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{{Use list-defined references|date=September 2023}}
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'''Novell, Inc.'''<ref name="NovNetWareNYT89"/> ({{IPAc-en|n|oʊ|ˈ|v|ɛ|l}}) was an American software and services company headquartered in [[Provo, Utah|Provo]], [[Utah]], that existed from 1980 until 2014. Its most significant product was the
Under the leadership of chief executive [[Ray Noorda]], NetWare became the dominant form of personal computer networking during the second half of the 1980s and first half of the 1990s. At its high point, NetWare had a 63 percent share of the market for network operating systems and by the early 1990s there were over half a million NetWare-based networks installed worldwide encompassing more than 50 million users
During the early to mid-1990s, Noorda attempted to compete directly with Microsoft by acquiring [[Digital Research]], [[Unix System Laboratories]], [[WordPerfect]], and the [[Quattro Pro]] division of [[Borland]]. These moves did not work out, due to new technologies not fitting well with Novell's existing user base or being too late to compete with equivalent Microsoft products. NetWare began losing market share once Microsoft bundled network services with the [[Windows NT]] operating system and its successors. Despite new products such as [[Novell Directory Services]] and [[GroupWise]], Novell entered a long period of decline. Eventually Novell acquired [[SUSE Linux]] and attempted to refocus its technology base. Despite building or acquiring several new kinds of products, Novell failed to find consistent success and never regained its past dominance.
The company was an independent corporate entity until it was acquired as a wholly owned subsidiary by [[The Attachmate Group]] in 2011. Attachmate was subsequently acquired in 2014 by [[Micro Focus|Micro Focus International]]
▲The company was an independent corporate entity until it was acquired as a wholly owned subsidiary by [[The Attachmate Group]] in 2011. Attachmate was subsequently acquired in 2014 by [[Micro Focus|Micro Focus International]] and then by [[OpenText]] in 2023. Novell products and technologies are now integrated within various OpenText divisions.
== History ==
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At first the company began to grow rapidly.<ref name="DH_founders_1981"/> By mid-1981 the company was selling two products, the Nexus Series [[microcomputer]] and the Image 800 [[dot matrix printer]].<ref name="DH_founders_1981"/><ref name="DH_Orem_1981"/> Orders began shipping during the second half of 1981.<ref name="DMR_NDSI_1982"/> The computer product was based on the [[Zilog Z80]] microprocessor and the [[CP/M]] operating system.<ref name="NW_ninethings_2007"/>
The company subsequently did not do well.<ref name="DH_saving_1986"/> The microcomputer produced by the company was late to an increasingly crowded market and was noncompetitive in terms of performance when it did arrive.<ref name="DH_saving_1986"/><ref name="SLT_success_1986"/> According to one paraphrase of a [[Value Line]] report on Novell Data Systems as a whole during this period, their "revenue was minimal, but expenses were tremendous."<ref name="DMR_NDSI_1982"/> Davis was fired from Novell Data Systems
[[Image:Ne2000.jpg|thumb|right|Novell made some networking hardware products even after NetWare became a success; here, a Novell NE2000 16-bit ISA 10BASE-2 Ethernet card from 1990]]
In order to compete on systems sales, Novell Data Systems planned a program to link more than one microcomputer to operate together.<!-- http://www.whiteworld.com/cyreenikland/books/surfing/surf-01l.htm --> The current or former [[Brigham Young University|BYU]] students [[Drew Major]], Dale Neibaur, and Kyle Powell, known as the [[SuperSet Software]] group, were hired to this task and began consulting for Novell during 1981.<ref name="PCM_nominee_1987"/> They developed a [[multiplayer video game]], ''[[Snipes (video game)|Snipes]]''.<ref name="white20180126">{{Cite web |last=White |first=Bradford Morgan |date=2018-01-26 |title=The History of Novell |url=https://www.abortretry.fail/p/the-history-of-novell |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=Abort Retry Fail |language=en}}</ref>
During the first calendar quarter of 1982, heavy costs continued to be incurred at Novell Data Systems, which resulted in management shuffles, organizational consolidations, and a significant [[layoff]].<ref name="DH_Canova_1982"/><ref name="DMR_Safeguard_1982"/> Canova was fired and Jack Messman, representing Safeguard Scientifics, was named president.<ref name="DH_Canova_1982"/> Seeing ''Snipes'' being played on three different types of personal computers persuaded Messman that SuperSet's networking technology was valuable.{{r|white20180126}} The poor performance of Novell Data Systems resulted in losses being announced in April 1982 for the publicly-held Safeguard Scientifics and put pressure on that company's stock price.<ref name="DMR_Safeguard_1982"/> However, by this point the computer-linking work that the SuperSet group had produced was drawing considerable interest and Novell Data Systems was describing themselves as a company that made not just stand-alone microcomputers but also products for [[local area network]]ing (LAN).<ref name="DH_Canova_1982"/><ref name="DH_products_1982"/> The dual emphasis on hardware and software products continued for several months but continued to have troubled results, and in July 1982 another round of layoffs took place which resulted in the employee count being reduced from 50 people to 30.<ref name="DH_layoffs_1982"/>
