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{{Infobox weapon
 |name=Panhard AML
 |image=Panhard AML-90 img 2308.jpg
 |image_size= 300
 |caption= Panhard AML at the ''[[Musée des Blindés]]'', [[Saumur]].
 |origin= France
 |type= [[Armored car (military)|Light armoured car]]
 |is_vehicle=yes
 |service=
 |used_by= See ''[[#Operators|Operators]]''
 |wars= See ''[[Combat history of the Panhard AML|Combat history]]''
 |designer= [[Panhard]]
 |design_date= June 1957{{sfn|Dunstan|2019|p=30}}
 |manufacturer= Panhard
 |unit_cost= US$373,700 <small>(as of 1997)</small>{{sfn|Forecast International|1998}}
 |production_date=1959{{sfn|Dunstan|2019|p=32}}–1987{{sfn|Shufelt|1993|p=21}}
 |number= 4,812{{sfn|Collet|1989|p=55}}
 |variants= See ''[[#Variants|Variants]]''
 |weight={{convert|5.5|t|ST LT|lk=out}}{{sfn|Foss|2002|p=252}}
 |length={{convert|5.11|m|ftin|abbr=on}}{{sfn|Foss|1976|p=132}}
 |part_length= {{convert|3.79|m|ftin|abbr=on}} <small>''(hull)''</small>{{sfn|Foss|1976|p=132}}
 |width= {{convert|1.97|m|ftin|abbr=on}}{{sfn|Foss|1976|p=132}}
 |height={{convert|2.07|m|ftin|abbr=on}}{{sfn|Foss|2002|p=252}}
 |crew=3 (Commander/loader, gunner, driver){{sfn|Foss|1976|p=132}}
 |armour={{convert|8|mm}}–{{convert|12|mm}}{{sfn|Foss|1976|p=132}}
 |primary_armament=1 × 90 mm gun (20 rounds){{sfn|Foss|1976|p=132}}<br /> 
1 × 60 mm [[Brandt CM60A1|gun-mortar]] (53 rounds){{sfn|Foss|1976|p=133}}
 |secondary_armament=1 × [[7.5×54mm French|7.5mm]] [[AA-52 machine gun|AA-52]] machine gun <br /> (2,400 rounds){{sfn|Foss|1976|p=133}}
 |engine= Panhard {{convert|1.99|l|in3|abbr=on}} Model 4HD 
[[Flat-four engine|flat 4]]-cylinder, air-cooled petrol{{sfn|Dunstan|2019|p=65}}
 |engine_power= {{convert|90|hp|kW|adj=on}} at 4,700&nbsp;rpm{{sfn|Foss|2002|p=252}}
 |transmission= [[Electromagnetic clutch]]{{sfn|Dunstan|2019|p=66}} <br />
2 × high/low range gearboxes, each with 1 reverse and 5 forward gears{{sfn|Foss|1976|p=132}}
 |fuel_capacity= {{convert|156|L|gal|abbr=on}}{{sfn|Foss|1976|p=132}}
 |pw_ratio= 16.36&nbsp;hp/tonne (11.9&nbsp;kW/tonne){{sfn|Foss|2002|p=252}}
 |suspension=[[Independent suspension]] with [[coil springs]]{{sfn|Forecast International|1998}}
 |clearance= {{convert|0.33|m|ftin|abbr=on}}{{sfn|Foss|2002|p=252}}
 |vehicle_range= {{convert|600|km|mi|abbr=on}}{{sfn|Foss|2002|p=252}}
 |speed={{convert|90|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}{{sfn|Foss|2002|p=252}}
}}

The '''Panhard AML''' (''Auto Mitrailleuse Légère'', or "Light Armoured Car"){{sfn|Dunstan|2019|p=29}} is a French-designed [[Armored car (military)|armoured car]] which was produced and widely exported during the [[Cold War]]. Development of the AML commenced in 1957 in response to a requirement issued by the [[French Army]] for a purpose-built wheeled armoured vehicle for use in [[counter-insurgency]] operations. The French general staff had long favoured armoured cars for security duties in areas of unrest throughout France's colonial empire, especially in Algeria. The [[Daimler Ferret]] was initially adopted for this role during the 1950s; however, French troops found it inadequately armed and sought a domestic vehicle of similar size, but with a heavier armament and explicitly designed for warfare in the rugged Algerian terrain. Several domestic manufacturers were approached to design and build prototypes, including Panhard, which completed its first prototype in 1957. The prototype was designated the ''Type 242'' and incorporated a helical spring suspension and drive shaft concept from the much larger [[Panhard EBR]]. Although externally similar in many respects to the Ferret, it carried a much larger turret armed with a 60mm breech-loading mortar and twin co-axial machine guns.

After a series of detail improvements, a more definitive prototype appeared in 1959 and was officially designated the ''Type 245''. It was accepted for service as the Panhard AML-60 and the first pre-production vehicles were completed that year. In April 1959, the first AMLs were delivered to the French Army. A second turreted variant, carrying a 90mm gun, was also tested for export purposes and later ordered by the French Army as the Panhard AML-90. At the time of its introduction, the AML-90 was the most heavily armed vehicle of its size and weight class in military service. Although it remained comparable in dimensions to the Ferret and other compact scout cars, it possessed enough firepower to rival contemporary medium tanks.

