Rendang: Difference between revisions

| caption = Authentic Minangkabau (Padang), Indonesia, beef rendang has a dark colour, with very little liquid content.

| place_of_origin = [[Indonesia]]<ref name="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352618117301270">{{cite web|last=Keating|first=Sarah|title=How an outrage over crispy chicken united South-East Asia|url=https://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20180610-how-an-outrage-over-crispy-chicken-united-south-east-asia|date=11 June 2018|access-date=2020-10-11|website=www.bbc.com|language=en}}</ref><ref name="TAYLOR_46">{{cite book |last=Taylor|first=Jean Gelman|title=Indonesia: Peoples and Histories|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2003 |location= New Haven and London|url=https://archive.org/details/indonesia00jean|url-access=registration|pages=[https://archive.org/details/indonesia00jean/page/46 46]|isbn= 0-300-10518-5}}</ref>

| associated_cuisine = [[Indonesian cuisine|Indonesia]],<ref name="Republika Rendang Identitas Budaya">{{cite web|last=Gita Amanda|title= Antropolog: Rendang Bukan Cuma Makanan Tapi Identitas Budaya|url= https://m.republika.co.id/berita/qcyg4k423/antropolog-rendang-bukan-cuma-makanan-tapi-identitas-budaya|date=5 July 2020|access-date=2020-10-18|website=www.republika.com|language=id}}</ref> [[Malaysian cuisine|Malaysia]], [[Singapore]], [[Brunei]]

It'''Rendang''' originatedis an [[Indonesian cuisine#Meat|Indonesian spicy meat dish]] originating from the [[Minangkabau Highlands|Minangkabau region]] region in [[West Sumatra]], [[Indonesia]].<ref name="Rice93">{{cite book |last =Owen

The origin of rendang could be traced back to the Indian merchants links to West Sumatra before the 15th century. ThereDue are Dutch archives about Minangkabau that stateto regular contacts between India and West Sumatra insince the early second millennium, thusthere suggestsare possibilities that north Indian curry was possibly the precursor of rendang. Indian curry was adopted by the Minangkabau people as [[gulai]], a local version of curry. Minangkabau people then cooked this [[gulai]] further in order to prepare [[kalio]] also known as wet rendang. This cooking process was then continued until it thickened and became rendang or also known as dry rendang.<ref name="Rendang Minangkabau">{{Cite journal|date=2017-12-01|title=Rendang: The treasure of Minangkabau |journal=Journal of Ethnic Foods|language=en|volume=4|issue=4|pages=232–235|doi=10.1016/j.jef.2017.10.005|issn=2352-6181|last1=Nurmufida |first1=Muthia |last2=Wangrimen |first2=Gervasius H. |last3=Reinalta |first3=Risty |last4=Leonardi |first4=Kevin |doi-access=free}}</ref>

Originating in the Sumatran Minangkabau region, the making of rendang spreads from Minangkabau highlands to [[Mandailing]], [[Riau]], [[Jambi]], across the strait to [[Malacca]] and [[Negeri Sembilan]], resulting in a variety of rendang traditions.<ref>{{cite book |last=Brissenden |first=Rosemary |author-link= |title=Southeast Asian Food: Classic and Modern Dishes from Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AzIfdz0M0JEC&q=this+dish+was+brought+into+malaysia |access-date=1 July 2013 |year=2007 |publisher=Tuttle Publishing |location= |isbn=9780794604882 |page=189}}</ref> [[Andalas University]] historian, Prof. Gusti Asnan suggests that rendang began to spread across the region when Minangkabau merchants began to trade and migrate to [[Malacca Sultanate|Malacca]] in the 16th century, "Because the journey through the river waterways in Sumatra took much time, a durable preserved dry rendang is suitable for a long journey."<ref name="urangminang.com"/> The dried Padang rendang is a durable food, good to consume for weeks, even when left at room temperature.<ref name="William Wongso"/> One of the earliest written records of rendang is from the Malaccan Malay manuscript of [[Hikayat Amir Hamzah]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=johkAAAAMAAJ&q=Sahut+perendang+daging+itu,+%22Hei+orang+muda,+apa+engkau+hendak|title=Hikayat Amir Hamzah|first=A. Samad|last=Ahmad|date=3 April 1987|publisher=Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Kementerian Pelajaran, Malaysia|via=Google Books}}</ref> which date back to the 1550s.

