Portneuf—Jacques-Cartier

Portneuf—Jacques-Cartier (French pronunciation: [pɔʁnœf ʒak kaʁtje]; formerly known as Portneuf) is a federal electoral district in Quebec, Canada, that has been represented in the House of Commons of Canada since 1867. Its population in 2001 was 87,141. It is currently represented by Joël Godin of the Conservative Party of Canada.

Portneuf—Jacques-Cartier
Quebec electoral district
Portneuf—Jacques-Cartier in relation to other Quebec federal electoral districts
Federal electoral district
LegislatureHouse of Commons
MP
 
 
 
Joël Godin
Conservative
District created1867
First contested1867
Last contested2021
District webpageprofile, map
Demographics
Population (2011)[1]104,394
Electors (2015)86,884
Area (km²)[2]7,617
Pop. density (per km²)13.7
Census division(s)La Jacques-Cartier, Portneuf, Quebec City
Census subdivision(s)Saint-Augustin-de-Desmaures, Saint-Raymond, Pont-Rouge, Stoneham-et-Tewkesbury, Sainte-Brigitte-de-Laval, Sainte-Catherine-de-la-Jacques-Cartier, Lac-Beauport, Donnacona, Shannon, Neuville

Demographics

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Canada census – Portneuf-Jacques Cartier community profile
202120162011
Population123,243 (6.9% from 2016)115,313 (10.4% from 2011)104,440 (11.6% from 2006)
Land area7,157.43 km2 (2,763.50 sq mi)7,205.33 km2 (2,781.99 sq mi)7,203.98 km2 (2,781.47 sq mi)
Population density17.2/km2 (45/sq mi)16.0/km2 (41/sq mi)14.5/km2 (38/sq mi)
Median age42.0 (M: 42.0, F: 42.4)41.2 (M: 41.0, F: 41.4)40.9 (M: 40.6, F: 41.3)
Private dwellings56,083 (total)  52,665 (total)  47,739 (total) 
Median household income$106,800$90,445
Notes: Profile Table, Statistics Canada
References: 2021[3] 2016[4] 2011[5] earlier[6][7]

According to the 2021 Canadian census[8]

Ethnic groups: 96.6% White, 1.7% Indigenous
Languages: 96.0% French, 1.7% English
Religions: 71.1% Christian (64.2% Catholic, 6.9% Other) 28.3% None

Median income: $48,400 (2020)
Average income: $57,150 (2020)

Geography

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The district includes the Regional County Municipalities of Portneuf and La Jacques-Cartier as well as the municipality of Saint-Augustin-de-Desmaures. The main communities are Saint-Augustin-de-Desmaures, Donnacona, Lac-Beauport, Neuville, Pont-Rouge, Shannon, Stoneham-et-Tewkesbury, Saint-Raymond, Sainte-Catherine-de-la-Jacques-Cartier, and Deschambault-Grondines. Its area is 7,617 km2.

History

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The electoral district was created in the British North America Act of 1867 as "Portneuf". It was renamed "Portneuf—Jacques-Cartier" on 1 September 2004.

The Conservative Party did not run a candidate in Portneuf—Jacques-Cartier in the 2008 and 2011 elections as incumbent independent André Arthur was a self-described libertarian who consistently voted with and supported the Conservative Party in the House of Commons.

There were no changes to this riding during the 2012 electoral redistribution.