The end of the Algerian War led to a reduction in French military orders, compelling Panhard to look increasingly to export territories for new contracts. It soon found a dependable market for the AML among newly emerging postcolonial states, especially in Africa, where the AML's low cost and usefulness in both the internal security and semi-conventional role was appreciated. Other national armies favoured the type for logistical reasons; most armoured cars with the same combination of qualities were far more technically complex and maintenance-intensive than the AML. In nearly three decades of continuous production, well over 4,000 AMLs were manufactured, and the vehicle entered service on five continents. It had become familiar as a scout car utilised for conventional [[reconnaissance]] purposes, as an internal security vehicle, as an improvised tank destroyer or air defence platform, and in dozens of specialist roles. The versatility of the AML design allowed its basic concept to be considerably refined and developed into multiple variants, including the related [[Eland Mk7|Eland]] and [[Panhard M3|M3]] derivatives. 

==Development history==
===Background===
Since 1904, Panhard had been a respected and highly successful manufacturer of military vehicles for the French Army.{{sfn|Dunstan|2019|p=16}} During the early twentieth century, it had produced the first light gun carriers and improvised armoured cars to be deployed by French forces during the [[French conquest of Morocco]].{{sfn|Dunstan|2019|p=17}} In the 1920s Panhard produced its first dedicated armoured car to be built on a purpose-built chassis: the ''Auto Mitrailleuse de Decouverte'' (AMD) in two variants, the AMD-165 and the AMD-175.{{sfn|Dunstan|2019|p=18}} These vehicles were primarily used by colonial units engaged in counter-insurgency operations in North Africa and the Middle East, and were designed for the desert climate.{{sfn|Dunstan|2019|p=18}} During the early 1930s, it incorporated lessons from the flaws of its previous designs into a new armoured car, known as the AMD-178, also known simply as the [[Panhard 178]].{{sfn|Dunstan|2019|p=19}} The engineering team for the AMD-178 programme was led by Louis Delagarde, a former French tank crewman who had served in [[World War I]] and was also instrumental in designing the later AML.{{sfn|Dunstan|2019|p=19}} Consequently, the AMD-178 had several characteristics which later factored heavily into the design of the AML: it was a highly mobile four-wheel drive vehicle with a rear-mounted engine compartment and a [[sloped armour]]ed hull angled to deflect small arms fire.{{sfn|Dunstan|2019|p=19}} It was also heavily armed for an armoured car in that era; the AMD-178 carried a 25mm gun capable of firing anti-tank shells, coupled with a co-axial machine gun, all mounted in a fully enclosed turret.{{sfn|Dunstan|2019|p=19}} Production continued throughout the 1940s uninterrupted by [[World War II]]; throughout that conflict, Panhard supplied AMD-178s to the [[Armistice Army]], the [[Wehrmacht]], and latterly, the [[Free France|Free French Army]].{{sfn|Dunstan|2019|p=20}}

Panhard had started design work on a heavy armoured car to replace or complement the AMD-178 in French Army service in the prewar era.{{sfn|Dunstan|2019|p=21}} While the AMD-178 was useful for the colonial forces, it was hoped that a larger and more heavily armed vehicle would become the mainstay of French armoured reconnaissance units in Europe.{{sfn|Dunstan|2019|p=24}} This project was put on hold during and immediately after the war; by the end of that conflict the French government's priorities had changed to producing as many AMD-178s as possible while adopting the preexisting American-built [[M8 Greyhound]] in lieu of any domestic heavy armoured car.{{sfn|Dunstan|2019|p=24}} While the M8's 37mm gun was considered inadequate by French strategists for dealing with hostile armour, it was an an effective weapon for providing direct fire support to the infantry.{{sfn|Jordan|2005|p=178}} Shortly after hostilities in Europe ceased, however, the government announced that the programme for developing a heavy armoured car to replace the M8 would continue.{{sfn|Dunstan|2019|p=24}} It wanted a vehicle that was more heavily armed and armoured.{{sfn|Dunstan|2019|p=24}} 



During [[World War II]], the [[French Army]] and their [[Free France|Free French]] successors used a wide variety of vehicles for reconnaissance duties, ranging from the compact ''[[Laffly S15]]'' to the ''[[Panhard 178]]'', which could mount the same 75&nbsp;mm armament as contemporary heavy tanks, and multi-wheeled designs such as the ''Type 201''.<ref name="AFV39" /> After the war it became less desirable to maintain this plethora of armoured cars. In July 1945 Paris issued a requirement for a postwar design combining those features of previous assets – especially the Type 201 – that had shown potential both during and prior to the [[Battle of France]]. This led to the 8x8 [[Panhard EBR]] (''Type 212'') which entered service in 1950.<ref name="Machine">Morse, Stan. ''Modern Light Tanks and Reconnaissance Vehicles''. War Machine, 1983, Volume 2 Issue 19 p. 373–374.</ref> Similarly, in 1956 the French Ministry of Defense was persuaded to commission a replacement for the [[Ferret armoured car|Daimler Ferret]] scout car.<ref name=WMW /> Also manufactured by Panhard, the successor was the AML (''Type 245'') which entered service in 1961.<ref name="Ogorkiewicz2">{{cite book |last=Ogorkiewicz, R. M.|title=Design and development of fighting vehicles|edition=1968|page=181 |publisher=Macdonald Publishers|isbn=978-0-356-01461-6|year=1968}}</ref>

As with much postwar hardware based on the experience of subsequent colonial theatres, the AML was recognized for its outstanding ruggedness, dependability, firepower-to-weight ratio, and adaptability to the numerous minor conflicts waged since 1945.<ref name="AFV39" /> This reputation has led to export success in over forty countries, [[Africa]] being one of its biggest markets.<ref name="Machine" />

===Development===
[[File:AML counterguerrilla vehicle.png|thumb|left|An early AML-60.]]

