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2008 United States presidential election in California

(Redirected from United States presidential election in California, 2008)

Main article: 2008 United States presidential election

The 2008 United States presidential election in California took place on November 4, 2008, in California as part of the 2008 United States presidential election. Voters chose 55 electors, the most out of any of the 50 states, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.

2008 United States presidential election in California
← 2004 November 4, 2008 2012 →
Turnout79.42% (of registered voters) Increase 3.38 pp
59.22% (of eligible voters) Increase 2.19 pp[1]
 
Nominee Barack Obama John McCain
Party Democratic Republican
Home state Illinois Arizona
Running mate Joe Biden Sarah Palin
Electoral vote 55 0
Popular vote 8,274,473 5,011,781
Percentage 61.01% 36.95%
President before election

George W. Bush
Republican

Elected President

Barack Obama
Democratic

California was won by Democratic nominee Barack Obama with a 24.1% margin of victory. No Republican has carried the state in a presidential election since George H. W. Bush in 1988. Prior to the election, California was considered to be a state Obama would win or as a safe blue state. With its 55 electoral votes, California was Obama's largest electoral prize in 2008, due to victories not in California, but in Hawaii, Oregon, and Washington state, proclaiming him president-elect.

As of the 2020 presidential election, this is the last time the Democratic candidate carried Trinity County in a presidential election. This was also the first time since 1936 that a Democratic presidential candidate won more than 60% of the vote in California, which the Democrats have done in every election since, except for 2024.

Primaries

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On February 5, 2008, presidential primaries were held by all parties with ballot access in the state.

Democratic

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2008 California Democratic presidential primary
 
← 2004 February 5, 2008 (2008-02-05) 2016 →
     
Candidate Hillary Clinton Barack Obama
Home state New York Illinois
Delegate count 204 166
Popular vote 2,608,184 2,186,662
Percentage 51.47% 43.16%
 
Election results by county

The 2008 California Democratic presidential primary took place on February 5, 2008, also known as Super Tuesday. California was dubbed the "Big Enchilada" by the media because it offers the most delegates out of any other delegation.[2] Hillary Clinton won the primary.

Process

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In the primary, 370 of California's 441 delegates to the Democratic National Convention were selected. The remaining delegates were superdelegates not obligated to vote for any candidate at the convention. Of these delegates, 241 were awarded at the congressional district level, and the remaining 129 were awarded to the statewide winner. Candidates were required to receive at least 15% of either the district or statewide vote to receive any delegates.[3] Registered Democrats and Decline to State voters were eligible to vote.[4]

Number of
delegates 		Congressional
districts
3 20, 47
4 2, 3, 11, 16, 18, 19, 21, 22, 25, 26, 31, 32, 34, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 48, 49, 51, 52
5 1, 4, 5, 7, 10, 13, 15, 17, 23, 24, 27, 28, 29, 33, 35, 36, 37, 50, 53
6 6, 8, 9, 12, 14, 30

Polls

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Main article: Statewide opinion polling for the Super Tuesday Democratic Party presidential primaries, 2008 § California

The latest six polls were averaged (only counting the latest Zogby poll).

Candidate Mean of polls
released in
February 2008 		Median of polls
released in
February 2008 		RCP average
Hillary Clinton 42.8% 40.5% 44.2%
Barack Obama 40.3% 40.4% 41.6%

Results

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See also: Results of the 2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries
Key: Withdrew prior to contest
2008 California Democratic presidential primary[5]
Candidate Votes Percentage National delegates
Hillary Clinton 2,608,184 51.47% 204
Barack Obama 2,186,662 43.16% 166
John Edwards 193,617 3.82% 0
Dennis Kucinich 24,126 0.48% 0
Bill Richardson 19,939 0.39% 0
Joe Biden 18,261 0.36% 0
Mike Gravel 8,184 0.16% 0
Christopher Dodd 8,005 0.16% 0
Willie Carter (write-in) 4 0.00% 0
Eric Hinzman (write-in) 4 0.00% 0
Phil Epstein (write-in) 3 0.00% 0
Brian Calef (write-in) 2 0.00% 0
David Frey (write-in) 1 0.00% 0
Joseph McAndrew (write-in) 1 0.00% 0
Keith Judd (write-in) 0 0.00% 0
John Stein (write-in) 7 0.0000001% 0
Totals 5,066,993 100.00% 370
Voter turnout[A] — —