Members of Parliament

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This riding has elected the following members of the House of Commons of Canada:

Parliament Years Member Party
Portneuf
1st  1867–1872     Jean-Docile Brousseau Conservative
2nd  1872–1874     Esdras Alfred de St-Georges Liberal
3rd  1874–1878
4th  1878–1882     Roch-Pamphile Vallée Conservative
5th  1882–1887     Esdras Alfred de St-Georges Liberal
6th  1887–1891
7th  1891–1896 Arthur Delisle
8th  1896–1896 Henri-Gustave Joly de Lotbinière
 1896–1900
9th  1900–1904 Michel-Siméon Delisle
10th  1904–1908
11th  1908–1911
12th  1911–1917
13th  1917–1921
14th  1921–1925
15th  1925–1926
16th  1926–1930
17th  1930–1935 Jules Desrochers
18th  1935–1936 Lucien Cannon
 1936–1940 Pierre Gauthier
19th  1940–1943
 1943–1945     Bloc populaire
20th  1945–1949     Liberal
21st  1949–1953
22nd  1953–1957
23rd  1957–1958
24th  1958–1962     Aristide Rompré Progressive Conservative
25th  1962–1963     Jean-Louis Frenette Social Credit
26th  1963–1963
 1963–1965     Ralliement créditiste
27th  1965–1968 Roland Godin
28th  1968–1971
 1971–1972     Social Credit
29th  1972–1974
30th  1974–1979     Pierre Bussières Liberal
31st  1979–1980 Rolland Dion
32nd  1980–1984
33rd  1984–1988     Marc Ferland Progressive Conservative
34th  1988–1993
35th  1993–1997     Pierre de Savoye Bloc Québécois
36th  1997–2000
37th  2000–2004     Claude Duplain Liberal
38th  2004–2006     Guy Côté Bloc Québécois
Portneuf—Jacques-Cartier
39th  2006–2008     André Arthur Independent
40th  2008–2011
41st  2011–2015     Élaine Michaud New Democratic
42nd  2015–2019     Joël Godin Conservative
43rd  2019–2021
44th  2021–present

Election results

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Portneuf—Jacques-Cartier

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2021 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±% Expenditures
Conservative Joël Godin 33,657 51.6 +8.1 $44,464.37
Bloc Québécois Christian Hébert 15,525 23.8 -0.5 $20,696.78
Liberal Sani Diallo 10,068 15.4 -4.5 $5,520.89
New Democratic David-Roger Gagnon 3,223 4.9 -0.9 $0.00
People's Nash Mathieu 1,615 2.5 -0.5 $0.00
Free Charle Fiset 638 1.0 N/A $595.69
Rhinoceros Tommy Pelletier 490 0.8 N/A $0.00
Total valid votes/expense limit 65,216 98.4 $123,545.66
Total rejected ballots 1,034 1.6
Turnout 66,250 69.0
Eligible voters 96,079
Conservative hold Swing +4.3
Source: Elections Canada[9]
2021 federal election redistributed results[10]
Party Vote %
  Conservative 29,771 52.35
  Bloc Québécois 13,501 23.74
  Liberal 8,614 15.15
  New Democratic 2,686 4.72
  People's 1,392 2.45