At that time Safeguard reported that it would be writing down $3.4 million in losses due to Novell Data Systems' switch from being a hardware company to a software company.<ref name="PHI_Safeguard_1982"/> Throughout 1982 there were further management shuffles with other people being named president of the company.<ref name="NYT_Noorda_1992"/> Major, Neibaur, and Powell continued to support Novell through their SuperSet Software group.<ref name="PCM_nominee_1987"/> As Major later said, "It was great that our hardware was so lousy because that gave us the idea that hardware wasn't really where the value was."<ref name="NYT_Noorda_1992"/>
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Partly in consequence of its design of running at kernel level [[ring 0 (computer security)|ring 0]] without regard for separate or protected address spaces, and thus not having the properties of a [[general-purpose operating system]], NetWare was known for being very fast in operation.<ref name="Byte_cover_1995"/> This trend continued into 1987 with the Advanced NetWare/286 release, which was well received within the industry.<ref name="PCM_nominee_1987"/> NetWare also excelled with respect to [[computer security]] considerations, supporting user- and group-based roles and volume- and file-level access restrictions, thus making it attractive to systems administrators.<ref name="Causey_chapter_1997"/>
Novell based its [[network protocol]] on [[Xerox Network Systems]] (XNS),<ref name="Cisco_protocols_1999"/> and created its own standards which it named [[Internetwork Packet Exchange]] (IPX) and [[IPX/SPX|Sequenced Packet Exchange]] (SPX).<ref name="Causey_chapter_1997"/> These protocols were based on a [[client–server model]].<ref name="Cisco_protocols_1999"/> File and print services ran on the [[NetWare Core Protocol]] (NCP) over IPX, as did [[Routing Information Protocol]] (RIP) and [[Service Advertising Protocol]] (SAP).<ref name="PCM_Arch_1992
Starting in 1987, Novell began selling its own [[Ethernet]]-based [[Network interface controller|network adapter cards]].<ref name="IW_cards_1987"/> These included the 8-bit [[NE1000]], and then in 1988, the 16-bit [[NE2000]].<ref name="NW_cards_1988"/> They priced them lower than cards from competitors such as [[3Com]], whose card Novell had previously been distributing.<ref name="IW_cards_1987"/> By 1989, Novell's cards were being sold at a rate of 20,000 per month, aggressively expanding Novell's market presence.<ref name="IW_cards_1989"/> At that point, Novell transferred the NE1000/NE2000 business to Anthem Electronics, the firm that had actually been making them, but the cards remained branded as Novell products.<ref name="IW_cards_1989"/>
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Novell had already abandoned Digital Research's [[Multiuser DOS]] in 1992<!-- exact date TBD -->. The three former Master [[Value Added Reseller]]s (VARs) [[DataPac Australasia]], [[Concurrent Controls]]<ref name="Barney_1994_CCI"/> and [[Intelligent Micro Software]]<ref name="Pontin_1995_IMS"/> could license the source code to take over and continue independent development of their derivations in 1994.<!-- Both sources state that they took over in 1992, mentioning some licensing in 1994. What about the time between? -->
By 1994, [[Novell Corsair|Corsair]] was a project run by Novell's advanced technology group that sought to put together a [[desktop metaphor]] with [[Internet connectivity]] and toward that end conducted research on how to better and more easily integrate and manage network access for users. At the time, the Internet was dominated by Unix-based operating systems, but the Novell group saw the Unixes of the day as being too hardware intensive, too large, and charging too much in license fees. They became convinced that [[Linux]] offered the best possible answer for the operating system component, and started building code towards that purpose, including contributing work on [[IPX]] networking for NetWare and [[Wine (software)|Wine]] compatibility layer for Windows.<ref name="LJ_1995"/>
Digital Research's [[FlexOS]] had been licensed to [[IBM]] for their [[4690 OS]] in 1993 and was also utilized for the in-house development of [[Novell Embedded Systems Technology|Novell's Embedded Systems Technology]] (NEST), but was sold off to [[Integrated Systems, Inc.]] (ISI) for {{US$|3 million}} in July 1994. The deal comprised a direct payment of half this sum as well as shares representing 2% of the company.