Republican

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2008 California Republican primary
 
← 2004 February 5, 2008 2012 →
       
Candidate John McCain Mitt Romney Mike Huckabee
Party Republican Republican Republican
Home state Arizona Massachusetts Arkansas
Popular vote 1,238,988 1,013,471 340,669
Percentage 42.25% 34.56% 11.612%
 
Election results by county

The 2008 California Republican primary was held on February 5, 2008, with a total of 173 national delegates at stake.

Process

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The delegates represented California at the Republican National Convention. There were three delegates to every congressional district and fourteen bonus delegates. The winner in each of the 53 congressional districts was awarded all of that district's delegates. The statewide winner was awarded 11 of the 14 bonus delegates, with the 3 remaining delegates assigned to party leaders.[6][7] Voting in the primary was restricted to registered Republican voters.[8]

Polls

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Main article: Statewide opinion polling for the Republican Party presidential primaries, 2008 § California

Early polls showed Rudy Giuliani in the lead. Polls taken closer to the primary either showed Mitt Romney or John McCain as the favored candidate.[9]

Results

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See also: Results of the 2008 Republican Party presidential primaries
Key: Withdrew prior to contest
2008 California Republican presidential primary[5][10]
Candidate Votes Percentage National delegates
John McCain 1,238,988 42.25% 155
Mitt Romney 1,013,471 34.56% 15
Mike Huckabee 340,669 11.62% 0
Rudy Giuliani 128,681 4.39% 0
Ron Paul 125,365 4.27% 0
Fred Thompson 50,275 1.71% 0
Duncan Hunter 14,021 0.48% 0
Alan Keyes 11,742 0.40% 0
John H. Cox 3,219 0.11% 0
Tom Tancredo 3,884 0.13% 0
Sam Brownback 2,486 0.08% 0
Karen Irish (write-in) 6 0.00% 0
Michael Shaw (write-in) 2 0.00% 0
Edward Marshall (write-in) 1 0.00% 0
Joel Neuberg (write-in) 1 0.00% 0
Robert Brickell (write-in) 0 0.00% 0
Brian Calef (write-in) 0 0.00% 0
David Frey (write-in) 0 0.00% 0
Walter Rothnie (write-in) 0 0.00% 0
John Sutherland (write-in) 0 0.00% 0
Uncommitted delegates 3
Totals 2,932,811 100.00% 173
Voter turnout 56.08% —

American Independent Party

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The American Independent Party held its primary February 5, 2008

2008 California AIP presidential primary[11]
Candidate Votes Percentage
Don J. Grundmann 16,603 36.08%
Dianne Beall Templin 15,302 33.25%
Mad Max Riekse 14,099 30.64%
David Andrew Larson (write-in) 18 0.04%
Totals 46,022 100.00%

Green Party

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The Green Party held its primary February 5, 2008.

2008 California Green Party presidential primary[11][12]
Candidate Votes Percentage National delegates
Ralph Nader 21,726 60.61% -
Cynthia McKinney 9,534 26.60% -
Elaine Brown 1,598 4.46% -
Kat Swift 1,084 3.02% -
Kent Mesplay 727 2.03% -
Jesse Johnson 619 1.73% -
Jared Ball 556 1.55% -
Totals 35,844 100.00% 168

Libertarian

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The Libertarian Party held its primary February 5, 2008.

2008 California Libertarian Party presidential primary[11]
Candidate Votes Percentage
Christine Smith 4,241 25.16%
Steve Kubby 2,876 17.06%
Wayne Allen Root 2,360 14.00%
Bob Jackson 1,486 8.81%
Barry Hess 891 5.29%
George Phillies 852 5.05%
Michael P. Jingozian 774 4.19%
Robert Milnes 721 4.28%
Daniel Imperato 707 4.19%
John Finan 706 4.19%
Dave Hollist 678 4.02%
Alden Link 565 3.35%
Leon L. Ray (write-in) 1 0.01%
Totals 16,858 100.00%

Peace and Freedom

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The Peace and Freedom Party held its primary February 5, 2008.

