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{{Short description|Genus of plants}}
{{About|the plant genus|the family of [[President of the United States|President]] [[Joe Biden]]
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Bidenstripartita.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Bidens tripartita]]''
| display_parents = 2
| taxon =
| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]<ref name="GRIN">{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?1444 |title=Genus: ''Bidens'' L |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |date=2007-10-05 |access-date=2011-02-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629213416/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?1444 |archive-date=2011-06-29 }}</ref>
| synonyms =
|Adenolepis|Less.
* ''Microlecane'' <small>Sch.Bip. ex Benth. & Hook.f.</small>▼
|Delucia|DC.
|Diodonta|Nutt.
|Edwarsia|Neck., not validly publ.
|Forbicina|Ség., nom. superfl.
▲* ''Dolichotheca'' <small>Cass.</small>
|Gemella|Hill
|Heliophthalmum|Raf.
|Megalodonta|Greene
|Pluridens|Neck., not validly publ.
|Prestinaria|Sch.Bip. ex Hochst., not validly publ.
}}
| synonyms_ref = <ref name=POWO_60433909-2>{{Cite POWO|title=''Bidens'' L..|id=60433909-2|access-date=2024-05-21|mode=cs1}}</ref>
}}
'''''Bidens''''' is a [[genus]] of [[flowering plant]]s in the aster [[family (biology)|family]], [[Asteraceae]].<ref name="fna">[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=103917 ''Bidens''.] Flora of North America.</ref> The genus include roughly 230 species which are distributed worldwide.<ref name=":0">Knope, M. L., Funk, V. A., Johnson, M. A., Wagner, W. L., Datlof, E. M., Johnson, G., ... & Carlquist, S. (2020). Dispersal and adaptive radiation of ''Bidens'' (Compositae) across the remote archipelagoes of Polynesia. ''Journal of Systematics and Evolution'', ''58''(6), 805-822.</ref> Despite their global distribution, the systematics and taxonomy of the genus has been described as complicated and unorganized.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">Ganders, F. R., Berbee, M., & Perseyedi, M. (2000). ITS base sequence phylogeny in ''Bidens'' (Asteraceae): Evidence for the continental relatives of Hawaiian and Marquesan ''Bidens''. ''Systematic Botany,'' ''25''(1), 122-133.</ref> The common names '''beggarticks''', '''black jack''', '''burr marigolds''', '''cobbler's pegs''', '''Spanish needles''', '''stickseeds''', '''tickseeds''' and '''tickseed sunflowers''' refer to the fruits of the plants, most of which are bristly and barbed. The [[name of a biological genus|generic name]] refers to the same character; ''Bidens'' comes from the [[Latin]] ''bis'' ("two") and ''dens'' ("tooth").<ref name="fna" />
==Distribution==▼
''Bidens'' includes roughly 230 species which are distributed worldwide<ref name=":0" /> throughout many [[tropics|tropical]] and warm [[temperate climate|temperate]] regions.<ref name="nsw">[http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=gn&name=Bidens ''Bidens''.] New South Wales Flora Online. National Herbarium, Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney.</ref> Species occur in the Americas, Africa, Polynesia, Europe and Asia.<ref name="gand">Ganders, F. R., et al. (2000). [https://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2666678?uid=3739560&uid=2&uid=4&uid=3739256&sid=21102562678633 ITS base sequence phylogeny in ''Bidens'' (Asteraceae): Evidence for the continental relatives of Hawaiian and Marquesan ''Bidens''.] ''Systematic Botany'' 25(1) 122-33.</ref>▼
== Phylogeny, taxonomy and diversity ==
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Despite their global distribution, the systematics and taxonomy of the genus has been described as complicated and unorganized.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> The genus include roughly 230 species.<ref name="nsw" /><ref name="jeps">[http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_IJM.pl?tid=341 ''Bidens''.] The Jepson eFlora 2013.</ref>
''Bidens'' is closely related to the American genus ''[[Coreopsis]]'', and the genera are sometimes difficult to tell apart; in addition, neither is [[monophyly|monophyletic]].<ref name="craw">Crawford, D. J. and M. E. Mort. (2005). [https://archive.today/20130819014022/http://www.amjbot.org/content/92/2/330.long Phylogeny of Eastern North American ''Coreopsis'' (Asteraceae-Coreopsideae): insights from nuclear and plastid sequences, and comments on character evolution.] ''American Journal of Botany'' 92(2), 330-36.</ref>
''Bidens'' are [[zoochorous]]; their seeds will stick to clothing, fur or feathers, and be carried to new [[habitat]]. This has enabled them to colonize a wide range, including many [[oceanic island]]s. Some of these species occur only in a very restricted range and several are now threatened with [[extinction]], notably in the [[Hawaiian Islands]]. Due to the absence of native mammals on these islands, some of the oceanic island [[taxon|taxa]] have reduced burrs, [[evolution|evolving]] features that seem to aid in dispersal by the wind instead.▼
