The velar ejective is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨kʼ⟩.
| Velar ejective stop | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| kʼ | |||
| IPA number | 109 + 401 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | kʼ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+006B U+02BC | ||
| X-SAMPA | k_> | ||
| |||
Features
editFeatures of the velar ejective:
- Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with no nasal outlet, the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is a plosive.
- Its place of articulation is velar, which means it is articulated with the back of the tongue (the dorsum) at the soft palate.
- Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is ejective (glottalic egressive), which means the air is forced out by pumping the glottis upward.
Occurrence
edit| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abkhaz | акы/aky | [akʼə] | 'one' | ||
| Adyghe | Temirgoy | шкӏэ/س̈ڃە/šč̣ʼǎ | 'calf' | ||
| Shapsug | кӏьэ / ڃیە / č̣yė | 'tail' | Palatalized. Corresponds to [t͡ʃʼ] in other dialects. | ||
| Amharic | ቀን/ḳän | 'day' | |||
| Archi[1] | кIан/k'an | [kʼan] | 'bottom' | ||
| Armenian | Yerevan dialect[2] | կեղծ/kekhts | [kʼɛʁt͡sʼ] | 'false' | Some speakers. Corresponds to tenuis [k⁼] in most speakers and other Eastern dialects. |
| Tbilisi dialect | կարմիր/karmir | [kʼɑɹmiɹ] | 'red' | ||
| Avar | кӀул / گۇل / ḳul | [kʼuɫ] | 'key' | ||
| Chechen | кӀант/khant/ࢰانت | [kʼənt] | 'boy' | ||
| English[3][4] | Non-local Dublin[5] | back | [bækʼ] | 'back' | Allophone of /k/ for some speakers.[5] |
| Northern English[6][7][8] | Pre-pausal allophone of /k/ for some speakers;[7] may be somewhat palatalised. See English phonology | ||||
| Southern English[5][6][7] | |||||
| Scottish[9] | Occasional word-final allophone of /k/.[9] | ||||
| Georgian | კაბა/kʼaba | [kʼɑbɑ] | 'dress' | ||
| Haida | ttsanskkaagid | [tsʼanskʼaːkit] | 'beams' | ||
| Hausa | ƙoƙari / ࢼُوْࢼَرِی | [kʼòːkʼɐ̄ɾī] | 'effort' | ||
| Kabardian | Baslaney | кӏьапсэ / ࢰالسە / ćalse | 'rope' | Palatalized. Corresponds to [t͡ʃʼ] in other dialects. | |
| Kʼicheʼ | k'ak' | [kʼaːkʼ] | 'new' | ||
| Lak | кӀлла/ⱪalla/ࢰالّا | [kʼalːa] | 'rootless, foreign'[10] | ||
| Lezgian | кIир/k'ir | [kʼir] | 'fang' | ||
| Mpade[11] | takʼwa | [takʼʷa] | 'to vomit' | ||
| Navajo | k'os | [kʼòs] | 'cloud' | ||
| Ossetian | Iron | къона/khona | [ˈkʼonä] | 'hearth' | |
| Digoron | дзæкъолæ/dzækholæ | [d͡zəˈkʼoɫə] | 'bag' | ||
| Quechua | k'aspi | [kʼaspi] | 'stick' | ||
| Sotho | [example needed] | ||||
| Yeyi | [example needed] | Contrasts /kʼ kʲʼ ᵑkʼ/. | |||
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ "The Archi Language Tutorial" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2021-05-01.
- ^ Dum-Tragut (2009:17–18)
- ^ Wells & Colson (1971:3)
- ^ "Ejectives in English | Linguism | Linguistics, Pronunciation and Phonetics". 21 August 2008. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
- ^ a b c "Glossary". Retrieved 11 February 2015.
- ^ a b Cruttenden (2008:167)
- ^ a b c Wells (1982:261)
- ^ Gimson (1970:34)
- ^ a b McCarthy & Stuart-Smith (2013)
- ^ лакско-русский словарь Link
- ^ Allison (2006).
References
edit- Cruttenden, Alan, ed. (2008), Gimson's Pronunciation of English (7th ed.), London: Hodder, ISBN 978-0340958773
- Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
- Gimson, Alfred C. (1970), An Introduction to the pronunciation of English, London: Edward Arnold
- Wells, John C.; Colson, Greta (1971), Practical Phonetics, London: Pitman, ISBN 0-273-43949-9
- Wells, John C. (1982), Accents of English I: An Introduction, Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-29719-2
- Allison, Sean (2006), Alphabet et orthographe de Kotoko de Makary (mpadɨ) (Makary Kotoko Orthography Statement), SIL