The Panhard AML was birthed as a private venture by the ''[[Panhard|Société de Constructions Panhard et Levassor]]'', a military subsidiary of [[PSA Peugeot Citroën]]. It was derived in part from the [[Ferret armoured car|Daimler Ferret]], offering important similarities in external design. The first prototype appeared in 1959 and the vehicle was put into production in 1960, with more than 4,000 examples constructed by the time production ended.

In the late 1950s, the [[French Army]] successfully operated a number of Ferret scout cars in [[Algeria]]. Impressive as they were from a conventional standpoint, the rest of France's existing light armour—such as the [[Panhard EBR]] and [[M8 Greyhound]]—were not suitably equipped for [[counter-insurgency]]; battles of the [[Algerian War]] often involved short, sharp, skirmishes which required indirect fire support weapons such as [[Mortar (weapon)|mortars]] rather than solid shot and shell.<ref name="Orange">{{cite web|url=http://histoire-militaire.pagesperso-orange.fr/infanterie/autopanhard.htm|title=L'AUTOMITRAILLEUSE LEGERE PANHARD|accessdate=15 November 2014}}</ref> In addition, the North African conditions demanded a lighter, less sophisticated, vehicle which would be simpler to maintain and operate. As an interim measure France had purchased two hundred Ferrets from the [[United Kingdom]].<ref name="Knox1">{{cite journal |last=Henry |first=Michel |title=French Armor in Algeria |journal=[[Armor magazine]] |pages=12–15 |publisher=US Army Armor Center |location=Fort Knox, Kentucky |date=July–December 1972}}</ref> These were light enough but carried only a single [[general-purpose machine gun]], which was inadequate for offensive purposes. Nevertheless, they were sufficiently successful that there was a possibility of producing the Ferret under licence in France. However, [[Saviem]], [[Berliet]], and Panhard petitioned for bidding on a home-grown vehicle, and in 1956 the [[Ministry of Defence (France)|Ministère de la Défense]] issued specifications for an indigenous wheeled armoured car of similar dimensions and layout to the Ferret but mounting a breech-loading mortar.<ref name=WMW /> By 1959, this had emerged as the ''Auto Mitrailleuse Légère'', designated Model 245 "B" by Panhard.<ref name="Update">''[https://books.google.com/books?ei=moGOVNHAE4ikgwT4w4CIAw&id=3RgxAQAAIAAJ&dq=IDF+Panhard+airborne&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Damiya Defence Update (International)]''. Defence Update G.m.b.H., 1984, 1984–85 Volume Collected Issues 48–58.</ref> Early prototypes were completed in mid-1959 and by the end of 1961 at least one regiment in Algeria was receiving them.<ref name="Knox1" /> The AML was equipped with a [[Brandt Mle CM60A1|60mm Brandt gun-mortar]] and two medium [[AA-52 machine gun|MAS AA-52 NF-1]] machine guns.<ref name="AFV39" /> Until Panhard's acquisition by [[Citroën]] later in the 1960s, it was manufactured at a single plant near the Porte de Choisy in the [[13th arrondissement of Paris]].<ref name=Linhart>{{cite book|last=Linhart|first=Robert|title=The Assembly Line|date=1981|origyear=1978|pages=107–108|publisher=University of Massachusetts Press|location=Amherest|isbn=978-0-87023-322-7}}</ref>

The AML was immediately successful, but as the Algerian conflict diminished so did the need for a light mortar carrier deployed in anti-guerrilla operations. A more primary concern was the conventional threat posed by [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] airborne fighting vehicles in the event of a [[Warsaw Pact]] invasion. Meanwhile, [[South Africa]], an AML customer which had considered adopting the British [[Alvis Saladin]], also charged Panhard technicians to look into the development of an AML variant with equal or superior [[fire support]] capability.<ref name="Orange" /><ref name=Harmse>{{cite book|last1=Harmse|first1=Kyle|last2=Dunstan|first2=Simon|title=South African Armour of the Border War 1975–89|date=23 February 2017|pages=5–9|publisher=Osprey Publishing|location=Oxford|isbn=978-1-4728-1743-3}}</ref> This and the adoption of a highly effective 90&nbsp;mm rifled cannon led to all new AML-245 "C"s being refitted with the H-90 turret sporting the new gun.<ref name="Update" /><ref name=Harmse /> It fired fin-stabilised, shaped charge, projectiles boasting a muzzle velocity of 760&nbsp;m/s and more than capable of penetrating 320&nbsp;mm of [[rolled homogeneous armour]].<ref name=WMW /> In consequence, the later AMLs could even engage [[main battle tank]]s.<ref name="Tank">{{cite book |author1=Bruce Quarry |author2=Mike Spick |name-list-style=amp |title=An Illustrated Guide to Tank Busters|edition=1987|pages=120–125 |publisher=Prentice Hall Press|isbn=978-0-13-451154-2|year=1987 }}</ref><ref name=borderstrike /> In addition to its [[High-explosive anti-tank warhead|high explosive anti-tank]] (HEAT) shells the H-90 also carries fin-stabilised [[Shell (projectile)#HE-Frag|high-explosive]] (HE) projectiles, the total number of rounds stored being 20, compared with the 53 of the original 60&nbsp;mm mortar version.<ref name="Jane1" />

