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{{Short description|Spicy Minangkabau meat dish}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Other uses|Karangasem Regency|Kecak}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
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| image = Rendang daging sapi asli Padang.JPG
| image_size = 250px
| caption = Authentic Minangkabau (Padang), Indonesia, beef rendang has a dark colour, with very little liquid content.
| alternate_name = '''''Randang''''' (in [[Minangkabau language|Minangkabau]])
| course = [[Main course]]
| place_of_origin
| region = [[West Sumatra]]<ref name="rendang origin and popularity">{{cite news|url=http://canoe.com/life/food/should-chicken-in-rendang-curry-be-crispy-masterchef-u-k-sparks-debate|title=Should chicken in rendang curry be crispy? Masterchef U.K. sparks debate|agency=Associated Press|publisher=Canoe|date=3 April 2018|access-date=5 April 2018|quote=The curry (''rendang''), which originates from West Sumatra in Indonesia, is popular in Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore, Brunei and southern Thailand.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405091720/https://canoe.com/life/food/should-chicken-in-rendang-curry-be-crispy-masterchef-u-k-sparks-debate|archive-date=5 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
| associated_cuisine = [[Indonesian cuisine|Indonesia]],<ref
| creator =
| served = Hot or room temperature
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}}
{{Cuisine of Indonesia}}
'''Rendang''' ({{IPAc-en|r|ɛ|n|ˈ|d|æ|ŋ}}; {{IPA-id|ˈrəndaŋ}}) is a [[Padang cuisine|Minangkabau dish]].<ref name="JEF"/> It is a rich meat dish that has been [[Slow-cooked|slow cooked]] and [[Braising|braised]] in a [[coconut milk]] and seasoned with a [[Bumbu (seasoning)|herb and spice mixture]] over a period of several hours until the liquids evaporate, and the meat turns dark brown and tender, becoming caramelized and infused with rich flavours.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pRuiBQAAQBAJ&q=rendang|title=A New Approach to Indonesian Cooking|last=Holzen|first=Heinz Von|date=2014-09-15|publisher=Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd|isbn=978-981-4634-95-3|language=en}}</ref><ref name="JP-Rendang1">{{cite web|url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/life/2018/09/01/why-beef-rendang-is-the-right-food-to-send-to-natural-disaster-victims.html|title=Why beef rendang is the right food to send to natural disaster victims|last=Kautsar|first=Muthi Achadiat |website=The Jakarta Post|language=en|date = 2 September 2018|access-date=2019-12-10}}</ref>▼
| first =Sri
| title =The Rice Book
| publisher =[[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]]
| year =1993
▲
As the signature dish of [[Minangkabau culture]], rendang is traditionally served at ceremonial occasions to honour guests during festive events; such as wedding feasts and ''[[Lebaran]]'' (Indonesian popular words for both [[Eid al-Fitr]] and [[Eid al-Adha]]).<ref name="Lipoeto2001">{{cite journal | last =Lipoeto| first =Nur I|author2=Agus, Zulkarnain |author3=Oenzil, Fadil |author4=Masrul, Mukhtar |author5=Wattanapenpaiboon, Naiyana |author6= Wahlqvist, Mark L | title =Contemporary Minangkabau food culture in West Sumatra, Indonesia▼
▲As the signature dish of [[Minangkabau
| journal =Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition| volume =10| issue =1| publisher =Blackwell Synergy| date =February 2001| pages =10–16| doi =10.1046/j.1440-6047.2001.00201.x| pmid=11708602}}</ref> Rendang is also traditionally served among the [[Ethnic Malay|Malay]] community in [[Indonesia]], [[Malaysian cuisine|Malaysia]], [[Singapore]] and [[Brunei]], as well as the [[Maguindanao people|Maguindanaon]] and [[Maranao people|Maranao]] in the Philippines.<ref name="thomas" /> Although [[Culinary arts|culinary]] experts often describe rendang as a [[curry]],<ref name="Rice93" /> the dish is usually not considered as such in Indonesia or Malaysia since it is richer and contains less liquid than is normal for [[Curry#Indonesia|curries]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Arti Dibalik Masakan Rendang|date=30 April 2014|url=http://www.rendangnaniko.com/blog/arti-diabalik-masakan-rendang/|publisher=Rendang Naniko|language=id|access-date=13 September 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913110011/http://www.rendangnaniko.com/blog/arti-diabalik-masakan-rendang/|archive-date=13 September 2014}}</ref>
