Alan Kurdi (September 2015) 2016 Egypt migrant shipwreck (September 2016) November 2016 Libya migrant shipwrecks (November 2016) 2018 Libya migrant shipwrecks (January 2018) Essex lorry deaths (October 2019) Sofia lorry deaths (February 2023) 2023 Calabria migrant boat disaster (February 2023) 2023 Tunisia migrant boat disasters (March & April 2023) 2023 Libya migrant boats sinking (April 2023) 2023 Messenia migrant boat disaster (June 2023) 2023 Canary Islands migrant boat disaster (June 2023) 2023 Cape Verde migrant boat disaster (July 2023) Mühldorf van crash (October 2023) List of migrant vessel incidents on the Mediterranean Sea List of migrant vehicle incidents in Europe
Maritime operations	Operation Poseidon (EU, 2006–2015) Operation Hermes (EU, 2011–2013) Operation Mare Nostrum (Italy, 2013–2014) Operation Triton (EU, 2014–2018) Operation Themis (EU, 2018–present) Operation Sophia (EU Navfor Med, 2015–present) Operation Poseidon Rapid Intervention (EU, 2015–present) Migrant Offshore Aid Station (NGO, 2014–2017) Proactiva Open Arms (NGO, 2015–2018) Aquarius Dignitus (NGO SOS Méditerranée, 2015–present) Jugend Rettet (NGO, 2016–2017)
Migrant camps	Basroch refugee camp Calais Jungle La Linière Lampedusa immigrant reception center Moria refugee camp Migrants around Calais Hotspot camp
Border barriers	Austrian border barrier Bulgarian border barrier Ceuta border fence Calais border barrier Hungarian border barrier Melilla border fence North Macedonia border barrier Norway–Russia border barrier Poland–Belarus barrier Slovenian border barrier
Related events	Murder of Khaled Idris Bahray 2015 Geldermalsen riot 2015 Corsican protests 2015–16 New Year's Eve sexual assaults in Germany Murder of Ashley Ann Olsen Fatal stabbing of Alexandra Mezher 2016 Hungarian migrant quota referendum 2016 Reutlingen knife attack 2016 Chemnitz terrorism plot Murder of Maria Ladenburger 2017 Turku attack Murder of Pamela Mastropietro 2018 Chemnitz protests Murder of Desirée Mariottini 2021–present Belarus–EU border crisis
Related articles	Migration and asylum policy of the European Union European Union response to the 2015 migrant crisis European Asylum Curriculum European Union Agency for Asylum Asylum shopping Chain migration Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees Dublin Regulation Eurodac Economic migrant Edlumino European Border Surveillance System (Eurosur) Fire at Sea Frontex Fortress Europe Illegal immigration Migrants around Calais Schengen Agreement Schengen Information System Turkey's migrant crisis Valletta Summit on Migration