To provide a complete family of wheeled armoured cars, Panhard used AML components to engineer a small personnel carrier, the ''Véhicule Transport de Troupes'', better known as the [[Panhard M3]]. The M3 consisted of a boxy, all-welded, hull with an engine relocated behind the driver in order to provide a large troop compartment at its rear. Its wheelbase was also increased from the AML's 2.5m to a higher 2.7m. and the track from 1.62 to 2.5m. In spite of this, maintenance alongside the AML fleet is rather simplified, given that both vehicles share a 95% [[Interchangeable parts|interchangeability]] in automotive parts.<ref name="AFV39" /> The export success of the AML and M3 led directly to the development of the [[ERC 90 Sagaie|Panhard ERC 90 Sagaie]] and [[Panhard VCR]], respectively, which were six-wheeled and could carry a wider range of heavy weapon systems.<ref name="Ayliffe-Jones" />

Mass production of the AML likely ceased at some point prior to the early 1980s.<ref name=borderstrike>{{cite book|last1=Steenkamp|first1=Willem|authorlink1=Willem Steenkamp |title=Borderstrike! South Africa into Angola. 1975–1980|year=2006|publisher=Just Done Productions Publishing|location=Durban, South Africa|isbn=978-1-920169-00-8|edition=3rd |url=http://www.justdone.co.za/shop/index.php?id_product=5&controller=product|accessdate=29 September 2014|publication-date=1 March 2006|origyear=1985|pages=29–43|url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006150953/http://www.justdone.co.za/shop/index.php?id_product=5&controller=product|archivedate=6 October 2014}}</ref> However, AMLs continued to be sold from French Army surplus stocks as late as 1999, when the final export orders were placed by [[Yemen]] and [[Tunisia]].<ref name="trade">{{cite web |url=http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php |title=Trade Registers |publisher=Armstrade.sipri.org |date= |accessdate=2013-06-20}}</ref> They were also marketed by a number of other second-hand suppliers, including South Africa, [[Israel]], and [[Saudi Arabia]].<ref name="trade" />

==Specifications==
Fitted with coil spring suspension and drum brakes, the AML lacks hydraulic assist on either brakes or steering; only front wheels steer.<ref name="AFV39" /> Consequently, the steering wheel requires considerable strength to turn while the vehicle is in motion—while stationary it remains effectively locked.<ref name="Mannall">{{cite book |first=David |last=Mannall|title=Battle on the Lomba 1987: The Day a South African Armoured Battalion shattered Angola's Last Mechanized Offensive|edition=2014|pages=48–92 |publisher=Helion and Company|isbn=978-1-909982-02-4|date=2014-11-19}}</ref> Much like the Ferret, rear wheel drive is transmitted directly to epicyclic hub reduction gears, also known as bevel boxes.<ref name="Auto" /> The motor and gearbox have been harnessed via a centrifugal clutch with electromagnetic control, eliminating the need for a clutch pedal.<ref name=Baz>{{cite web|url=http://www.willyshotchkissjeeps.com/diary.asp?id=71 |title=Restoration of the Eland-60 |publisher=French Army Reenactment Group (FARG) |date=2012-01-20 |accessdate=2015-07-10 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721052053/http://www.willyshotchkissjeeps.com/diary.asp?id=71 |archivedate=July 21, 2015 }}</ref> This type of clutch is automatically engaged by gripping the knob of the gearshift lever, which is located behind the driver's seat in the hull floor.<ref name="Auto">''Automotive Industries''. Philadelphia: [[Chilton Company]], 1968, Volume 139 pp. 39—41.</ref> The gearbox assembly consists of two separate gearboxes, one for high and the other for low gear.<ref name="Jane1984AA">{{cite book |last=Christopher F. Foss|title=Jane's Armour and Artillery|date=November 1984 |edition=1984|pages=178–183 |publisher=Macdonald and Jane's Publishers Ltd|isbn=978-0-7106-0800-0}}</ref> The low-range gearbox is designed for off-road use and has a reverse gear and a top gear, while the high-range box is for operation on roads and has three low gears and one overdrive.<ref name="JAD">{{cite book |last1=Cullen|first1=Anthony|last2=Foss|first2=Christopher|title=Jane's Land Based Air Defence 1992–93|edition=1992|pages=68–69 |publisher=Macdonald and Jane's Publishers Ltd|isbn=978-0-7106-0595-5|date=July 1991}}</ref> There is a hydraulic dual-circuit handbrake operating on the gearbox output shaft.<ref name="Jane1984AA" />