In Indonesia, 6 traditions of rendang has been recognised as [[National Intangible Cultural Heritage of Indonesia|intangible cultural heritage]] by the [[Ministry of Education and Culture (Indonesia)|Indonesian Ministry of Education and Culture]], all are registered under West Sumatra province. They are ''randang'' (Minang spelling),<ref>{{Cite web|title=Randang |url=https://warisanbudaya.kemdikbud.go.id/?newdetail&detailCatat=682#|access-date=2020-12-16|work=Cultural Heritage, Ministry of Education and Culture of Indonesia}}</ref> and ''gulai rendang'',<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gulai Rendang |url=https://warisanbudaya.kemdikbud.go.id/?newdetail&detailCatat=776|access-date=2020-12-16|work=Cultural Heritage, Ministry of Education and Culture of Indonesia}}</ref> both appointed in 2010. ''Randang daging'' (meat rendang),<ref>{{Cite web|title=Randang Daging|url=https://warisanbudaya.kemdikbud.go.id/?newdetail&detailCatat=6998|access-date=2020-12-16|work=Cultural Heritage, Ministry of Education and Culture of Indonesia}}</ref> ''randang kantang'' (potato rendang),<ref>{{Cite web|title=Randang Kantang|url=https://warisanbudaya.kemdikbud.go.id/?newdetail&detailCatat=7007|access-date=2020-12-16|work=Cultural Heritage, Ministry of Education and Culture of Indonesia}}</ref> and ''randang incek kacang'',<ref>{{Cite web|title=Randang Incek Kacang |url=https://warisanbudaya.kemdikbud.go.id/?newdetail&detailCatat=7008|access-date=2020-12-16|work=Cultural Heritage, Ministry of Education and Culture of Indonesia}}</ref> those three appointed in 2016. While ''rendang paku'' (fern rendang) of Dharmasraya, appointed in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Randang Paku Dharmasraya|url=https://warisanbudaya.kemdikbud.go.id/?newdetail&detailCatat=8845|access-date=2020-12-16|work=Cultural Heritage, Ministry of Education and Culture of Indonesia}}</ref>
In 2011, an online poll of 35,000 people by [[CNN International]] nominated beef rendang as the No. 1 World's most delicious dish in their ''World's 50 most delicious foods: Readers' picks'' list (even though it was #11 on the original list produced by the staff).<ref name="CNNGo">{{cite news | title = Your pick: World's 50 best foods | author = Tim Cheung | date = 7 September 2011 | publisher = CNNGo | url = http://www.cnngo.com/explorations/eat/readers-choice-worlds-50-most-delicious-foods-012321 | access-date = 19 May 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121111184944/http://www.cnngo.com/explorations/eat/readers-choice-worlds-50-most-delicious-foods-012321 | archive-date = 11 November 2012 | url-status = dead | df = dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnngo.com/explorations/eat/worlds-50-most-delicious-foods-067535?page=0,0|title=World's 50 most delicious foods|date=21 July 2011|work=CNNGo|publisher=Cable News Network|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009033820/http://www.cnngo.com/explorations/eat/worlds-50-most-delicious-foods-067535?page=0%2C0|archive-date=9 October 2011|url-status=dead|access-date=20 September 2011}}</ref> In 2018, ''rendang'' was officially recognised as being one of the 5 [[Indonesian cuisine#National dishes|national dishes]] of Indonesia; the others are [[Soto (food)|soto]], [[Satay|sate]], [[nasi goreng]], and [[gado-gado]].<ref name="Kompas.com-Makanan-Nasional">{{Cite news|url=https://travel.kompas.com/read/2018/04/10/171000627/kemenpar-tetapkan-5-makanan-nasional-indonesia-ini-daftarnya|title=Kemenpar Tetapkan 5 Makanan Nasional Indonesia, Ini Daftarnya |last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|work=KOMPAS.com|access-date=18 April 2018|language=id}}</ref>
==History==
[[File:Sari Bundo Surakarta.JPG|thumb|left|[[Padang cuisine|Padang]] restaurants found across the region have increased the popularity of rendang]]
The origin of rendang could be traced back to the Indian merchants links to West Sumatra before the 15th century.