2008 California Peace and Freedom Party presidential primary[11]
Candidate Votes Percentage
Ralph Nader 2,620 40.66%
Cynthia McKinney 1,385 21.49
Gloria La Riva 1,292 20.05%
Brian P. Moore 335 5.51%
John Crockford 346 5.37%
Stewart A. Alexander 340 5.28%
Stanley Hetz 106 1.64%
Totals 6,444 100.00%

Campaign

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Predictions

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Name Prediction
Associated Press[13] Likely D
CNN[14] Safe D
The Cook Political Report[15] Solid D
CQ Politics[16] Solid D
D.C. Political Report[17] Likely D
Electoral-vote.com[18] Solid D
Fox News[19] Likely D
The New York Times[20] Solid D
Politico[21] Solid D
Real Clear Politics[22] Solid D
Rasmussen Reports[23] Safe D
The Takeaway[24] Solid D

Polling

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Main article: Statewide opinion polling for the 2008 United States presidential election: California

Characterized early on as “The Big Enchilada” by some pundits, ultimately Obama won most opinion polls taken prior to the election. Until October 9, his lead ranged from 7 to 15 points in most polls. However, after October 9, his lead expanded to more than 20 consistently. In the final three polls he averaged 59%, while McCain averaged 34%; which is close to the results on election day.[25]

Fundraising

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Obama raised a total of $124,325,459 from the state. McCain raised a total of $26,802,024.[26]

Advertising and visits

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The Obama campaign spent almost $5,570,641. The McCain campaign spent $1,885,142.[27] Obama visited the state six times. McCain visited the state eight times.[28]

Analysis

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California was once a Republican leaning swing state, supporting Republican candidates in every election from 1952 through 1988, except in 1964. However, since the 1990s, California has become a reliably Democratic state with a highly diverse ethnic population (mostly Latino) and liberal bastions such as the San Francisco Bay Area and Los Angeles County. The last time the state was won by a Republican candidate was in 1988 by George H. W. Bush.

Obama won by a historic margin, with 61.01% of the votes. Most news organizations called California for Obama as soon as the polls in the state closed. He was projected the winner of the state along with Washington, Hawaii, and Oregon at the same time, whose combined electoral votes caused all news organizations to declare Obama the president-elect. The last time the margin was higher in the state was in 1936 when Franklin D. Roosevelt won with 66.95% of the vote.[29]

In San Francisco and Alameda County (which includes Oakland and Berkeley), four out of five voters backed the Democratic candidate. Elsewhere in the Bay Area, Obama won every county by a three to two margin or greater.[30] In Los Angeles County, Obama won almost 70% of the votes.[30] His combined margin in the Bay Area and Los Angeles County would have been more than enough to carry the state.

Obama also made considerable headway in historically Republican areas of the state. Fresno County, for example, a heavily populated county in the Central Valley, went from giving Bush a 16% margin to a 2% margin for Obama.[30] San Diego County moved from a six-percent margin for Bush to a 10-point margin for Obama—only the second time since World War II that a Democrat has carried this military-dominated county.[30] San Bernardino and Riverside went from double-digit Republican victories to narrow Democratic wins.[30] Ventura County also moved from Republican to Democratic. Orange County, historically one of the most Republican suburban counties in the nation, went from a 21-point margin for Bush to only a 2.5-point margin for McCain.

Voter turnout was also fairly higher than the national average. The 79% turnout of registered voters in the state was the highest since the 1976 presidential election.[31] Despite the Democratic landslide in California, during the same election, a ballot proposition to ban same-sex marriage narrowly passed. A number of counties that had voted for Obama voted yes to it, as it was supported by Hispanics and African Americans. Even though Obama considered marriage to be between a man and a woman at the time, he opposed the "divisive and discriminatory efforts to amend the California Constitution... the U.S. Constitution or those of other states".[32] Arnold Schwarzenegger, the state's Republican governor and a supporter of John McCain, opposed the proposition, though McCain supported it. There was also a proposed ballot proposition called the Presidential Election Reform Act in the state to alter the way the state's electors would be distributed among presidential candidates, but the initiative failed to get onto the ballot.[33]

