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==Low-cost laboratory automation==
A large obstacle to the implementation of automation in laboratories has been its high cost. Many laboratory instruments are very expensive. This is justifiable in many cases, as such equipment can perform very specific tasks employing cutting-edge technology. However, there are devices employed in the laboratory that are not highly technological but still are very expensive. This is the case of many automated devices, which perform tasks that could easily be done by simple and low-cost devices like simple [[Robotic arm#Low-cost robotic arms|robotic arm]]s,<ref name="Carvalho 23–32">{{cite journal |last1=Carvalho |first1=Matheus C. |last2=Eyre |first2=Bradley D. |date=2013-12-01 |title=A low cost, easy to build, portable, and universal autosampler for liquids |journal=Methods in Oceanography |volume=8 |pages=23–32 |doi=10.1016/j.mio.2014.06.001}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title= Robotics-assisted mass spectrometry assay platform enabled by open-source electronics | doi=10.1016/j.bios.2014.08.087 | pmid=25232666 | volume=64 |journal=Biosensors and Bioelectronics |pages=260–268|year= 2015 |last1= Chiu |first1= Shih-Hao |last2= Urban |first2= Pawel L. }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title= Dual robotic arm "production line" mass spectrometry assay guided by multiple Arduino-type microcontrollers | doi=10.1016/j.snb.2016.08.031 | volume=239 |journal=Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical |pages=608–616|year= 2017 |last1= Chen |first1= Chih-Lin |last2= Chen |first2= Ting-Ru |last3= Chiu |first3= Shih-Hao |last4= Urban |first4= Pawel L. }}</ref> universal (open-source) electronic modules,<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2014/an/c4an02013h#!divAbstract |title=Universal electronics for miniature and automated chemical assays |journal=The Analyst |volume=140 |issue=4 |pages=963–975 |access-date=2018-12-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106182106/https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2014/an/c4an02013h#!divAbstract#!divAbstract |archive-date=2018-11-06 |url-status=live |doi=10.1039/C4AN02013H |pmid=25535820 |year=2015 |last1=Urban |first1=Pawel L. |bibcode=2015Ana...140..963U }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Open hardware: Self-built labware stimulates creativity |volume=532 |issue=7599 |doi=10.1038/532313d |pmid=27127816 |journal=Nature |page=313 |date=2016-04-20 |bibcode=2016Natur.532..313U |last1=Urban |first1=Pawel |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="pmid31633701">{{cite journal| author=Baillargeon P, Spicer TP, Scampavia L| title=Applications for Open Source Microplate-Compatible Illumination Panels. | journal=J Vis Exp | year= 2019 | issue= 152 | pmid=31633701 | doi=10.3791/60088 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=31633701 }} </ref><ref name="pmid30698997">{{cite journal| author=Baillargeon P, Coss-Flores K, Singhera F, Shumate J, Williams H, DeLuca L | display-authors=etal| title=Design of Microplate-Compatible Illumination Panels for a Semiautomated Benchtop Pipetting System. | journal=SLAS Technol | year= 2019 | volume= 24 | issue= 4 | pages= 399–407 | pmid=30698997 | doi=10.1177/2472630318822476 | s2cid=73412170| url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30698997 | doi-access=free }} </ref><ref name="pmid29746790">{{cite journal| author=Iglehart B| title=MVO Automation Platform: Addressing Unmet Needs in Clinical Laboratories with Microcontrollers, 3D Printing, and Open-Source Hardware/Software. | journal=SLAS Technol | year= 2018 | volume= 23 | issue= 5 | pages= 423–431 | pmid=29746790 | doi=10.1177/2472630318773693 | s2cid=13671203 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29746790 }} </ref> or [[3D printer]]s.
So far, using such low-cost devices together with laboratory equipment was considered to be very difficult. However, it has been demonstrated that such low-cost devices can substitute without problems the standard machines used in laboratory.<ref name="Carvalho 23–32"/><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Carvalho|first=Matheus|title=Auto-HPGe, an autosampler for gamma-ray spectroscopy using high-purity germanium (HPGe) detectors and heavy shields|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327230541|journal=HardwareX}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Carvalho|first=Matheus|title=Osmar, the open-source microsyringe autosampler|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322363581|journal=HardwareX|volume=3|pages=10–38|doi=10.1016/j.ohx.2018.01.001|year=2018|doi-access=free}}</ref> It can be anticipated that more laboratories will take advantage of this new reality as low-cost automation is very attractive for laboratories.
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