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{{Infobox person
| name = Hannah Steiner
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| birth_date = 27 April 1894
| birth_place = [[Česká Lípa]], [[Austria-Hungary]]
| death_date = {{death yeardate and age|1944|||1894|4|27|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Auschwitz concentration camp]]
| nationality = <!-- use only when necessary per [[WP:INFONAT]] -->
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| notable_works =
}}
'''Hannah Steiner''' (27 April 1894–19441894 – 1944) was a Czech socialZionist activist, workerhumanitarian, and co-founder and first president of the Czech branch of the [[Women's International Zionist Organization]] (WIZO).
 
==Early life and education==
Hannah Steiner (née Dub), was born on 27 April 1894, in [[Česká Lípa]].<ref name=BradeDis.2017>{{cite book |last1=Brade |first1=Laura E. |title=Networks of escape: Jewish flight from the Bohemian lands, 1938-1941 |date=2017 |publisher=University of North Carolina |location=Chapel Hill|quote=A dissertation submitted to the faculty at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History.|pages=85-8685–86}}</ref> ForShe spent three years, asof aher teenager,teens she studied instudying London.<ref name=BradeDis.2017/><ref name=Enc>{{cite web |title=Steiner, Hannah {{!}} Encyclopedia.com |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/steiner-hannah |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208184916/https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/steiner-hannah |archive-date=8 February 2024 |website=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref> There, she joined the [[Zionism|Zionist movement]], before returning to the [[Czech lands]] via [[Mandatory Palestine|Palestine]].<ref name=BradeDis.2017/><ref name=Enc/>
 
InAfter 1920her shemarriage marriedin 1920 to Ludwig Steiner, a secondary school teacher, and theySteiner livedsettled in Prague.<ref name=Enc/> She subsequently led the transformation of the Zionist Women’s and Girls’Girls' Club to co-found Czechoslovakia's branch of the [[Women's International Zionist Organization]] (WIZO) in 1925, and became its first president.<ref name=Enc/><ref name=Summers2020>{{cite web |last1=Summers |first1=Dr Anne |title=The Women’sWomen's International Zionist Federation feminists who fought for equality |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/features/the-womens-international-zionist-federation-feminists-who-fought-for-equality-k0486g7i |website=www.thejc.com |publisher=The Jewish Chronicle |access-date=9 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240209100237/https://www.thejc.com/news/features/portrait-of-a-refugee-looking-back-at-the-career-of-frank-auerbach-fg93gkeg |archive-date=9 February 2024 |language=en |date=6 March 2020}}</ref><ref name=Čapková2012>{{cite book |last1=Čapková |first1=Kateřina |title=Czechs, Germans, Jews?: National Identity and the Jews of Bohemia |date=2012 |publisher=Berghahn Books |location=Prague |isbn=978-0-85745-474-4 |pages=235–237 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hb48rCzYBJ0C&pg=PA235 |language=en |chapter=5. Zionists}}</ref> Her work with the Czech branch of WIZO earned her membership to the World WIZO organization.<ref name=BradeDis.2017/> HerAt workthat time, her thenrole chiefly concentratedrevolved onaround education and vocational training.<ref name=BradeDis.2017/> SheFrom 1927 she also edited, with [[Miriam Scheuer]], the periodical that she established, titled ''Blätter der Jüdischen Frau'', a woman's supplement of the Jewish weekly ''[[Selbstwehr]]''.<ref name=BradeDis.2017/><ref name=Enc/>
 
==Later life==
Following [[Adolf Hitler's rise to power|Hitler's rise to power]], Steiner's role increasingly focussed on German refugees.<ref name=BradeDis.2017/> With [[Marie Schmolka]], she led programmes in refugee relief.<ref name=BradeDis.2017/> In December 1938, along with Schmolka and [[Martin Blake (teacher)|Martin Blake]], she asked [[Nicholas Winton]] to hold off his skiing holiday in the Alps and visit Prague instead.<ref name=Brade2017>{{cite journal |last1=Brade |first1=Laura E. |last2=Holmes |first2=Rose |title=Troublesome Sainthood: Nicholas Winton and the Contested History of Child Rescue in Prague, 1938–1940 |journal=History and Memory |date=2017 |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=3–40 |doi=10.2979/histmemo.29.1.0003 |jstor=10.2979/histmemo.29.1.0003 |s2cid=159631013 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/histmemo.29.1.0003 |issn=0935-560X}}</ref> The Czech police helped the [[Gestapo]] arrest both Steiner and Schmolka in March 1939, and they were sent to [[Pankrác Prison]], where they were tortured.<ref name=Enc/><ref name=Wein2015>{{cite book |last1=Wein |first1=Martin |title=History of the Jews in the Bohemian Lands |date=2015 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-30126-9 |location=Leiden |pages=192–194 |language=en |chapter=8. The Munich agreement and the second republic, 1938-1939 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wai8CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA194}}</ref> Having spent several months there, they were released following action by [[Františka Plamínková]].<ref name=Wein2015/> ▼
Steiner's role increasingly focussed on German refugees following [[Adolf Hitler's rise to power|Hitler's rise to power]].<ref name=BradeDis.2017/> Along with [[Marie Schmolka]], she led programmes in refugee relief.<ref name=BradeDis.2017/>
 
Following the onset of the [[Second World War]], when Schmolka was in Paris before moving to London, Steiner took over her roles at Prague.<ref name=Wein2015/> As a result, Steiner was held answerable for Schmolka's escape from Nazi occupied Europe.<ref name=Wein2015/>
▲In December 1938, along with Schmolka and [[Martin Blake (teacher)|Martin Blake]], she asked [[Nicholas Winton]] to hold off his skiing holiday in the Alps and visit Prague instead.<ref name=Brade2017>{{cite journal |last1=Brade |first1=Laura E. |last2=Holmes |first2=Rose |title=Troublesome Sainthood: Nicholas Winton and the Contested History of Child Rescue in Prague, 1938–1940 |journal=History and Memory |date=2017 |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=3–40 |doi=10.2979/histmemo.29.1.0003 |jstor=10.2979/histmemo.29.1.0003 |s2cid=159631013 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/histmemo.29.1.0003 |issn=0935-560X}}</ref>
 
==Arrest and death==
Steiner was again arrested by the Gestapo, released, and later sent to [[Theresienstadt Ghetto]], along with her husband.<ref name=WIZO>{{cite web |title=Yom Hashoa: Remembering Hannah Steiner – A Woman of Great WIZO Spirit |url=https://www.wizo.org/join-us/yom-hashoa-remembering-hannah-steiner.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208185237/https://www.wizo.org/join-us/yom-hashoa-remembering-hannah-steiner.html |archive-date=8 February 2024 |access-date=8 February 2024 |website=www.wizo.org}}</ref> They were subsequently sentmoved to [[Auschwitz concentration camp|Auschwitz]] where, in 1944, they were killed in the gas chambers.<ref name=Enc/><ref name=WIZO/>
 
==References==
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[[Category:1944 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Česká Lípa]]
[[Category:Czech people who died in Auschwitz concentration camp]]
 
[[Category:Czechoslovak Jews who died in the Holocaust]]
{{Czechoslovakia-bio-stub}}
[[Category:Female resistance members of World War II]]
[[Category:Czechoslovak women]]
[[Category:Jewish women activists]]
[[Category:Zionist activists]]
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