Originating in the Sumatran Minangkabau region, the making of rendang spreads from Minangkabau highlands to [[Mandailing]], [[Riau]], [[Jambi]], across the strait to [[Malacca]] and [[Negeri Sembilan]], resulting in a variety of rendang traditions.<ref>{{cite book |last=Brissenden |first=Rosemary |author-link= |title=Southeast Asian Food: Classic and Modern Dishes from Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AzIfdz0M0JEC&q=this+dish+was+brought+into+malaysia |access-date=1 July 2013 |year=2007 |publisher=Tuttle Publishing |location= |isbn=9780794604882 |page=189}}</ref> [[Andalas University]] historian, Prof. Gusti Asnan suggests that rendang began to spread across the region when Minangkabau merchants began to trade and migrate to [[Malacca Sultanate|Malacca]] in the 16th century, "Because the journey through the river waterways in Sumatra took much time, a durable preserved dry rendang is suitable for a long journey."<ref name="urangminang.com"/> The dried Padang rendang is a durable food, good to consume for weeks, even when left at room temperature.<ref name="William Wongso"/> One of the earliest written records of rendang is from the Malaccan Malay manuscript of [[Hikayat Amir Hamzah]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=johkAAAAMAAJ&q=Sahut+perendang+daging+itu,+%22Hei+orang+muda,+apa+engkau+hendak|title=Hikayat Amir Hamzah|first=A. Samad|last=Ahmad|date=3 April 1987|publisher=Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Kementerian Pelajaran, Malaysia|via=Google Books}}</ref> which date back to the 1550s.
During the [[Indonesian National Revolution]] in 1946, the Indonesian
The popularity of rendang has spread widely from its original domain because of the ''marantau'' (migrating) culture of Minangkabau people. In the modern era, [[Overseas Minangkabau]] leave their hometown to start a career in other Indonesian cities as well as neighboring countries, and [[Padang food|Padang restaurants]], Minangkabau eating establishments that are ubiquitous in Indonesian cities, spring up. These Padang restaurants have introduced and popularized Minangkabau style rendang and other [[Padang food]] dishes across Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and the wider world.
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The [[Ministry of Education and Culture (Indonesia)|Indonesian Ministry of Education and Culture]] have included six rendang preparations under its [[National Intangible Cultural Heritage of Indonesia]] list, all of which are registered under West Sumatra: ''Randang'' (Minang spelling),<ref>{{cite web|title=Randang |url=https://warisanbudaya.kemdikbud.go.id/?newdetail&detailCatat=682#|access-date=2020-12-16|work=Cultural Heritage, Ministry of Education and Culture of Indonesia}}</ref> and ''gulai rendang'',<ref>{{cite web|title=Gulai Rendang |url=https://warisanbudaya.kemdikbud.go.id/?newdetail&detailCatat=776|access-date=2020-12-16|work=Cultural Heritage, Ministry of Education and Culture of Indonesia}}</ref> were part of the inaugural list in 2010. They were joined by ''randang daging'' (meat rendang),<ref>{{cite web|title=Randang Daging|url=https://warisanbudaya.kemdikbud.go.id/?newdetail&detailCatat=6998|access-date=2020-12-16|work=Cultural Heritage, Ministry of Education and Culture of Indonesia}}</ref> ''randang kantang'' (potato rendang),<ref>{{cite web|title=Randang Kantang|url=https://warisanbudaya.kemdikbud.go.id/?newdetail&detailCatat=7007|access-date=2020-12-16|work=Cultural Heritage, Ministry of Education and Culture of Indonesia}}</ref> and ''randang incek kacang'',<ref>{{cite web|title=Randang Incek Kacang |url=https://warisanbudaya.kemdikbud.go.id/?newdetail&detailCatat=7008|access-date=2020-12-16|work=Cultural Heritage, Ministry of Education and Culture of Indonesia}}</ref> in 2016. ''Rendang paku'' (fern rendang) of Dharmasraya, is the most recent addition as of 2018.<ref>{{cite web|title=Randang Paku Dharmasraya|url=https://warisanbudaya.kemdikbud.go.id/?newdetail&detailCatat=8845|access-date=2020-12-16|work=Cultural Heritage, Ministry of Education and Culture of Indonesia}}</ref>
In 2018, rendang was officially recognised by the Indonesian government as one of the country's [[Indonesian cuisine#National dishes|five national dishes]]: the others are [[Soto (food)|soto]], [[Satay|sate]], [[nasi goreng]], and [[gado-gado]].<ref