Results

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The following are official results from the California Secretary of State.[34]

2008 United States presidential election in California
Party Candidate Running mate Votes Percentage Electoral votes
Democratic Barack Obama Joe Biden 8,274,473 61.01% 55
Republican John McCain Sarah Palin 5,011,781 36.95% 0
Peace and Freedom Ralph Nader Matt Gonzalez 108,381 0.80% 0
Libertarian Bob Barr Wayne Allyn Root 67,582 0.50% 0
American Independent Alan Keyes Brian Rohrbough 40,673 0.30% 0
Green Cynthia McKinney Rosa Clemente 38,774 0.29% 0
Independent Ron Paul (write-in) Gail Lightfoot 17,006 0.13% 0
Independent Chuck Baldwin (write-in) Darrell Castle 3,145 0.02% 0
Independent James Harris (write-in) Alyson Kennedy 49 0.00% 0
Independent Frank Moore (write-in) Susan Block 36 0.00% 0
Valid votes 13,561,900 98.68% —
Invalid or blank votes 181,277 1.32% —
Totals 13,743,177 100.00% 55
Voter turnout 79.42% —

By county

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The results below are primarily compiled from the final reports available from the Secretary of State. The "others" category also includes write-in votes.[35]

County Barack Obama
Democratic 		John McCain
Republican 		Various candidates
Other parties 		Margin Total votes cast
# % # % # % # %
Alameda 489,106 78.52% 119,555 19.19% 14,252 2.29% 369,551 59.33% 622,913
Alpine 422 60.81% 252 36.31% 20 2.88% 170 24.50% 694
Amador 7,813 41.38% 10,561 55.94% 505 2.67% -2,748 -14.56% 18,879
Butte 49,013 49.66% 46,706 47.32% 2,988 3.03% 2,307 2.34% 98,707
Calaveras 9,813 41.90% 12,835 54.80% 773 3.30% -3,022 -12.90% 23,421
Colusa 2,569 39.84% 3,733 57.89% 146 2.26% -1,164 -18.05% 6,448
Contra Costa 306,983 67.73% 136,436 30.10% 9,825 2.17% 170,547 37.63% 453,244
Del Norte 4,323 45.36% 4,967 52.11% 241 2.53% -644 -6.75% 9,531
El Dorado 40,529 43.44% 50,314 53.92% 2,466 2.64% -9,785 -10.48% 93,309
Fresno 136,706 49.99% 131,015 47.91% 5,731 2.10% 5,691 2.08% 273,452
Glenn 3,734 37.80% 5,910 59.82% 235 2.38% -2,176 -22.02% 9,879
Humboldt 39,692 62.05% 21,713 33.94% 2,563 4.01% 17,979 28.11% 63,968
Imperial 24,162 62.24% 14,008 36.08% 650 1.67% 10,154 26.16% 38,820
Inyo 3,743 43.76% 4,523 52.88% 288 3.37% -780 -9.12% 8,554
Kern 93,457 39.97% 134,793 57.65% 5,558 2.38% -41,336 -17.68% 233,808
Kings 14,747 42.00% 19,710 56.14% 651 1.85% -4,963 -14.14% 35,108
Lake 14,854 57.96% 9,935 38.76% 840 3.28% 4,919 19.20% 25,629
Lassen 3,586 31.37% 7,483 65.45% 364 3.18% -3,897 -34.08% 11,433
Los Angeles 2,295,853 69.19% 956,425 28.82% 65,970 1.99% 1,339,428 40.37% 3,318,248
Madera 17,952 42.27% 23,583 55.52% 939 2.21% -5,631 -13.25% 42,474
Marin 109,320 77.77% 28,384 20.19% 2,866 2.04% 80,936 57.58% 140,570
Mariposa 4,100 42.37% 5,298 54.75% 279 2.88% -1,198 -12.38% 9,677
Mendocino 27,843 69.29% 10,721 26.68% 1,620 4.03% 17,122 42.61% 40,184