An AML's crankshaft is carried in three ball bearings to reduce motor friction.<ref name="Auto" /> Powerplant design was inspired by the Panhard EBR and incorporates an air-cooled 1.99 litre four cylinder engine developing 67&nbsp;kW (90&nbsp;hp).<ref name="Compendium">{{cite book |last=Chant |first=Christopher |title=A Compendium of Armaments and Military Hardware |location=New York |publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul |year=1987 |isbn=978-0-7102-0720-3 |oclc=14965544 |pages=158–59 }}</ref> The Panhard engine was somewhat underpowered for the five to six tonne armoured car,<ref name="Copley1">Copley, Greogory. Defense & Foreign Affairs Strategic Policy journal. Alexandria: 1989. Vol.17, Collected Issues; pg. 37</ref> and remained prone to mechanical failure in humid climates.<ref name="Auto-Metralhadoras">{{cite journal|last=Coutinho |first=Pereira |url=http://biblioteca.exercito.pt/download.asp?file=multimedia/associa/imag/revista_cavalaria/3_29.pdf |date=May–August 2012 |title=Exército Português Auto-Metralhadoras |journal=Revista da Cavalaria |volume=3 |issue=27 |pages=6–10 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220180543/http://biblioteca.exercito.pt/download.asp?file=multimedia%2Fassocia%2Fimag%2Frevista_cavalaria%2F3_29.pdf |archivedate=December 20, 2014 }}</ref> Under temperate conditions it was capable of providing good operational service up to 26,000 kilometres before needing replacement.<ref name="PAJ">''Pakistan Army Journal''. Inspector General Training and Evaluation Branch, General Headquarters: Pakistani Army, 1986. Volume 27, Collected issues 1-3.</ref> AMLs may also be fitted with a variety of liquid-cooled engines, although as demonstrated by its [[Eland Mk7]] counterpart this requires a costly reconstruction of the rear hull to accommodate the new cooling apparatus.<ref name=Baz />

AML hulls are assembled from only 13 welded pieces, with a driver seated at the front of the hull and the turret to his immediate rear.<ref name="Auto" /> Above both doors the hull widens into a circular flange onto which the turret is bolted.<ref name="Ayliffe-Jones">{{cite book|first=Noel|last=Ayliffe-Jones|title=World tanks and reconnaissance vehicles since 1945|year=1984 |edition=1984|pages=[https://archive.org/details/worldtanksreconn0000ayli/page/83 83–85]|publisher=Hippocrene Books|isbn=978-0-88254-978-1|url=https://archive.org/details/worldtanksreconn0000ayli/page/83}}</ref> This makes the turret basket extremely cramped, and little space is available above an AML-90's turret ring due to the massive gun breech and somewhat haphazard ammunition stowage. There are optical ring sights in front of both turret seats for quick laying of the main armament.<ref name="Ayliffe-Jones" /> AML turrets have a two-man crew, with the commander seated on the left and the gunner on the right.<ref name="JAD" /> Depending on the variant, either may operate the roof-mounted searchlight. Seven periscopes are provided for the turret crew and three for the AML's driver.<ref name="Swiss">{{cite journal|last=Perret-Gentil|first=J. |title=Une nouvelle auto-mitrailleuse Panhard (A.M.L. 245)|journal=Revue Militaire Suisse|pages=42–46|publisher=Imprimeries Reunies SA|location=Lausanne|date=September 1961}}</ref> One of the three driving periscopes may be substituted with an infrared or image intensification periscope for night operations.<ref name="JAD" />

On either side of the hull below the turret ring is an access door, one for the driver on the right and one intended for emergency purposes on the left.<ref name="JAD" /> The left hull door, on which a spare wheel and tyre or fuel cans may be mounted, opens to the rear while the right hull door opens to the front. The engine housing at the rear of the hull is accessed through two access panels,<ref name="JAD" /> and is insulated from the crew compartment by a removable bulkhead.<ref name="AVF">{{cite web|title=Panhard armored vehicle|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|url=http://www.avf.com.sa/prdaction-en07.html|location=Dammam|publisher=Military Industries Corporation (Armoured Vehicles and Heavy Equipment Factory) |date=2010|accessdate=20 September 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225163955/http://www.avf.com.sa/prdaction-en07.html|archivedate=25 December 2014}}</ref> Two sand channels resembling those on the Ferret are bolted to the hull front for crossing ditches and other obstacles.<ref name="JAD" />

The AML uses nitrogen inner tubes (in this case Hutchinson V.P.-P.V.s) adopted from the EBR, providing [[Run-flat tire|run flat]] capability on 41&nbsp;cm (16 in.)-diameter wheels; its 280&nbsp;mm (11 in.) wide [[Michelin]] tyres can be deflated to reduce ground pressure to as low as {{convert|70|to|110|kPa|psi|abbr=on}}.<ref name="AFV39" /> These have been replaced in some Anglophone armies by the [[Dunlop Tyres|Dunlop]] Trak Grips also favoured in [[Bedford Vehicles|Bedford]] and [[Alvis Car and Engineering Company|Alvis]] military vehicles.<ref name="Auto" />
==Production==
==Variants==
==Operational history==
===France===
===Foreign service===

==Operators==
''This section is about operators of the '''Panhard AML'''. For operators of the South African variant, see [[Eland Mk7#Operators|Eland Mk7]].''

[[File:Panhard AML operators.png|thumb|300px|Map of Panhard AML operators in blue, with former operators in red and operators of the related Eland Mk7 in teal]]
[[File:Irish troops UNMIL.jpg|thumb|[[UNMIL]] peacekeepers on patrol with an AML-90 in [[Liberia]], July 2006.]]