In 2018, rendang was officially recognised by the Indonesian government as one of the country's [[Indonesian cuisine#National dishes|five national dishes]]: the others are [[Soto (food)|soto]], [[Satay|sate]], [[nasi goreng]], and [[gado-gado]].<ref name="Kompas.com-Makanan-Nasional">{{Cite news |last=Senja |first=Anggita Muslimah Maulidya Prahara |date=10 April 2018 |title=Kemenpar Tetapkan 5 Makanan Nasional Indonesia, Ini Daftarnya |language=id |work=KOMPAS.com |editor-last=Nursastri |editor-first=Sri Anindiati |url=https://travel.kompas.com/read/2018/04/10/171000627/kemenpar-tetapkan-5-makanan-nasional-indonesia-ini-daftarnya |access-date=18 April 2018}}</ref>

Rendang is most often described as meat [[slow-cooked]] in coconut milk and spices until it becomes tender.<ref name="Roast">{{Cite news|date=2018-04-03|title=Malaysians roast MasterChef over chicken rendang elimination|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-43624632|access-date=2020-10-11}}</ref><ref name="JP-Rendang1"/> If cooked properly, dry rendang can last for as long as four weeks.<ref name="William Wongso" /> Prior to [[refrigeration]] technology, this style of cooking enabled preservation of the large amount of meat.<ref name="Southeast">{{Cite book |last=Brissenden |first=Rosemary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AzIfdz0M0JEC |title=Southeast Asian Food, Classic and modern dishes from Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam |date=2007 |publisher=Periplus |isbn=978-0794604882 |page=102 |access-date=31 October 2014}}</ref> The cooking technique flourished because of its role in preserving meat in a tropical climate.<ref name="urangminang.com">{{cite web |date=12 September 2011 |title=Inilah Rendang Minang Juara dunia itu |url=http://www.urangminang.com/berita/berita-dari-rantau/347-inilah-rendang-minang-juara-dunia-itu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140422152011/http://www.urangminang.com/berita/berita-dari-rantau/347-inilah-rendang-minang-juara-dunia-itu |archive-date=22 April 2014 |publisher=Urang Minang.com}}</ref> Its durability is one of the reasons that today, prepackaged rendang is sent as food aid relief for natural disaster survivors in Indonesia.<ref name="JP-Rendang1"/> The [[cut of beef]] suitable for rendang is lean meat of the rear leg of the cattle; i.e. topside or [[Round steak|round]] beef, which is considered perfect for slow cooking.<ref>{{cite web |last=Cornish |first=Richard |date=2019-07-22 |title=The best cuts of beef for slow-cooked dishes |url=https://www.goodfood.com.au/recipes/news/the-best-cuts-of-beef-for-slowcooked-dishes-20190716-h1g9lk |access-date=2019-12-11 |website=Good Food |language=en-au}}</ref>

[[File:Nasi ramas rendang.JPG|thumb|right|''Nasi ramas padang'', rendang served with [[steamed rice]], [[cassava]] leaf, [[Eggs as food|egg]] and ''[[gulai]]'' sauce, served in a Padang restaurant in Indonesia.]]

# ''Rendang baluik (rendang belut)'': [[Eel as food|eel]] rendang, speciality of [[Solok]]. In the Solok dialect, it is also called ‘''randang baluk''’.

# ''Rendang bilih (bilis)'': [[Mystacoleucus padangensis|bilis fish]] rendang, specialty of [[Padang Panjang]]. In [[Sumatra]], ''ikan bilis'' refers distinctly to ''Mystacoleucus padangensis'', a small freshwater fish endemic to [[Sumatra]]. In other places, ''bilis'' might refer to sea [[Anchovies as food|anchovy]] instead.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cara Untuk Memasak Rendang Ikan Bili Khas Padang Panjang. yang Lezat|url=https://resep-rendang-bunda.web.app/6503-cara-untuk-memasak-rendang-ikan-bili-khas-padang-panjang-yang-lezat.html|access-date=2020-10-06|website=resep-rendang-bunda.web.app}}</ref>

# ''Rendang cumi'': [[Squid as food|squid]] rendang, a seafood variant of rendang usually consumed in coastal area.<ref>{{cite web|last=Rahman|first=Naufal Al|title=Cara Membuat Cumi Bumbu Rendang, Bumbunya Meresap Sempurna |url=https://bali.idntimes.com/food/recipe/naufal-al-rahman-1/resep-masak-cumi-bumbu-rendang-regional-bali|access-date=2020-10-06|website=IDN Times|language=id}}</ref>

# ''Rendang kelinci'': [[rabbit]] meat]] rendang, popular in [[Aceh]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Lezat, Ini Dia Olahan Daging Kelinci yang Kaya Protein dan Rendah Kolesterol |url=https://portalsatu.com/lezat-ini-dia-olahan-daging-kelinci-yang-kaya-protein-dan-rendah-kolesterol/ |access-date=2020-10-06 |website=portalsatu.com |date=5 June 2017 |language=id}}</ref>