Merced 34,031 53.13% 28,704 44.81% 1,316 2.05% 5,327 8.32% 64,051
Modoc 1,313 29.71% 2,981 67.44% 126 2.85% -1,668 -37.73% 4,420
Mono 3,093 55.52% 2,354 42.25% 124 2.23% 739 13.27% 5,571
Monterey 88,453 68.15% 38,797 29.89% 2,533 1.95% 49,656 38.26% 129,783
Napa 38,849 65.14% 19,484 32.67% 1,309 2.19% 19,365 32.47% 59,642
Nevada 28,617 51.43% 25,663 46.12% 1,367 2.46% 2,954 5.31% 55,647
Orange 549,558 47.63% 579,064 50.19% 25,065 2.17% -29,506 -2.56% 1,153,687
Placer 75,112 43.21% 94,647 54.45% 4,053 2.33% -19,535 -11.24% 173,812
Plumas 4,715 42.75% 6,035 54.72% 278 2.52% -1,320 -11.97% 11,028
Riverside 325,017 50.21% 310,041 47.90% 12,241 1.89% 14,976 2.31% 647,299
Sacramento 316,506 58.30% 213,583 39.34% 12,770 2.35% 102,923 18.96% 542,859
San Benito 11,917 60.22% 7,425 37.52% 446 2.25% 4,492 22.70% 19,788
San Bernardino 315,720 52.07% 277,408 45.75% 13,206 2.18% 38,312 6.32% 606,334
San Diego 666,581 53.95% 541,032 43.79% 27,890 2.26% 125,549 10.16% 1,235,503
San Francisco 322,220 83.96% 52,292 13.62% 8,353 2.18% 269,928 70.34% 383,796
San Joaquin 113,974 54.19% 91,607 43.56% 4,727 2.25% 22,367 10.63% 210,308
San Luis Obispo 68,176 51.20% 61,055 45.85% 3,924 2.95% 7,121 5.35% 133,155
San Mateo 222,826 73.47% 75,057 24.75% 5,409 1.78% 147,769 48.72% 303,292
Santa Barbara 105,614 60.21% 65,585 37.39% 4,208 2.40% 40,029 22.82% 175,407
Santa Clara 462,241 69.45% 190,039 28.55% 13,309 2.00% 272,202 40.90% 665,589
Santa Cruz 98,745 77.30% 25,244 19.76% 3,747 2.93% 73,501 57.54% 127,736
Shasta 28,867 35.91% 49,588 61.68% 1,935 2.41% -20,721 -25.77% 80,390
Sierra 743 37.32% 1,158 58.16% 90 4.52% -415 -20.84% 1,991
Siskiyou 9,292 43.09% 11,520 53.42% 752 3.49% -2,228 -10.33% 21,564
Solano 102,095 63.18% 56,035 34.68% 3,458 2.14% 46,060 28.50% 161,588
Sonoma 168,888 73.64% 55,127 24.04% 5,336 2.33% 113,761 49.60% 229,351
Stanislaus 80,279 49.70% 77,497 47.98% 3,736 2.31% 2,782 1.72% 161,512
Sutter 13,412 40.62% 18,911 57.27% 698 2.11% -5,499 -16.65% 33,021
Tehama 8,945 36.42% 14,843 60.44% 772 3.14% -5,898 -24.02% 24,560
Trinity 3,233 50.28% 2,940 45.72% 257 4.00% 293 4.56% 6,430
Tulare 43,634 41.35% 59,765 56.64% 2,126 2.01% -16,131 -15.29% 105,525
Tuolumne 11,532 42.24% 14,988 54.90% 783 2.87% -3,456 -12.66% 27,303
Ventura 187,601 55.01% 145,853 42.77% 7,587 2.22% 41,748 12.24% 341,041
Yolo 53,488 67.07% 24,592 30.84% 1,669 2.09% 28,896 36.23% 79,749
Yuba 8,866 41.43% 12,007 56.10% 528 2.47% -3,141 -14.67% 21,401
Total 8,274,473 60.92% 5,011,781 36.90% 296,829 2.19% 3,262,692 24.02% 13,583,083
 
 
 

Counties that flipped from Republican to Democratic

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By congressional district

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Obama carried 42 of 53 congressional districts in California, including eight districts held by Republicans.