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NEST however held importance for Frankenberg's vision of "pervasive computing",<ref name="Byte_cover_1995"/> wherein Novell software would be connecting a billion nodes by 2000.<ref name="Age_SuperNOS_1994"/> Many of those nodes would be common, everyday devices running NEST,<ref name="Age_SuperNOS_1994"/> linked by [[SuperNOS]], Novell Directory Services, and other management services components.<ref name="Byte_cover_1995"/>
Novell also abandoned their [[Novell Corsair|Corsair]] desktop project and in late 1994
[[Novell DOS]] (and all former [[DR DOS]] versions including [[Star Trek (Novell)|StarTrek]], [[PalmDOS]] and [[DOS Plus]]) as well as other remaining Digital Research assets (like [[GEM (desktop environment)|GEM]] and the [[CP/M]]- and [[MP/M]]-based operating systems, programming languages, tools and technologies) were sold to [[Caldera, Inc.<!-- be specific, as there were multiple Caldera companies -->|Caldera]] on 23 July 1996. [[Personal NetWare]] had been abandoned at Novell in 1995<!-- Exact date TBD. There was another VLM update in 1996 but that was for the DOS client in general, not PNW specifically --> but was licensed to Caldera in binary form only. The deal consisted of a direct payment of US$400,000 as well as percentual royalties for any revenues derived from those assets to Novell.
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===={{anchor|USG|SuperNOS}}Server OS: UnixWare and SuperNOS====
[[Image:Novell building in Summit, New Jersey that housed Unix Systems Group, which had been Unix System Laboratories-March 1994.jpg|thumb|left|Novell's Summit, New Jersey, office, 1994 (formerly Unix System Laboratories)]]
On the server side, after their initial October 1991 [[Univel]] initiative,<ref name="CBR_1991_Unix"/> Novell announced in December 1992 that it was buying [[Unix System Laboratories]] (USL) from [[AT&T Corporation]].<ref name="LAT_USL_1992"/> The measure was intended to help Novell compete against Microsoft, which was on the verge of including networking as a built-in feature of [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]] in conjunction with
The deal closed in June 1993,<ref name="Novell_1993_USL"/><ref name="CBR_1993_USG"/> with Novell acquiring rights to the [[Unix SVR4]] source base and the [[UnixWare]] operating system product. Novell then turned the Unix brand name and specification over to the industry consortium [[X/Open]].<ref name="NYT_Noorda_1993"/>
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[[Image:Novell PerfectOffice Professional 3.0 for Windows.jpg|thumb|right|Novell's PerfectOffice suite, reflecting the purchases of WordPerfect and Quattro Pro]]
In March 1994, Novell announced that it was acquiring [[WordPerfect Corporation]], whose primary product was the [[WordPerfect]] word processor, as well as acquiring the [[Quattro Pro]] spreadsheet from [[Borland]].<ref name="NYT_WordPerfect_1994"/> The initial price for WordPerfect was $1.4 billion in a Novell stock swap while Quattro Pro would cost $145 million in cash.<ref name="NYT_Sale_2"/> Novell executives said
The market for standalone word processors and spreadsheets was expanding to that of [[office suites]], where [[Microsoft Office]] had an early lead in marketshare.<ref name="IW_PerfectOffice_1994_2"/> To compete, Novell PerfectOffice 3.0 was released in December 1994.<ref name="IW_PerfectOffice_1994_2"/> It was based upon an earlier effort, Borland Office 2.0 for Windows, but had superior look-and-feel and integration.<ref name="IW_PerfectOffice_1994_1"/> It contained not just WordPerfect and Quattro Pro but also other products, most of which had originated at WordPerfect Corporation, including [[Corel Presentations|Presentations]] for [[Presentation program|slides preparation]], a [[personal information manager]] called InfoCentral, and the [[GroupWise]] collaboration product.<ref name="IW_PerfectOffice_1994_1"/> There was also a professional edition that included AppWare as well as Borland's [[Paradox (database)|Paradox]] database.<ref name="IW_PerfectOffice_1994_1"/> PerfectOffice surpassed in sales one early player in the space, [[Lotus SmartSuite]], and GroupWise found three times the number of users as [[Lotus Notes]].<ref name="NYT_Readies_1995"/> The application products also had the advantage of what Novell's senior vice president for corporate marketing, Christine Hughes, called "[an] 'in your face' presence for the user. Otherwise no one is aware it's Novell providing that connection."<ref name="NYT_Readies_1995"/> But industry analyst reaction was that while PerfectOffice 3.0 was a good product, it was arriving too late to head off Microsoft Office's momentum.<ref name="IW_PerfectOffice_1994_2"/>