===Current operators===
<!--READ FIRST: This section is for cited entries only. Please do not add entries into this list without a citation from a reliable source. All entries without a citation will be removed. Thank you.-->
* {{flag|Algeria}}: 54 AML-60<ref name=trade />
* {{flag|Argentina}}: 50 AML-90<ref name=trade />
* {{flag|Bahrain}}: 23 AML-90;<ref name=trade /> 22 operational.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://heb.inss.org.il/uploadImages/Bahrain20160103.pdf |title=Bahrain |publisher=Institute for National Security Studies |accessdate=28 July 2016 |url-status=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728230034/http://heb.inss.org.il/uploadImages/Bahrain20160103.pdf |archivedate=28 July 2016 }}</ref>
* {{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia-Herzegovina}}: 10 AML-90<ref name=trade />
* {{flag|Burkina Faso}}: 15<ref name=trade />
* {{flag|Burundi}}: 30<ref name=trade />
* {{flag|Cameroon}}: 31; ex-[[Bosnian Ground Forces|Bosnian Army]]<ref name=trade />
* {{flag|Chad}}: 85;<ref name=trade /> likely replaced by the ''[[Eland Mk7|Eland]]''<ref>[https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/afr20/007/2008/en/ Double Misfortune – Deepening Human Rights Crisis in Chad] </ref>
* {{flag|Côte d'Ivoire}}: 20<ref name=trade />
* {{flag|Democratic Republic of the Congo}}<ref name=trade />
* {{flag|Djibouti}}: 24;<ref name=trade /> 20 operational.<ref name="Red">{{cite web|url=http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/9309_yemen&redseamilbal.pdf |title=The Military Balance and Arms Sales in Yemen and the Red Sea States: 1986–1992 |publisher=Center for Strategic and International Studies |accessdate=28 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100310233116/http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/9309_yemen%26redseamilbal.pdf |archivedate=10 March 2010 }}</ref>
* {{flag|Gabon}}: 18<ref name=trade />
* {{flag|Ecuador}}: 27<ref name=trade /><ref name=WDA1993>{{cite journal|editor-last=Bonsignore|editor-first=Ezio|title=World Defence Almanac 1992–93: The Balance of Military Power|journal=World Defence Almanac : The Balance of Military Power |date=1993|pages=51–52, 200|publisher=Monch Publishing Group|location=Bonn|issn=0722-3226}}</ref>
* {{flag|El Salvador}}: 12 AML-90;<ref name=trade /> 10 operational.<ref name=WDA1993 />
* {{flag|Iraq}}: 300;<ref name="Benning" /> 10 operational.<ref name="deagel" />
* {{flag|Kenya}}: 82;<ref name=trade /> refurbished by an Israeli firm in 2007.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131215174232/http://www.nonproliferation.eu/documents/other/siemontwezeman4e9eb5e5806bd.pdf Israeli arms transfers to sub-Saharan Africa]</ref>
* {{flag|Lebanon}}: 74;<ref name=trade /> 45 operational.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.inss.org.il/uploadimages/SystemFiles/lebanon.pdf |title=Lebanon |publisher=Institute for National Security Studies |accessdate=28 July 2016 |url-status=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728223823/http://www.inss.org.il/uploadimages/SystemFiles/lebanon.pdf |archivedate=28 July 2016 }}</ref>
* {{flag|Lesotho}}: 6 AML-90;<ref name="MFPanhard" /> 4 operational.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defenceweb.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=18810:lesotho-defence-force-gets-new-chief&catid=50:Land&Itemid=105|title=Lesotho defence force gets new chief|author=Guy Martin|accessdate=15 November 2014}}</ref>
* {{flag|Myanmar}}: 50 AML-90<ref name="deagel">[https://web.archive.org/web/20141028045023/http://www.deagel.com/Wheeled-Armored-Fighting-Vehicles/Panhard-AML_a000705001.aspx Wheeled Armored Fighting Vehicles]</ref><ref name=Viet>{{cite web|url=http://songlo.com/?type=portal&tab=detail&menuID=22&catID=97&id=558&sessionid=68106089 |title=Sơ lược về lực lượng thiết giáp của Lục quân Myanmar |publisher=Song Lo |date=2009-01-31 |accessdate=2015-09-18 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150922143516/http://songlo.com/?type=portal&tab=detail&menuID=22&catID=97&id=558&sessionid=68106089 |archivedate=September 22, 2015 }}</ref>
* {{flag|Mauritania}}: 60, 39 AML-90 and 20 AML-60<ref name=trade />
* {{flag|Morocco}}: 210;<ref name=trade /> 175 operational.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.inss.org.il/uploadImages/Morocco20160103.pdf |title=Morocco |publisher=Institute for National Security Studies |accessdate=28 July 2016 |url-status=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728224702/http://www.inss.org.il/uploadImages/Morocco20160103.pdf |archivedate=28 July 2016 }}</ref>
* {{flag|Niger}}: 36<ref name=trade />
* {{flag|Nigeria}}: 137<ref name=trade />
* {{flag|Pakistan}}: 5 AML 60-20<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.terminalx.org/2013/08/pakistan-military-takes-security-zirports-prisons-defence-installations.html |title=Pakistan: Military takes security of Airports, Prisons and Defence Installations |accessdate=15 November 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129035334/http://www.terminalx.org/2013/08/pakistan-military-takes-security-zirports-prisons-defence-installations.html |archivedate=29 November 2014 }}</ref><ref name="Africa" /><ref name=WDA1993 />
* {{flag|Rwanda}}: 15<ref name=trade />
* {{flag|Sahrawi Republic}}<ref name=Maghreb>{{cite book|last=Cordesman|first=Anthony|title=A Tragedy of Arms: Military and Security Developments in the Maghreb|date=2001|page=62|publisher=Praeger Books|location=Westport|isbn=978-0-275-96936-3}}</ref>
* {{flag|Saudi Arabia}}: 300, 190 AML-90 and 110 AML-60;<ref>{{cite book|last=Cordesman|first=Anthony H.|title=Saudi Arabia: National Security in a Troubled Region|year=2009|publisher=ABC-CLIO|location=Santa Barbara, California|pages=159–164|isbn=978-0-313-38089-1}}</ref> 235 operational.<ref name="SATFC">{{Cite book|title=Saudi Arabia Enters the Twenty-first Century: The military and international security dimensions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CGEJvqjn-1MC|volume=1|first1=Anthony H.|last1=Cordesman|publisher=Praeger Publishers|location=Westport, Connecticut|year=2003|language=English|page=144|isbn=978-0-275-98091-7}}</ref>
* {{flag|Senegal}}: 54<ref name=trade />
* {{flag|Somalia}}: 15 AML-90<ref name=IISS91Som>IISS Military Balance 1989–90, Brassey's for the IISS, 1989, 113.</ref>
* {{flag|Somaliland}}<ref name=entry>{{cite web |url=http://www.harpoondatabases.com/encyclopedia/entry2727.aspx |title=Panhard AFV Family |publisher=Jason W. Henson |accessdate=2013-06-20 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515123550/http://www.harpoondatabases.com/encyclopedia/entry2727.aspx |archivedate=2013-05-15 }}</ref><ref name="Somaliland">''Somaliland's Resurgence a Key to CT War''. Defense & Foreign Affairs Strategic Policy journal. Alexandria: Oct 2003. Vol.31, Iss. 10; pg. 9</ref>
* {{flag|Sudan}}: 6 AML-90;<ref name="Globe">{{cite book | last = Richard Lobban, Jr.| title = Global Security Watch: Sudan|edition= 2010|page= 182 | publisher = Greenwood Publishing Group| isbn= 978-0-313-35332-1| year = 2010}}</ref> 5 operational.<ref>[https://www.webcitation.org/6X7x0HIc0?url=http://heb.inss.org.il/uploadimages/SystemFiles/sudan.pdf INSS: Sudan]</ref>
* {{flag|Togo}}: 10<ref name=trade />
* {{flag|Tunisia}}: 18<ref name=trade />
* {{flag|United Arab Emirates}}: 90 AML-90<ref name=trade />
* {{flag|Venezuela}}: 10<ref name=trade />
* {{flag|Yemen}}: 185;<ref name="Red" /> 95 operational.<ref name="Security3" />