District McCain Obama Representative
1st 31.69% 65.60% Mike Thompson
2nd 56.10% 41.43% Wally Herger
3rd 48.81% 49.28% Dan Lungren
4th 53.98% 43.83% John Doolittle (110th Congress)
Tom McClintock (111th Congress)
5th 28.40% 69.62% Doris Matsui
6th 22.01% 75.95% Lynn Woolsey
7th 26.43% 71.40% George Miller
8th 12.38% 85.22% Nancy Pelosi
9th 9.87% 88.13% Barbara Lee
10th 33.14% 64.66% Ellen Tauscher
11th 44.47% 53.79% Jerry McNerney
12th 23.88% 74.32% Jackie Speier
13th 23.81% 74.38% Pete Stark
14th 24.88% 73.11% Anna Eshoo
15th 29.69% 68.42% Mike Honda
16th 28.83% 69.55% Zoe Lofgren
17th 25.78% 72.14% Sam Farr
18th 38.98% 59.24% Dennis Cardoza
19th 52.12% 46.03% George Radanovich
20th 38.70% 59.55% Jim Costa
21st 56.32% 42.06% Devin Nunes
22nd 59.67% 38.30% Kevin McCarthy
23rd 32.31% 65.30% Lois Capps
24th 47.65% 50.49% Elton Gallegly
25th 48.34% 49.45% Howard McKeon
26th 46.96% 51.03% David Dreier
27th 31.69% 66.12% Brad Sherman
28th 22.04% 76.16% Howard Berman
29th 30.37% 67.59% Adam Schiff
30th 27.90% 70.44% Henry Waxman
31st 17.83% 79.87% Xavier Becerra
32nd 29.81% 68.17% Hilda Solis
33rd 11.69% 86.81% Diane Watson
34th 23.15% 74.73% Lucille Roybal-Allard
35th 14.14% 84.37% Maxine Waters
36th 33.52% 64.39% Jane Harman
37th 18.70% 79.59% Laura Richardson
38th 26.62% 71.27% Grace Napolitano
39th 32.43% 65.48% Linda Sánchez
40th 51.14% 46.63% Ed Royce
41st 54.18% 43.66% Jerry Lewis
42nd 53.19% 44.88% Gary Miller
43rd 30.09% 67.96% Joe Baca
44th 48.57% 49.51% Ken Calvert
45th 46.94% 51.52% Mary Bono Mack
46th 49.77% 47.94% Dana Rohrabacher
47th 37.78% 60.14% Loretta Sanchez
48th 48.55% 49.30% John B. T. Campbell III
49th 53.01% 45.14% Darrell Issa
50th 47.08% 51.26% Brian Bilbray
51st 35.48% 63.11% Bob Filner
52nd 53.42% 44.98% Duncan Hunter
53rd 29.87% 68.17% Susan Davis

Electors

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Technically the voters of California cast their ballots for electors: representatives to the Electoral College. California is allocated 55 electors because it has 53 congressional districts and 2 senators. All candidates who appear on the ballot or qualify to receive write-in votes must submit a list of 55 electors, who pledge to vote for their candidate and his or her running mate, to the California Secretary of State. Whoever wins the majority of votes in the state is awarded all 55 electoral votes. Their chosen electors then vote for president and vice president. Although electors are pledged to their candidate and running mate, they are not obligated to vote for them.[36] An elector who votes for someone other than his or her candidate is known as a faithless elector.

The electors of each state and the District of Columbia met on December 15, 2008, to cast their votes for president and vice president. The Electoral College itself never meets as one body. Instead the electors from each state and the District of Columbia met in their respective capitols. In California the 55 electors meet in the State Capitol building in Sacramento to cast their ballots.[37]

The following were the members of the Electoral College from California. All were pledged to and voted for Barack Obama and Joe Biden.[38]