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Although this move bolstered Novell's revenue numbers for several quarters, Novell's channels subsequently collapsed with the majority of Novell's resellers dropping NetWare for fear of litigation.<ref name="Novell_1997_Resellers"/><ref name="Novell_1995_Aqua"/><ref name="Deseret_1998_Novell"/><ref name="CRN_Ingram"/>
[[Image:Private (?) F28 takes off into dusk (5046240881) (2).jpg|thumb|right|From 1998 to 2001, Novell owned this [[Fokker F28 Fellowship]] jet<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.airliners.net/photo/Fokker-F-28-1000-Fellowship/507908/L | title=Aviation Photo #0507908: Fokker F-28-1000 Fellowship - Untitled }}</ref> which it operated as a corporate shuttle aircraft, here seen taking off from San Jose bound for Provo]]
By 1999, Novell had lost its dominant market position, and was continually being out-marketed by Microsoft as resellers dropped NetWare, allowing Microsoft to gain access to corporate data centers by bypassing technical staff and selling directly to corporate executives. Most resellers then re-certified their Novell CNE employees— the field support technicians who were Novell's primary contact in the field with direct customers—as Microsoft [[MCSE]] technicians, and were encouraged{{by whom|date=January 2017}} to position NetWare as inferior to [[Windows 2000]] features such as Group Policy and Microsoft's [[GUI]], which was considered to be more modern than the character-based Novell interfaces. With falling revenue, the company focused on net services and platform interoperability. Products such as eDirectory and GroupWise were made multi-platform.
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===Acquisition by Micro Focus and OpenText===
In September 2014, mainframe software company [[Micro Focus]] announced it was buying The Attachmate Group, including Novell, for {{US$|1.2 billion}}.<ref name="Jackson_MicroFocus"/> The acquisition closed on November 20, 2014, and the SUSE organization was split out separately from the rest of the former Novell organization within Micro Focus.<ref name="PR_closed_2014"/> SUSE was sold to [[EQT
The Novell products themselves were relabeled and dispersed among the file and networking services, collaborations, and security product lines of Micro Focus, such that offerings like Open Enterprise Server, GroupWise, and ZENworks became billed as Micro Focus products with no mention of their Novell past.<ref name="MF_datasheets_2021"/> The one page at the Micro Focus website listing former Novell products
In January 2023, Micro Focus was in turn acquired by Canadian software company [[OpenText]].<ref name="CRN_2023"/> Again, the former Novell products are listed within OpenText product groups without being identified as to their Novell past.<ref name="OT_2024"/>
== Companies acquired ==
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* [[SUSE S.A.|SUSE]] (2003)
* Salmon (2004)
* Tally
* Immunix (2005)
* e-Security, Inc (2006)
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== See also ==
[[Image:Novell pen.jpg|thumb|right|A Novell-branded [[ballpoint pen]]]]
* [[Novell BrainShare]]
{{clear}}
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<ref name="Pontin_1995_IMS">{{cite news |title=IMS offers Real32 OS for application servers |author-first=Jason |author-last=Pontin |date=1995-11-27 |newspaper=[[InfoWorld]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VzgEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA28 |access-date=2017-01-17}}</ref>
<ref name="Novell_1995_SCO">{{cite web |title=Novell Completes Sale of UnixWare Business to The Santa Cruz Operation |publisher=Novell |date=December 1995 |url=http://www.novell.com/news/press/archive/1995/12/pr95274.html |access-date=2007-07-14}}</ref>
<ref name="Adams_1997_NEST">{{cite journal |title=Novell Integrating Parts of NEST With Company's Other Divisions |author-first=Brooke |author-last=Adams |date=1997-01-22 |journal=[[Deseret News]] |publisher=[[Deseret News Publishing Company]] |url=https://www.