# ''Rendang kepiting (rendang ketam)'': [[Crab meat|crab]] rendang, which is crab cooked in rendang spices with sweet soy sauce.<ref>{{cite web|date=25 November 2010|title=Kepiting Bumbu Rendang Kecap|url=https://sajiansedap.grid.id/read/10713654/kepiting-bumbu-rendang-kecap|website=Sajian Sedap}}</ref>

# ''Rendang puyuh'': rendang made of ''burung puyuh'' or [[Quail as food|quail]] bird.<ref>{{cite web |last=Lim |first=Marco |date=23 June 2010 |title=Rendang Puyuh |url=https://lifestyle.kompas.com/read/2010/06/23/11291268/rendang.puyuh |access-date=2020-10-06 |website=KOMPAS.com |language=id}}</ref>

# ''Rendang teri'': [[Anchovies as food|anchovy]] rendang.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fandizal |first=Muhammad |date=7 August 2018 |title=Rendang Ikan Kriwil (Ikan Teri dengan Daun Singkong) |url=https://www.primarasa.co.id/resep-anda/280/rendang-ikan-kriwil-ikan-teri-dengan-daun-singkong- |access-date=2023-03-16 |website=Primarasa |language=ID}}</ref>

# ''Rendang tuna'': [[Tuna as food|tuna]] rendang.<ref>{{cite web|title=Resep Masak Tuna Masak Rendang, Kenikmatannya Pasti Jadi Boros Nasi |url=https://sajiansedap.grid.id/read/101261685/resep-masak-tuna-masak-rendang-kenikmatannya-pasti-jadi-boros-nasi|access-date=2020-10-06|website=Sajian Sedap|language=id}}</ref>

# ''Rendang udang'': [[Shrimp and prawn as food|shrimp]] rendang.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bramasti |first=Ika Putri |date=16 January 2018 |editor-last=Hutomo |editor-first=Dimas Setiawan |title=Resep Rendang Udang - Hidangan Istimewa Untuk Makan Bersama Keluarga Tercinta |url=https://style.tribunnews.com/2018/01/16/resep-rendang-udang-hidangan-istimewa-untuk-makan-bersama-keluarga-tercinta |access-date=2020-10-06 |website=TribunStyle.com |language=id}}</ref>

# ''Rendang ayam goreng'': fried chicken rendang.<ref name="icookasia.com">{{cite web|url=https://icookasia.com/8-jenis-rendang-yang-anda-wajib-cuba/|title=8 Jenis Rendang Yang Anda Wajib Cuba|date=9 July 2019|website=iCookAsia &#124; Asian Recipe & Food Channel}}</ref> The popularity of this rendang skyrocketed mainly due to the "rendangate" controversy in 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://myresipi.com/recipes/ayam-rendang-goreng/|title=Ayam Rendang Goreng|date=8 July 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Bedi |first=Rashvinjeet |date=3 April 2018 |title=Four nations unite against MasterChef UK judge over Rendangate &#124; The Star |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2018/04/03/four-nations-unite-against-masterchef-uk-judge-over-rendang-gate/ |website=www.thestar.com.my}}</ref>

# ''Rendang daging hitam'': [[Sweet soy sauce|Kicap Manismanis]] -based black -coloured beef rendang, a specialty of [[Sarawak]].

# ''Rendang itik'': [[Duck as food|duck]] rendang, a specialty of [[Negeri Sembilan]] and [[Sarawak]]. In Sarawak, the duck will beis roasted first so that the meat is soft and not sticky.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://saji.my/makanan-tradisi-sarawak/|title=18 Makanan Tradisional Sarawak Kena TRY (UNIK Tapi Sedap)|date=30 April 2019}}</ref> In Negeri Sembilan, the duck is preferred to be smoked first.

# ''Rendang kupang'': [[Mussel#As food|mussels]] rendang.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rasa.my/recipe/rendang-kupang-ringkas-tapi-bercitarasa-mewah/|title=Rendang Kupang. Ringkas Tapi Bercitarasa Mewah.|date=19 October 2017 }}</ref>

# ''Rendang kerang'': [[Cockle (bivalve)|cocklescockle]] rendang. Commonly served as a side dish for ''[[nasi lemak]]''.

# ''Rendang kijing'': [[Pilsbryoconcha|kijing]], a type of shellfish, cooked with rendang spices.<ref name="rasa.my"/>

# ''Rendang kunyit'' or ''Rendangrendang [[Kuala Pilah]]'' or ''Rendangrendang kuning'': yellow-hued rendang, uses fresh [[turmeric]], [[lemongrass]], and coconut milk but with no onion added at all.<ref>{{cite web |last=Durai |first=Abirami |date=19 September 2016 |title=Great Malaysian dishes: Negri Sembilan – Rendang &#124; The Star |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/lifestyle/food/2016/09/19/great-malaysian-dishes-negri-sembilan-rendang |website=www.thestar.com.my}}</ref>