  Others 910 1.60
2019 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±% Expenditures
Conservative Joël Godin 28,110 43.46 -0.51 $37,463.57
Bloc Québécois Mathieu Bonsaint 15,707 24.29 +13.55 $10,147.81
Liberal Annie Talbot 12,876 19.91 -1.56 $41,965.44
New Democratic David-Roger Gagnon 3,758 5.81 -16.24 $427.26
Green Marie-Claude Gaudet 2,308 3.57 +1.8 $706.74
People's Luca Abbatiello 1,915 2.96 $3,814.48
Total valid votes/expense limit 64,674 100.0  
Total rejected ballots 1,251 1.90 +0.51
Turnout 65,925 70.94 -1.39
Eligible voters 92,931
Conservative hold Swing -7.03
Source: Elections Canada[11][12]
2015 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±% Expenditures
Conservative Joël Godin 27,290 43.97 +16.2 $71,670.38
New Democratic Élaine Michaud 13,686 22.05 -20.6 $76,976.38
Liberal David Gauvin 13,322 21.47 +14.9 $48,792.76
Bloc Québécois Raymond Harvey 6,665 10.74 -9.8 $11,313.73
Green Johanne Morin 1,096 1.77 -0.6
Total valid votes/expense limit 62,059 100.0     $227,576.17
Total rejected ballots 781 1.39
Turnout 62,840 72.33
Eligible voters 86,884
Conservative gain from New Democratic Swing +18.4*
Source: Elections Canada[13][14]
  • Swing is taken from André Arthur, an independent candidate supported by the Conservatives in the last election.
2011 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±% Expenditures
New Democratic Élaine Michaud 22,387 42.7 +30.0
Independent André Arthur 14,594 27.8 -5.8
Bloc Québécois Richard Côté 10,745 20.5 -11.5
Liberal Réjean Thériault 3,463 6.6 -9.7
Green Claudine Delorme 1,279 2.4 -1.2
Total valid votes/expense limit 52,468 100.0
Total rejected ballots 946 1.8 -0.6
Turnout 53,414 66.2 +5.4
Eligible voters 80,694
2008 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±% Expenditures
Independent André Arthur 15,063 33.5 -6.4 $8,458
Bloc Québécois Richard Côté 14,401 32.0 +6.1 $41,700
Liberal Stéphane Asselin 7,320 16.3 +11.4 $4,855
New Democratic André Turgeon 5,707 12.7 +8.8 $1,955
Green Nathan John Weatherdon 1,452 3.2 +0.4
Independent Jean Paradis 1,039 2.3 $1,833
Total valid votes/expense limit 44,982 100.0 $85,693
Total rejected ballots 1,113 2.4
Turnout 46,095 60.8
  Independent hold Swing -6.2
2006 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±% Expenditures
Independent André Arthur 20,158 39.8 $1,093
Bloc Québécois Guy Côté 13,094 25.9 -17.0 $47,797
Conservative Howard Bruce 11,472 22.7 +1.2 $60,326
Liberal Gilles Landry 2,489 4.9 -22.6 $16,487
New Democratic Jean-Marie Fiset 1,956 3.9 +0.3 $1,579
Green Jérôme Beaulieu 1,431 2.8 -1.6
Total valid votes/expense limit 50,600 100.0 $79,151