<ref name="Magee_1997_NEST">{{cite web |title=Novell abandons Nest and prompts Sun to join embedded systems group (440) |author-first=Mike |author-last=Magee |date=1997 |publisher=Incisive Business Media Limited |url=https://www.v3.co.uk/v3-uk/news/1950764/novell-abandons-nest-prompts-sun-join-embedded-systems-440 |access-date=2018-08-19 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819222015/https://www.v3.co.uk/v3-uk/news/1950764/novell-abandons-nest-prompts-sun-join-embedded-systems-440 |archive-date=2018-08-19}}</ref>
<ref name="Woollacott_1997_NEST">{{cite news |title=Empty NEST: Novell dumps universal operating system plan |author-first=Matthew |author-last=Woollacott |date=1997-02-03 |newspaper=[[InfoWorld]] |issn=0199-6649 |volume=19 |issue=5 |publisher=[[InfoWorld Publishing Co.]] |page=6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aToEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA6 |access-date=2018-08-19 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200209202515/https://books.google.de/books?id=aToEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA6&lpg=PA6&redir_esc=y |archive-date=2020-02-09}}</ref>
<ref name="Shankland_Stock">{{cite web |title=Novell stock down after revenue decline |author-first=Stephen |author-last=Shankland |publisher=[[ZDNet]] |url=
<ref name="Prince_1999_Stock">{{cite news |title=Shares of Novell Decline As Analysts Cut Ratings |author-first=Marcelo |author-last=Prince |newspaper=Wall Street Journal |date=1999-11-26 |via=www.wsj.com |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB943454047812142120}}</ref>
<ref name="CNN_2000">{{cite web |title=Novell warns on earnings |date=2000-05-02 |website=money.cnn.com |url=https://money.cnn.com/2000/05/02/technology/novell/}}</ref>
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<ref name="Novell_2011_CPTN">{{cite web |title=Novell Completes Merger with Attachmate and Patent Sale to CPTN Holdings LLC |publisher=Novell |url=http://www.novell.com/news/press/2011/4/novell-completes-merger-with-attachmate-and-patent-sale-to-cptn-holdings-llc.html |access-date=2011-04-28}}</ref>
<ref name="Koep_2011_Employees">{{cite web |title=Employees say hundreds laid off at Novell's Provo office |author-last=Koep |author-first=Paul |publisher=[[KSL-TV]] |date=2011-05-02 |url=http://www.ksl.com/?nid=148&sid=15382738 |access-date=2011-05-07}}</ref>
<ref name="Vaughan-Nichols_2011_Mono">{{cite news |title=Is Mono dead? Is Novell dying? |author-last=Vaughan-Nichols |author-first=Steven J. |work=[[ZDNet]] |date=2011-05-04 |url=http://www.zdnet.com/blog/open-source/is-mono-dead-is-novell-dying/8821 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110508012204/http://www.zdnet.com/blog/open-source/is-mono-dead-is-novell-dying/8821 |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 8, 2011 |access-date=2011-05-07}}</ref>
<ref name="Clarke_2011_Android">{{cite web |title=.NET Android and iOS clones stripped by Attachmate |author-last=Clarke |author-first=Gavin |work=[[The Register]] |date=2011-05-03 |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/05/03/novell_mono_layoffs/ |access-date=2011-05-07}}</ref>
<ref name="Jackson_MicroFocus">{{cite news |author-first=Joab |author-last=Jackson |title=Micro Focus buying Novell, Suse Linux owner for $1.2 billion |url=http://www.networkworld.com/article/2684353/micro-focus-buying-novell-suse-linux-owner-for-12-billion.html |access-date=2017-01-10}}</ref>
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<ref name="Scott_1991_Desktop">{{cite news |title=Novell, DRI plan network-based DOS - Firm to enter desktop battle |series=News |author-first=Karyl |author-last=Scott |newspaper=[[InfoWorld]] |volume=13 |issue=29 |publisher=[[Popular Computing, Inc.]], [[IDG Communications, Inc.]] |issn=0199-6649 |date=1991-07-22 |pages=1, 91 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f1AEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA1 |access-date=2020-02-17 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217144147/https://books.google.de/books?id=f1AEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA1&lpg=PA1&dq=Digital+Research+Novell+aquisition+80+million&source=bl&ots=hmYLp3tOAO&sig=ACfU3U32Scl4Fmjs8Gn6nDaYn7SABgSMSA&hl=de&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjCpfqp4NjnAhVMNOwKHR3oCpoQ6AEwA3oECAsQAQ#v=onepage&q=Digital%20Research%20Novell%20aquisition%2080%20million&f=false |archive-date=2020-02-17}}</ref>