==Human use and interactions==▼
[[Bidens cernua|Nodding beggarticks]] (''B. cernua'') and [[bidens pilosa|hairy beggarticks]] (''B. pilosa'') are useful as [[honey plant]]s. Several ''Bidens'' species are used as food by the [[caterpillar]]s of certain [[Lepidoptera]], such as the [[noctuidae|noctuid moth]] ''[[Hypercompe hambletoni]]'' and the [[Nymphalidae|brush-footed butterfly]] ''[[Vanessa cardui]]'', the painted lady.▼
The [[Bidens mottle virus]], a [[plant pathogen]], was first isolated from ''B. pilosa'', and it infects many other Asteraceae and plants of other families.▼
[[Native Hawaiians]] drink a special tea out of their leaves (known collectively as ''koʻokoʻolau'')<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Chock |first=Alvin K. |date=1968 |title=Hawaiian Ethnobotanical Studies I. Native Food and Beverage Plants |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4252960 |journal=Economic Botany |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=232 |issn=0013-0001}}</ref> back when they were abundant in Hawaii.▼
▲==Species==
===Species===
{{main|List of Bidens species}}
Species include:<ref name=fna/><ref name="china">[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=103917 ''Bidens''.] Flora of China.</ref><ref name="GRINSpecies">{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?1444 |title=GRIN Species Records of ''Bidens'' |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |access-date=2011-02-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090120111645/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?1444 |archive-date=2009-01-20 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="ITIS">{{ITIS |id=35705 |taxon=''Bidens'' |access-date=2011-02-12}}</ref>
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*''[[Salmea scandens]]'' <small>(L.) DC.</small> (as ''B. scandens'' <small>L.</small>)
*''[[Thelesperma megapotamicum]]'' <small>(Spreng.) Kuntze</small> (as ''B. megapotamica'' <small>Spreng.</small>)<ref name="GRINSpecies"/>
▲==Distribution==
▲''Bidens'' includes roughly 230 species which are distributed worldwide<ref name=":0" /> throughout many [[tropics|tropical]] and warm [[temperate climate|temperate]] regions.<ref name="nsw">[http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=gn&name=Bidens ''Bidens''.] New South Wales Flora Online. National Herbarium, Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney.</ref> Species occur in the Americas, Africa, Polynesia, Europe and Asia.<ref name="gand">Ganders, F. R., et al. (2000). [https://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2666678?uid=3739560&uid=2&uid=4&uid=3739256&sid=21102562678633 ITS base sequence phylogeny in ''Bidens'' (Asteraceae): Evidence for the continental relatives of Hawaiian and Marquesan ''Bidens''.] ''Systematic Botany'' 25(1) 122-33.</ref>
▲''Bidens'' are [[zoochorous]]; their seeds will stick to clothing, fur or feathers, and be carried to new [[habitat]]. This has enabled them to colonize a wide range, including many [[oceanic island]]s. Some of these species occur only in a very restricted range and several are now threatened with [[extinction]], notably in the [[Hawaiian Islands]]. Due to the absence of native mammals on these islands, some of the oceanic island [[taxon|taxa]] have reduced burrs, [[evolution|evolving]] features that seem to aid in dispersal by the wind instead.
▲==Human use and interactions==
▲[[Bidens cernua|Nodding beggarticks]] (''B. cernua'') and [[bidens pilosa|hairy beggarticks]] (''B. pilosa'') are useful as [[honey plant]]s. Several ''Bidens'' species are used as food by the [[caterpillar]]s of certain [[Lepidoptera]], such as the [[noctuidae|noctuid moth]] ''[[Hypercompe hambletoni]]'' and the [[Nymphalidae|brush-footed butterfly]] ''[[Vanessa cardui]]'', the painted lady.
▲The [[Bidens mottle virus]], a [[plant pathogen]], was first isolated from ''B. pilosa'', and it infects many other Asteraceae and plants of other families.
▲[[Native Hawaiians]] drink a special tea out of their leaves (known collectively as ''koʻokoʻolau'')<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Chock |first=Alvin K. |date=1968 |title=Hawaiian Ethnobotanical Studies I. Native Food and Beverage Plants |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4252960 |journal=Economic Botany |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=232 |doi=10.1007/BF02861956 |jstor=4252960 |issn=0013-0001}}</ref> back when they were abundant in Hawaii.
== Photo gallery ==
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