Portneuf

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2004 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±% Expenditures
Bloc Québécois Guy Côté 18,471 42.9 +7.7 $38,181
Liberal (x)Claude Duplain 11,863 27.6 -13.2 $52,428
Conservative Howard M. Bruce 9,251 21.5 -2.5 $16,810
Green Pierre Poulin 1,925 4.5 $265
New Democratic Jean-François Breton 1,540 3.6
Total valid votes/expense limit 43,050 100.0 $76,720

Note: Conservative vote is compared to the total of the Canadian Alliance vote and Progressive Conservative vote in 2000 election.

2000 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal Claude Duplain 17,877 40.8 +11.3
Bloc Québécois Patrice Dallaire 15,444 35.2 -8.1
Alliance Howard Bruce 6,699 15.3
Progressive Conservative François Dion 3,819 8.7 -15.9
Total valid votes 43,839 100.0
1997 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Bloc Québécois (x)Pierre de Savoye 18,615 43.3 -10.3
Liberal Raynald Samson 12,674 29.5 +6.4
Progressive Conservative Raymond McBain 10,587 24.6 +9.7
New Democratic Majella Desmeules 1,112 2.6 +1.2
Total valid votes 42,988 100.0
1993 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Bloc Québécois Pierre de Savoye 23,880 53.6
Liberal Paulin Plamondon 10,269 23.1 -3.5
Progressive Conservative (x)Marc Ferland 6,645 14.9 -42.4
Independent René Matte 2,260 5.1
Natural Law Robert Royer 869 2.0
New Democratic John MacFarlane 626 1.4 -10.8
Total valid votes 44,549 100.0
1988 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Progressive Conservative (x)Marc Ferland 23,893 57.4 +6.3
Liberal Paulin Plamondon 11,055 26.5 -11.4
New Democratic Jean-Marie Fiset 5,100 12.2 +5.8
Green Reynald Desrochers 1,607 3.9
Total valid votes 41,655 100.0
1984 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Progressive Conservative Marc Ferland 23,797 51.1 +43.7
Liberal (x)Rolland Dion 17,687 38.0 -45.9
New Democratic Jacques Pelchat 3,012 6.5 -1.8
Rhinoceros Jean Paradis 1,222 2.6 -1.5
Parti nationaliste Georges-H. Marcotte 638 1.4
Social Credit Renée Roberge-Petitclerc 248 0.5 -5.3
Total valid votes 46,604 100.0
1980 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal (x)Rolland Dion 29,234 73.9 +10.2
New Democratic Robert Ferland 3,285 8.3 +4.9
Progressive Conservative Christian Légaré 2,905 7.3 -1.8
Social Credit Bernard Lapointe 2,320 5.9 -15.1
Rhinoceros M. Chrétien M. Paquette 1,634 4.1 +1.7
Union populaire Richard Corbeil 204 0.5 +0.1
Total valid votes 39,582 100.0
lop.parl.ca
1979 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal Rolland Dion 25,297 63.6 +14.8
Social Credit Bernard Lapointe 8,330 20.9 -16.1
Progressive Conservative Armand Caron 3,620 9.1 +0.7
New Democratic Renée Brisson 1,346 3.4 -2.3
Rhinoceros Réjane Mame Bujold 985 2.5
Union populaire O'H Ls Gingras 184 0.5
Total valid votes 39,762 100.0
1974 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal Pierre Bussières 25,620 48.8 +5.9
Social Credit (x)Roland Godin 19,456 37.1 -6.8
Progressive Conservative Fernand Paquet 4,427 8.4 -0.2
New Democratic Hervé Gauthier 2,980 5.7 +1.2
Total valid votes 52,483 100.0
1972 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Social Credit (x)Roland Godin 23,626 43.9 -4.4
Liberal Claude Bernard 23,113 42.9 +6.1
Progressive Conservative Jean-Luc Godin 4,664 8.7 -3.2
New Democratic Rémi Morissette 2,430 4.5 +1.5
Total valid votes 53,833 100.0
Note: Social Credit vote is compared to Ralliement créditiste vote in the 1968 election.
Source: lop.parl.ca
1968 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Ralliement créditiste (x)Roland Godin 18,328 48.3 +14.7
Liberal Jules Lapierre 13,965 36.8 +9.1
Progressive Conservative Marcel Martineau 4,519 11.9 -5.6
New Democratic Fernand Drolet 1,126 3.0 +2.0
Total valid votes 37,938 100.0
1965 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Ralliement créditiste Roland Godin 6,539 33.6 -22.8
Liberal Albert Neilson 5,390 27.7 -5.6
Independent (x)Jean-Louis Frenette 3,725 19.2
Progressive Conservative Gilbert Ouellet 3,400 17.5 +15.2
Independent PC Louis-Philippe Bertrand 213 1.1
New Democratic Fernand Lepage 184 0.9
Total valid votes 19,451 100.0

Note: Ralliement créditiste vote is compared to Social Credit vote in the 1963 election.