<ref name="NYT_Noorda_1992">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/03/29/business/preaching-love-thy-competitor.html |title=Preaching Love Thy Competitor |author-first=Lawrence M. |author-last=Fisher |newspaper=The New York Times |date=1992-03-29 |page=1 (Section 3)}}</ref>
<ref name="LAT_USL_1992">{{cite news |url=
<ref name="CW_Longshot_1993">{{cite news |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=heyWMcI8pQUC&pg=PA34 |author-first=Charles |author-last=Babcock |title=Novell's long shot |newspaper=Computerworld |date=1993-01-11 |page=34}}</ref>
<ref name="IW_Objects_1993">{{cite news |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QzsEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA8 |title=WordPerfect and Novell plan to adopt OpenDoc |author-first1=Jeanette |author-last1=Borzo |author-first2=Tom |author-last2=Quinlan |magazine=InfoWorld |date=1993-07-05 |page=8}}</ref>
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<ref name="RCJ_Win95_1995">{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/527489729/?terms=novell%20supernos&match=1 |title=Windows 95 a hit in the real world, too |author-first=George |author-last=Peabody |newspaper=Rapid City Journal |date=1995-10-22 |pages=D6, D7 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>
<ref name="Age_forsale_2000">{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/120900147/?terms=novell%20supernos&match=1 |title=Miss the bus and you're on the road to nowhere |author-first=Graeme |author-last=Philipson |newspaper=The Age |location=Melbourne, Australia |date=2000-08-29 |page=1 (I.T.2) |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>
<ref name="Fortune_battle_1993">{{cite news |url=https://
<ref name="Byte_cover_1995">{{cite news |url=https://archive.org/details/eu_BYTE-1995-02_OCR/page/n75/mode/2up |title=Novell's Campaign |author-first=Jon |author-last=Udell |magazine=Byte |date=February 1995 |pages=42–44, 46–47, 50, 52, 54, 58, 60, 62, 64}} "The New World of Novell", cover story of issue.</ref>
<ref name="LAT_Lotus_1990">{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-05-21-fi-134-story.html |title=Software Giants Lotus, Novell Call Off Merger |author-first=Nancy Rivera |author-last=Brooks |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=1990-05-12}}</ref>
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<ref name="SLT_buildings_2012">{{cite news |url=https://archive.sltrib.com/article.php?id=55365315&itype=CMSID |title=Six ex-Novell buildings sold to become tech park |newspaper=The Salt Lake Tribune |date=2012-11-29}}</ref>
<ref name="PHI_newcompany_1980">{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/171818166/?terms=%22novell%20data%20systems%22&match=1 |title=Business summary: Regional |newspaper=The Philadelphia Inquirer |date=1980-11-22 |page=3-B |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>
<ref name="Classifieds_1980">For instance, {{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/612912081/?terms=%22novell%20data%20systems%22&match=1 |title=Help Wanted: Grow with us in Utah Valley: Novell Data Systems |newspaper=The Salt Lake Tribune |date=1980-11-27 |page=C 7 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>
<ref name="DH_founders_1981">{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/469233221/?terms=%22novell%20data%20systems%22%20%22august%201980%22&match=1 |title=Orem Data Systems Company Now Shipping New Computer |newspaper=Daily Herald |location=Provo, Utah, USA |date=1981-06-18 |page=30 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>
<ref name="DH_Orem_1981">{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/469155329/?terms=%22novell%20data%20systems%22%20%22august%201980%22&match=1 |title=Orem-based Computer Company Promotes Three Top Executives to Higher Posts |newspaper=Daily Herald |location=Provo, Utah, USA |date=1981-07-23 |page=12 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>
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<ref name="PHI_shares_1985">{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/173880633/?terms=novell%20safeguard&match=1 |title=Business Summary |newspaper=The Philadelphia Inquirer |date=1985-01-16 |page=3-F |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>
<ref name="PHI_shares_1985_2">{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/173560401/?terms=novell%20safeguard&match=1 |title=Earnings |newspaper=The Philadelphia Inquirer |date=1985-05-01 |page=8-D |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>