Notes

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A Turnout information is not available because Decline to State voters were allowed to participate.[4] There were a total of 6,749,406 eligible registered voters registered with the Democratic Party and 3,043,164 who declined to state.[10]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Historical Voter Registration and Participation in Statewide General Elections 1910-2018" (PDF). California Secretary of State.
  2. ^ Mirchandani, Rajesh (February 3, 2008). "Candidates vie for bite of 'Big Enchilada'". BBC News. Retrieved July 1, 2008.
  3. ^ "Call for the 2008 Democratic National Convention" (PDF). Democratic National Committee. February 2, 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 8, 2011. Retrieved July 1, 2008.
  4. ^ a b "Decline to State - Voter Information". California Secretary of State. Archived from the original on June 18, 2008. Retrieved June 16, 2008.
  5. ^ a b "The Statement of Vote: President by County" (PDF). Secretary of State of California. March 15, 2008. Retrieved March 7, 2016.
  6. ^ Schneider, Bill (May 1, 2007). "Votes, contributors make California a key player in 2008". CNN. Retrieved January 22, 2008.
  7. ^ Marelius, John (February 3, 2008). "Delegate Formulas Vary by Party". The San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved February 4, 2008.
  8. ^ "Voter Information Guide". California Secretary of State. Archived from the original on July 9, 2008. Retrieved July 10, 2008.
  9. ^ Statewide opinion polling for the Republican Party presidential primaries, 2008#California
  10. ^ a b "Report of Registration as of January 22, 2008" (PDF). California Secretary of State. March 15, 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 18, 2008. Retrieved June 16, 2008.
  11. ^ a b c d "FEDERAL ELECTIONS 2008: ELECTION RESULTS FOR THE U.S. PRESIDENT, THE U.S. SENATE AND THE U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES". www.fec.gov. Federal Elections Commission. Retrieved April 6, 2017.
  12. ^ Giese, Chuck (June 20, 2008). "The Green Party's Internal Democracy Problem: Presidential Politics". www.dissedentvoice.org. Dissident Voice. Retrieved April 7, 2008.[permanent dead link‍]
  13. ^ Associated Press
  14. ^ CNN Archived 2010-06-19 at the Wayback Machine
  15. ^ The Cook Political Report
  16. ^ CQ Politics
  17. ^ D.C. Political Report
  18. ^ Electoral-vote.com
  19. ^ Fox News
  20. ^ The New York Times
  21. ^ Politico
  22. ^ Real Clear Politics
  23. ^ Rasmussen Reports
  24. ^ The Takeaway
  25. ^ "California: McCain vs. Obama". RealClearPolitics. Retrieved June 28, 2009.
  26. ^ "Presidential Campaign Finance: CA Contributions to All Candidates by 3 digit Zip Code". Federal Election Commission. Archived from the original on March 24, 2009. Retrieved November 14, 2009.
  27. ^ "Election Tracker: Ad Spending". CNN. Retrieved June 28, 2009.
  28. ^ "Election Tracker: Candidate Visits". CNN. Retrieved June 28, 2009.
  29. ^ Ewers, Justin (November 5, 2008). "Obama Wins by Historic Margin in California". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved June 28, 2009.
  30. ^ a b c d e Leip, Dave. "2008 Presidential General Election Results: 2008". Retrieved June 18, 2009.
  31. ^ "Historical Voter Registration and Participation in Statewide General Elections 1910-2008" (PDF). California Secretary of State. May 28, 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 11, 2009. Retrieved June 28, 2009.
  32. ^ "Obama rejects proposed California gay marriage ban". Sacramento Bee. Archived from the original on April 5, 2009. Retrieved August 2, 2018.
  33. ^ Goldmacher, Shane (February 5, 2008). "Electoral college measure falls short". The Sacramento Bee. Archived from the original on April 16, 2008. Retrieved June 9, 2008.
  34. ^ "Statement of Vote: 2008 General Election" (PDF). California Secretary of State. December 13, 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 6, 2013. Retrieved December 13, 2008.
  35. ^ "Supplement to the Statement of Vote: Statewide Summary by County for United States President" (PDF). California Secretary of State. April 10, 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 12, 2009. Retrieved June 13, 2009.
  36. ^ "Electoral College". California Secretary of State. Archived from the original on October 30, 2008. Retrieved November 1, 2008.
  37. ^ "Duly Appointed Presidential Electors". The Green Papers. October 11, 2008. Retrieved November 7, 2008.
  38. ^ "2008 Presidential Election: California Certificate of Ascertainment". National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved January 5, 2009.
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