===Former operators===
<!--READ FIRST: This section is for cited entries only. Please do not add entries into this list without a citation from a reliable source. All entries without a citation will be removed. Thank you.-->
* [[File:Flag of Mourabitoun.svg|22px]] [[Al-Mourabitoun]]: Inherited from the [[Lebanese Armed Forces]] (LAF).<ref name=Lebanon />
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Amal Movement.svg}} [[Lebanese Resistance Regiments|Amal Movement]]: Inherited from the LAF.<ref>Micheletti, ''Bataille d'artillerie'', RAIDS magazine (1989), p. 34.</ref>
* {{flag|Angola}}: Likely captured from Portugal.<ref name="nastudy">{{cite book|last=Collelo|first=Thomas|title=Angola: A Country Study|pages=237–317}}</ref>
* {{flag|Biafra}}: Some captured from Nigeria.<ref name=Biafra>{{cite book|last=Jowett|first=Philip|title=Modern African Wars (5): The Nigerian-Biafran War 1967–70|date=2016|pages=24–46|publisher=[[Osprey Publishing]] Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-1-4728-1609-2}}</ref>
* [[File:Flag of Jihad.svg|22px]] [[Boko Haram]]: AML-60 variant; likely captured from Nigeria.<ref name="IISS2016">{{cite book|last=International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS)|title=The Military Balance 2016|year=2016|publisher=IISS|location=London|isbn=978-1-85743-835-2}}</ref>
* {{flag|Cambodia}}: 15 AML-60s in service between 1965 and 1975.<ref name=trade /> Saw service during the [[Cambodian Civil War]].<ref name=WMW />
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Cabinda.svg}} [[Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda|FLEC]]: At least 2 AML-60; likely acquired from Zaire<ref name=Ortiz>{{cite book|last=Ortiz|first=José|title=Angola from the trenches|date=1984|pages=35–36|publisher=International Organization of Journalists|location=Prague|oclc=22657439}}</ref>
* {{flagicon image|Bandeira da FNLA.svg}} [[National Front for the Liberation of Angola|FNLA]]: 1 AML-90;<ref>[https://www.ucalgary.ca/innovations/files/innovations/Fitzsimmons%20Culture%20Clash.pdf Culture Clash: The Influence of Behavioural Norms on Military Performance in Asymmetric Conflicts]</ref> now on display at the [[Museum of the Armed Forces (Angola)|Museu das Forças Armadas]], [[Luanda]].<ref>[http://www.shakinghandswithbilly.com/admin/ckeditor/litsoft-fm_v1.00/userfiles/files/Selected%20Short%20Stories%20from%20Billy.pdf Selected Short Stories from Billy] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151013034928/http://www.shakinghandswithbilly.com/admin/ckeditor/litsoft-fm_v1.00/userfiles/files/Selected%20Short%20Stories%20from%20Billy.pdf |date=2015-10-13 }}</ref>
* {{flag|Egypt}}<ref name="Suez" /><ref name="MFPanhard">{{cite web|url=http://www.militaryfactory.com/armor/detail.asp?armor_id=146 |title=Panhard AML 60/90 Light Scout Car |publisher=militaryfactory.com |date= |accessdate=2013-05-02}}</ref>
* {{flag|Ethiopia}} 56 AML-60<ref name=trade />
* {{flag|France}}: 905<ref name="Haynes"/>
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the People's Republic of Kampuchea.svg}} [[People's Republic of Kampuchea]]: 2 AML-60s in service during the early 1980s.<ref name="Africa" />
* {{flagicon|Katanga}} [[Front for the National Liberation of the Congo|FNLC]]: 1 AML-60, some AML-90s<ref name="Voices">Gilbert, Adrian. ''Voices of the Foreign Legion: The History of the World's Most Famous Fighting Corps''. Skyhorse Publishing 2010. {{ISBN|978-1-61608-032-7}}</ref>
* {{flag|Ireland}}: 18 AML-20, 15 AML-90<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150628174015/http://ruestungsexport-info.de/fileadmin/media/Dokumente/Zahlen___Fakten/UNO_Register/UNO-2004-N0543830.pdf United Nations Register of Conventional Arms]</ref>
* {{flag|Israel}}: 29 AML-90<ref name=trade /><ref name=Baruchy />
* {{flagicon image|Forces Libanaises Flag.svg}} [[Lebanese Forces (militia)|Lebanese Forces]]: 12 AML-90 inherited from the LAF.<ref name=Lebanon />
* {{flag|Libya|1977}}: 20 AML-90<ref name=trade />
* {{flag|Malaysia}}: 140 AML-60 and AML-90s<ref name=trade />
* {{flag|Portugal}}: 50 AML-60<ref name=trade />
* [[File:Flag of the Progressive Socialist Party.svg|22px]] [[Progressive Socialist Party]]/[[People's Liberation Army (Lebanon)|People's Liberation Army]]: Inherited from the LAF.<ref name=Lebanon />
* {{flag|South Africa|1928}}: 100 AMLs procured in 1962, swiftly replaced by ''Eland Mk2''.<ref name=borderstrike /><ref name=trade />
* {{flag|Spain}}: 140 AML-60 and AML-90s<ref name=trade />
* {{flagicon image|Flag of UNITA.svg}} [[UNITA]]: 4<ref name=borderstrike />{{rp|35}} AMLs acquired clandestinely through [[Zaire]]; saw service during the [[Angolan Civil War]].<ref name="T-34">{{cite book |last=Stephen Zaloga |title=T-34-85 Medium Tank 1944–94|edition=2011|page=40 |publisher=Osprey Publishing |isbn=978-1-85532-535-7|year=1996}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Nortje|first=Piet|title=32 Battalion |publisher=Zebra Press|year=2003|isbn=978-1-86872-914-2|page=97}}</ref>
* {{flag|Zaire}}: 155, 95 AML-60 and 60 AML-90<ref name=Cooper>{{cite book|last=Cooper|first=Tom|title=Great Lakes Holocaust: First Congo War, 1996–1997|date=2013|pages=14–16|publisher=Helion & Company|location=Solihull|isbn=978-1-909384-65-1}}</ref>

