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== IBM Scientific Centers ==
In addition to the IBM Research Division, the IBM Scientific Centers, which were active in various functions from 1964 to the early 1990s, were another remarkable research unit. In contrast to the central control of the Research Division from the headquarters in Armonk in the USA, the IBM Scientific Centers were structured in a decentralized manner. Each center functioned as an integral part of the IBM organization in its respective region or country. This organization also financed the center and ultimately determined its content and strategic direction. The task of an IBM Scientific Center was to contribute with its research, its expertise and its cooperation projects for the benefit of the respective country and thus to contribute to the reputation of IBM in this country or this region.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Kolsky |first1=H. G. |last2=MacKinnon |first2=R. A. |date=1989 |title=History and contributions of the IBM Scientific Centers |url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5387540 |journal=IBM Systems Journal |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=502–524 |doi=10.1147/sj.284.0502 |issn=0018-8670}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Blaser |first=Albrecht |url=https://cloud.uni-jena.de/s/gTjxFoqCKFGkPZg |title=The IBM Heidelberg Science Center: User Oriented Informatics and Computers in Science. |year=2001 |isbn=3-920799-23-2 |location=Sindelfingen, Germany}}</ref>
While the research laboratories of the IBM Research Division had to be very restrictive with regard to scientific cooperation projects with non-IBM institutions for patent reasons and other reasons, technical-scientific and application-oriented cooperation projects with universities and other public research institutions were an important part of IBM's mission for the scientific centers.<ref name=":1" /> Because of this, the spectrum of activities of such a center was often very broad. For example, some research groups could deal with topics that can be assigned to basic<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Jaeschke |first1=G. |last2=Schek |first2=H. J. |title=Proceedings of the 1st ACM SIGACT-SIGMOD symposium on Principles of database systems - PODS '82 |chapter=Remarks on the algebra of non first normal form relations |date=1982 |chapter-url=http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=588111.588133 |language=en |publisher=ACM Press |pages=124 |doi=10.1145/588111.588133 |isbn=978-0-89791-070-5}}</ref> or product-oriented research,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dadam |first1=P. |last2=Linnemann |first2=V. |date=1989 |title=Advanced Information Management (AIM): Advanced database technology for integrated applications |url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5387538 |journal=IBM Systems Journal |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=661–681 |doi=10.1147/sj.284.0661 |issn=0018-8670}}</ref> while others dealt with application-oriented research topics, for example satellite-based soil classification.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bernstein |first=Ralph |title=Concept for a Future Ground Control Data Set for Image Correction |url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19820020862/downloads/19820020862.pdf |access-date=2023-11-17}}</ref>
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