1963 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Social Credit (x)Jean-Louis Frenette 11,473 56.5 +1.4
Liberal Andrée-Robert Rivard 6,776 33.3 +8.9
Independent PC Grégoire Martel 1,616 8.0
Progressive Conservative René-Paul-Joseph Plourde 459 2.3 -18.3
Total valid votes 20,324 100.0
1962 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Social Credit Jean-Louis Frenette 12,089 55.0
Liberal J.-Gérard Maltais 5,377 24.5 -22.4
Progressive Conservative Louis Dussault 4,510 20.5 -32.6
Total valid votes 21,976 100.0
1958 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Progressive Conservative Aristide Rompré 11,386 53.2 +11.5
Liberal (x)Pierre Gauthier 10,031 46.8 -11.5
Total valid votes 21,417 100.0
1957 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal (x)Pierre Gauthier 11,328 58.3 -11.6
Progressive Conservative Aristide Rompré 8,102 41.7 +11.6
Total valid votes 19,430 100.0
1953 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal (x)Pierre Gauthier 12,701 69.9 +11.0
Progressive Conservative Louis Tardivel 5,479 30.1 -2.5
Total valid votes 18,180 100.0
1949 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal (x)Pierre Gauthier 10,932 58.8 +6.3
Progressive Conservative Rosaire Chalifour 6,069 32.7
Union des électeurs J.-Henri Doré 1,579 8.5 +2.1
Total valid votes 18,580 100.0
1945 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal (x)Pierre Gauthier 8,994 52.6 -15.0
Independent Jean-Charles Magnan 7,021 41.0
Social Credit Raymond Dussault 1,094 6.4
Total valid votes 17,109 100.0
1940 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal (x)Pierre Gauthier 10,033 67.6 +28.9
Independent Liberal Laurent Giroux 2,676 18.0
National Government J.-O. Pronovost 2,141 14.4 -18.9
Total valid votes 14,850 100.0

Note: Change in popular vote is calculated from popular vote in the 1935 general election. "National Government" vote is compared to Conservative vote in 1935 election.

By-election on 27 January 1936

Cannon accepted an office of emolument
under the Crown, 15 January 1936

Party Candidate Votes
Liberal Pierre Gauthier acclaimed
1935 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal Lucien Cannon 5,981 38.6 -13.2
Conservative J.-Achille Joli-Coeur 5,155 33.3 -14.9
Independent Liberal Bona Dussault 4,281 27.7
Independent Liberal C.-Lucien Plamondon 64 0.4
Total valid votes 15,481 100.0
1930 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal Jules Desrochers 7,813 51.8 -2.6
Conservative J.-Alfred Foley 7,262 48.2
Total valid votes 15,075 100.0
1926 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal (x)Michel-Siméon Delisle 6,308 54.5 +2.1
Independent Liberal Herment Marcotte (alias Armand) 5,272 45.5 -25.8
1925 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal (x)Michel-Siméon Delisle 6,412 52.4 -28.4
Conservative C.-Romulus Ducharme 3,405 27.8 +14.6
Independent Liberal Herment Marcotte (alias Armand) 2,418 19.8
Total valid votes 12,235 100.0
1921 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes %
Liberal (x)Michel-Siméon Delisle 9,021 80.8
Conservative C.-Romulus Ducharme 1,475 13.2
Progressive J. Quetton Fafard 665 6.0
Total valid votes 11,161 100.0
1917 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes
Opposition (Laurier Liberals) (x)Michel-Siméon Delisle acclaimed
1911 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal (x)Michel-Siméon Delisle 2,868 57.7 +0.7
Conservative Honoré Grenier 2,105 42.3 +2.3
Total valid votes 4,973 100.0
1908 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal (x)Michel-Siméon Delisle 2,949 57.0 +1.7
Conservative Lawrence Stafford 2,074 40.1 -2.5
Independent Liberal Arthur Delisle 153 3.0
Total valid votes 5,176 100.0
1904 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal (x)Michel-Siméon Delisle 2,630 55.3 +0.4
Conservative T.E. Voisard 2,026 42.6 -2.5
Unknown C.N. Arcand 101 2.1
Total valid votes 4,757 100.0
1900 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal Michel-Siméon Delisle 2,444 54.9 +4.4
Conservative G. Antoine Larue 2,009 45.1 -4.4
Total valid votes 4,453 100.0

Note: Change in popular vote is calculated from popular vote in the 1896 general election.