==See also==
* {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Alvis Saladin]]
* {{flagicon|USSR}} [[BRDM-2]]
* {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[EE-9 Cascavel]]
* {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Ferret armoured car|Ferret]]
* {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Fox armoured reconnaissance vehicle|Fox]]
* {{flagicon|France}} [[VBC-90]]

==Notes and citations==
;Notes
{{reflist |group=note}}
;Citations
{{Reflist|colwidth=20em}}

==References==
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{{refend}}

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|issue=3
|pages=31–48
}}
*{{cite news
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|location=London
|date=13 February 1977
|accessdate=6 January 2020
}}
{{refend}}

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|title=Forças Armadas Populares de Libertação de Angola: 1. Exército nacional (1975-1992)
|last=Domingos
|first=Miguel Junior
|location=Lisbon
|publisher=Lisboa, Prefácio – Edição de Livros e Revistas
|year=2007
|oclc=173659865
}}
*{{cite book
|title=Battle For Angola: The End of the Cold War in Africa c 1975-89
|last=Venter
|first=Al J.
|location=Solihull
|publisher=Helion & Company
|year=2017
|isbn=978-1911096412
}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons|Panhard AML}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100114074213/http://www.panhard.fr/anglais/AML.php Panhard's AML page]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ysmSps_YV7o Footage of Irish AML 90's firing]
* [http://www.chars-francais.net/ Chars Français] {{in lang|fr}}
** [https://web.archive.org/web/20110613023412/http://www.chars-francais.net/new/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=27&Itemid=41 AML 60]
** [https://web.archive.org/web/20110613023523/http://www.chars-francais.net/new/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=28&Itemid=41 AML 90]

{{Modern AFV}}
{{Modern Recce}}
{{ModernFrenchAFVs}}