<ref name="BG_shares_1985">For instance, {{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/437414779/?terms=novell%20safeguard&match=1 |title=Over-the-Counter Stocks |newspaper=The Boston Globe |date=1985-01-31 |page=39 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>
<ref name="PCM_NetWare386_1989">{{cite news |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5CmkZ3THZtwC&pg=PT207 |title=Novell's NetWare 386 |author-first=Frank J. Jr. |author-last=Derfler |author-first2=M. Keith |author-last2=Thompson |magazine=PC Magazine |date=1989-12-12 |pages=205–221}} Range includes advertisement pages.</ref>
<ref name="IW_craigjudith_1989">{{cite news |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uTAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT51 |title=Former Novell Execs Marry, Merge |author-first=Mark |author-last=Stephens |magazine=InfoWorld |date=1989-09-18 |page=52}}</ref>
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<ref name="Searls_2012">{{cite web |author-last=Searls |author-first=Doc |author-link=Doc Searls |title=Remembering Judith |url=https://doc.searls.com/2012/01/13/remembering-judith/ |date=2012-01-13}}</ref>
<ref name="Politis_1996">{{cite journal |author-last=Politis |author-first=David L. |date=1996-07-28 |url=https://www.deseret.com/1996/7/28/19256569/novell-departures-were-no-surprise |title=Novell Departures Were No Surprise |journal=Desert News |publisher=Deseret News Publishing Company |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928211031/https://www.deseret.com/1996/7/28/19256569/novell-departures-were-no-surprise |archive-date=2022-09-28}}</ref>
<ref name="NYT_Sale_2">{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/03/24/business/novell-acquisitions-hinge-on-stock-price-fluctuation.html | title=Novell Acquisitions Hinge On Stock Price Fluctuation | first=Lawrence M. | last=Fisher | newspaper=The New York Times | date=1994-03-24 | page=D1}}></ref>
<ref name="DN_Sale_1">{{cite news | url=https://www.deseret.com/1994/6/23/19116101/novell-and-wordperfect-to-tie-knot-a-month-early/ | title=Novell and WordPerfect To Tie Knot A Month Early | newspaper=Deseret News |date=1994-06-23}}</ref>
<ref name="DN_Sale_2">{{cite news | url=https://www.deseret.com/1996/2/4/19222840/the-selling-or-not-of-wordperfect/ | title=The Selling – Or Not – Of WordPerfect | first=Brooke | last=Adams | newspaper=Deseret News | date=1996-02-04}}</ref>
<ref name="LJ_1995">{{cite news |url=http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/1094 |title=Caldera and Corsair – Who is Caldera, and what is Corsair, really? |date=June 1995 |magazine=Linux Journal |access-date=2008-09-24}}</ref>
<ref name="CRN_2023">{{cite news | url=https://www.crn.com/news/security/layoffs-ahead-as-opentext-closes-5-8b-micro-focus-buy | title=Layoffs Ahead As OpenText Closes $5.8B Micro Focus Buy | first=Mark | last=Haranas | publisher=CRN | date=2023-01-31}}</ref>
<ref name="OT_2024">For instance, see the product description pages for [https://www.opentext.com/products/enterprise-server Open Enterprise Server], [https://www.opentext.com/products/groupwise GroupWise], and [https://www.opentext.com/products/zenworks-suite ZENworks Suite] as accessed on the OpenText website on 2024-08-25.</ref>
}}
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== External links ==
[[
* Novell: [http://www.novell.com/ International], [http://www.novell.com/ja-jp/home/ Japan]
* [http://forums.novell.com/ Novell Forums]
* [http://www.novell.com/coolblogs/ Novell Blogs]
* [http://wiki.novell.com/ Novell Wikis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150508222858/http://wiki.novell.com/ |date=2015-05-08 }}
* [http://www.open-horizons.net/ Open Horizons
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100302205823/http://www.open-horizons.co.uk/ Open Horizons UK
{{Novell}}
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{{Authority control}}
[[Category:OpenText]]▼
[[Category:Novell| ]]
[[Category:1980 establishments in Utah]]
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[[Category:Networking companies of the United States]]
[[Category:Networking hardware companies]]
▲[[Category:OpenText]]
[[Category:Software companies based in Utah]]
[[Category:Software companies disestablished in 2014]]
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