By-election on 30 July 1896

Joly de Lotbinière was appointed
Controller of Inland Revenue, 11 July 1896

Party Candidate Votes
Liberal (x)Henri-Gustave Joly de Lotbinière acclaimed


1896 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal Henri-Gustave Joly de Lotbinière 2,086 50.4 -1.6
Conservative L. Stafford 2,050 49.6 +1.6
Total valid votes 4,136 100.0
1891 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal Arthur Delisle 1,906 52.0 -2.1
Conservative Roch-Pamphile Vallée 1,756 48.0 +2.1
Total valid votes 3,662 100.0
1887 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal (x)Esdras Alfred de St-Georges 1,962 54.2 +3.6
Conservative Ed. Juchereau Duchesnay 1,661 45.8 -3.6
Total valid votes 3,623 100.0
1882 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal Esdras Alfred de St-Georges 1,491 50.5 +1.1
Conservative (x)Roch-Pamphile Vallée 1,459 49.5 -1.1
Total valid votes 2,950 100.0
1878 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Conservative Roch-Pamphile Vallée 1,605 50.5 +7.2
Liberal (x)Esdras Alfred de St-Georges 1,572 49.5 -7.2
Total valid votes 3,177 100.0
1874 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal (x)Esdras Alfred de St-Georges 1,421 56.7 +5.6
Conservative J. Belleau 1,086 43.3 -5.6
Total valid votes 2,507 100.0
Source: lop.parl.ca
1872 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal Esdras Alfred de St-Georges 1,179 51.1
Conservative Jean-Docile Brousseau 1,128 48.9 -9.9
Total valid votes 2,307 100.0
Source: Canadian Elections Database[15]
1867 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes %
Conservative Jean-Docile Brousseau 1,027 58.8
Unknown I. P. Dery 718 41.1
Unknown Dubord 1 0.1
Total valid votes 1,746 100.0
Eligible voters 2,431
Source: Canadian Parliamentary Guide, 1871[16]

See also

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References

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  • "Portneuf—Jacques-Cartier (Code 24051) Census Profile". 2011 census. Government of Canada - Statistics Canada. Retrieved March 7, 2011.
  • Campaign expense data from Elections Canada
  • Riding history for Portneuf from the Library of Parliament
  • Riding history for Portneuf—Jacques-Cartier from the Library of Parliament
  • 2011 Results from Elections Canada

Notes

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  1. ^ Statistics Canada: 2012
  2. ^ Statistics Canada: 2012
  3. ^ "2021 Community Profiles". 2021 Canadian census. Statistics Canada. February 4, 2022. Retrieved July 6, 2023.
  4. ^ "2016 Community Profiles". 2016 Canadian census. Statistics Canada. August 12, 2021. Retrieved July 6, 2023.
  5. ^ "2011 Community Profiles". 2011 Canadian census. Statistics Canada. March 21, 2019. Retrieved July 6, 2023.
  6. ^ "2006 Community Profiles". 2006 Canadian census. Statistics Canada. August 20, 2019.
  7. ^ "2001 Community Profiles". 2001 Canadian census. Statistics Canada. July 18, 2021.
  8. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (February 9, 2022). "Profile table, Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population - Portneuf--Jacques-Cartier [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)], Quebec". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved October 13, 2023.
  9. ^ "List of confirmed candidates – September 20, 2021 Federal Election". Elections Canada. Retrieved September 2, 2021.
  10. ^ "Transposition of Votes from the 44th General Election to the 2023 Representation Orders". Elections Canada. Retrieved April 9, 2024.
  11. ^ "List of confirmed candidates". Elections Canada. Retrieved October 3, 2019.
  12. ^ "Election Night Results". Elections Canada. Retrieved November 11, 2019.
  13. ^ Elections Canada – Confirmed candidates for Portneuf—Jacques-Cartier, 30 September 2015
  14. ^ Elections Canada – Preliminary Election Expenses Limits for Candidates
  15. ^ Sayers, Anthony M. "1872 Federal Election". Canadian Elections Database. Archived from the original on February 3, 2024.
  16. ^ "Canadian Parliamentary Guide, 1871". Retrieved June 27, 2022.