# ''Rendang lengkuas'' or ''Nasunasu Likkulikku'': [[galangal]] -based rendang, a specialty of [[bugisBugis]] people in [[Sabah]]. Two versions exist in Sabah, wet and dry,; both are considered as rendang in Malaysia.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://murai.my/2020/81125/senarai-5-jenis-rendang-mengikut-negeri-yang-mana-paling-sedap/|title=Senarai 5 Jenis Rendang Mengikut Negeri. Yang Mana Paling Sedap?|date=27 June 2020|website=Murai MY}}</ref>

# ''Rendang berempah'': spice rendang. Emphasizes on the abundance of spices in the rendang.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aziekitchen.com/2018/06/rendang-daging-berempah-sedap.html|title=Rendang Daging Berempah Sedap - Azie Kitchen|website=www.aziekitchen.com|date=16 June 2018 }}</ref>

# ''Rendang Kedah'': reddish-hued rendang, incorporates the use of red sugar, turmeric leaves, kaffir lime leaves due to the Thai influence on the state cuisine, a specialty of [[Kedah]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://myresipi.com/recipes/rendang-ayam-kedah/|title=Rendang Ayam Kedah|date=7 April 2023 }}</ref>

In the Philippines, rendang is most commonly associated with the cuisine of the Muslim [[Maranao people]] of [[Mindanao]]. It differs from the Indonesian versions in the use of the native spice mix ''[[Palapa (condiment)|palapa]]'' as well as the addition of ''[[muscovado]]'' sugar.<ref name="Fenix">{{cite news |last1=Fenix |first1=Micky |title=Kitchens of Mindanao: Durian custard, 'piyaparan a manok,' Tausug 'tiyula' |url=https://lifestyle.inquirer.net/303843/kitchens-mindanao-durian-custard-piyaparan-manok-tausug-tiyula/ |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |date=22 August 2018 |access-date=20 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Popular Muslim Cuisine and Delicacies in CdeO |url=http://aboutcagayandeoro.com/popular-muslim-cuisine-delicacies-cdeo/ |website=About Cagayan de Oro |date=28 June 2017 |access-date=20 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=How to Cook Beef Rendang of The Maranao People |url=https://lynsojor.wordpress.com/2019/02/17/how-to-cook-beef-rendang-of-the-maranao-people/ |website=Lyn Sojor |date=17 February 2019 |access-date=20 April 2019}}</ref>

Rendang ''[[bumbu (seasoning)|bumbu]]'' is sometimes used as the base of other [[Fusion cuisine|fusion dishes]]. Some chefs in Indonesian [[sushi]] establishments for example, have developed a Japanese-Indonesian fusion cuisine with recipes for krakatau roll, [[gado-gado]] roll, rendang roll<ref>{{cite web|title=Suntiang: Saat Rendang Daging Berkolaborasi Dalam Gulungan Sushi|url=https://food.detik.com/resto-dan-kafe/d-2499808/suntiang-saat-rendang-daging-berkolaborasi-dalam-gulungan-sushi|access-date=2020-10-06|website=detikfood|language=id}}</ref> and [[gulai]] ramen.<ref name="Suntiang">{{cite web | title=New: Suntiang, When Padang Marries Japanese Food | url=http://www.culinarybonanza.com/2014/02/suntiang-the-first-padang-japanese-fusion-restaurant.html | date=6 February 2014 | publisher=Culinary Bonanza | access-date=8 November 2015 | archive-date=5 May 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505062029/http://www.culinarybonanza.com/2014/02/suntiang-the-first-padang-japanese-fusion-restaurant.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> Several chefs and food industries have experimented with fusing rendang with [[sandwich]]es, [[Hamburger|burger]]s and [[spaghetti]]. [[Burger King]] at one time served their take on a rendang-flavoured burger in their Singapore and Indonesia chains for a limited promotion period.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rendang Beef |work=Burger King |url=https://www.burgerking.com.sg/Menu/Item/%2076}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= Flavor Updates: Rendang Burger (Burger King Indonesia)|date=17 September 2013|author= Rian Farisa|work=The Gastronomy Aficionado|url=http://gastronomy-aficionado.com/2013/09/17/rendang-burger-from-bk-indonesia/}}</ref> Spaghetti with rendang could also be found in [[7-Eleven]] convenience stores across Indonesia.