==Composition and cooking method==
[[File:D2D 9828 wikimedia2020 deni dahniel marandang dagiang.jpg|thumb|left|A rendang cooking festival in [[West Sumatra]]]]
Rendang is most often described as meat [[slow-cooked]] in coconut milk and spices until it becomes tender.<ref name="Roast">{{Cite news|date=2018-04-03|title=Malaysians roast MasterChef over chicken rendang elimination|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-43624632|access-date=2020-10-11}}</ref><ref name="JP-Rendang1"/> If cooked properly, dry rendang can last for as long as four weeks.<ref name="William Wongso" /> Prior to [[refrigeration]] technology, this style of cooking enabled preservation of the large amount of meat.<ref
Rendang is rich in spices. Along with the main [[beef|meat]] ingredient, rendang uses [[coconut milk]] and a paste of mixed ground spices, including [[ginger]], [[galangal]], [[turmeric]] leaves, [[lemongrass]], garlic, [[shallot]]s, [[Chili pepper|chilli]]s and other spices. This spice mixture is called ''pemasak'' in Minangkabau. The spices, garlic, shallot, ginger and galangal used in rendang have [[antimicrobial]] properties and serve as natural organic preservatives.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Winiati Pudji Rahayu |year=2000 |title=Aktivitas Antimikroba Bumbu Masakan Tradisional Hasil Olahan Industri Terhadap Bakteri Patogen Perusak |url=http://repository.ipb.ac.id/bitstream/handle/123456789/41871/BULETIN%20TEKNOLOGI%20&%20INDUSTRI%20PANGAN%20XI(f).pdf;jsessionid=1E28C1190C9C6D6416C3F8B0DE7F5726?sequence=1 |journal=Bul. Teknol. Dun Zndustri Pangan |language=id |access-date=20 September 2015}}</ref> Although some [[Culinary arts|culinary]] experts describe rendang as a [[curry]],<ref name="Roast"/><ref name="Rice93" /><ref name="William Wongso">{{cite web|url=http://indonesiaproud.wordpress.com/2010/11/23/william-wongso-duta-rendang-di-dunia-kuliner-internasional/|title=William Wongso: Duta Rendang di Dunia Kuliner Internasional|date=23 November 2010|publisher=Indonesia Proud}}</ref> the dish is usually not considered as such in Indonesia or Malaysia since it is richer and contains less liquid than is normal for [[Indonesian curry|curries]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Arti Dibalik Masakan Rendang|date=30 April 2014|url=http://www.rendangnaniko.com/blog/arti-diabalik-masakan-rendang/|publisher=Rendang Naniko|language=id|access-date=13 September 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913110011/http://www.rendangnaniko.com/blog/arti-diabalik-masakan-rendang/|archive-date=13 September 2014}}</ref>
Traditionally the term ''rendang'' does not refer to a certain type of dish. The verb ''merendang'' actually refers to a [[cooking|method]] of slow cooking; continuously churning the ingredients in a pot or frying pan, on a small fire, until all of the liquids evaporate and the meat is well done.<ref>{{cite web |date=20 July 2012 |title=Rendang Ternyata Bukan Nama Masakan |url=http://bola.kompas.com/read/2012/07/20/1533551/Rendang.Ternyata.Bukan.Nama.Masakan |newspaper=Kompas.com}}</ref> Traditional Padang rendang takes hours to cook. Cooking rendang involves pounding and grinding ingredients as well as slow cooking, and so is time-consuming and requires patience.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pelaminanminang.com/dapur-minang/rendang-padang-ikon-masakan-indonesia-hadir-di-pameran-wisata-berlin.html|title=Rendang Padang Ikon Masakan Indonesia Hadir Di Pameran Wisata Berlin - Pelaminan Minang Buchyar Pernikahan Adat Minangkabau Asli Sumatera Barat|first=Pelaminan Minang Buchyar-Pernikahan Adat Minangkabau|last=Asli
Rendang is often served with [[steamed rice]], ''[[ketupat]]'' (a compressed rice cake) or ''[[lemang]]'' (glutinous rice cooked in bamboo tubes), accompanied with vegetable side dishes such as boiled [[cassava]] leaf, ''cubadak''<ref>{{cite web |title=Gulai Cubadak | Online Indonesian Food and Recipes |url=http://indonesiaeats.com/gulai-cubadak-nangka-minang-padang-jackfruit-curry/ |website=IndonesiaEats.com
<gallery caption="Stages of rendang cooking">
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==Types==
[[File:Nasi ramas rendang.JPG|thumb|right|''Nasi ramas padang'', rendang served with [[steamed rice]], [[cassava]] leaf, [[Eggs as food|egg]] and ''[[gulai]]'' sauce, served in a Padang restaurant in Indonesia.]]
{{Main|Padang cuisine}}
In Minangkabau culinary tradition, there are three recognised stages in cooking meat in spicy coconut milk. The dish which results is categorised according to the liquid content of the cooked coconut milk, which ranges from the most wet and soupy to the most dry: ''[[Gulai]] — Kalio – Rendang''.<ref>{{cite web | author=Dian Kelana | title=Gulai, Kalio, atau Rendang? | publisher=Kompasiana | date=17 March 2010 | url=http://wisata.kompasiana.com/jalan-jalan/2010/03/18/gulai-kalio-atau-rendang-96187.html | language=id | access-date=14 September 2014 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140914201307/http://wisata.kompasiana.com/jalan-jalan/2010/03/18/gulai-kalio-atau-rendang-96187.html | archive-date=14 September 2014 }}</ref> The ingredients of ''gulai'', ''kalio'' and rendang are almost identical with the exceptions that ''gulai'' usually has less red chilli pepper and more turmeric, while rendang has richer spices.
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The [[Padang cuisine|original Minangkabau rendang]] has two categories, ''rendang darek'' and ''rendang pesisir''. ''Rendang darek'' (‘land rendang’) is an umbrella term for dishes from old regions in mountainous areas of the [[Minangkabau Highlands]] such as [[Batusangkar]], [[Agam Regency|Agam]], [[Limapuluh Koto Regency|Lima Puluh Kota]], [[Payakumbuh]], [[Padang Panjang]] and [[Bukittinggi]]. It mainly consists of beef, offal, poultry products, jackfruit, and many other vegetables and animal products which are found in these places. ''Rendang pesisir'' (‘coastal rendang’) is from the coastal regions of Minangkabau such as [[Pariaman]], [[Padang]], [[Painan]] and [[Pasaman]]. ''Rendang pesisir'' mainly consists of seafood, although it is not unusual for them to incorporate beef or water buffalo meat in their rendang.
[[Indonesia]]n Rendang variations:<ref name="urangminang.com"/><ref name="minangkabaunews">{{cite web|url=https://minangkabaunews.com/artikel-7591-inilah-11-ragam-rendang-minang-yang-patut-diketahui.html|title=Inilah 11 Ragam Rendang Minang yang Patut Diketahui - Minangkabaunews|last=Minangkabaunews|website=minangkabaunews.com|language=id|access-date=2020-04-23
# ''Rendang ayam'': chicken rendang, speciality of [[Batusangkar]] and [[Bukittinggi]].<ref name="minangkabaunews"/>
# ''Rendang ati ampela'': rendang made of chicken innards; [[liver (food)|liver]] and [[gizzard]].<ref name="Merdeka-Rendang"/>
# ''Rendang babat'': [[tripe]] rendang, made of tripes of cattle.<ref>{{cite web|title=Resep Rendang Babat|url=https://cookpad.com/id/resep/3775509-rendang-babat-tips-trik-dan-saran|access-date=2020-10-06|website=Cookpad|date=2 December 2017 |language=id}}</ref>
# ''Rendang babi'': [[pork]] rendang, the adaptation of rendang by non-[[Muslim]] population of [[Indonesia]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Arofani|first1=Prila|title=Resep Rendang Babi yang Gurih, Gak Kalah Nikmat Dibanding Daging Sapi|url=https://www.idntimes.com/food/recipe/prila-arofani/resep-rendang-babi-yang-gurih|access-date=2020-10-06|website=IDN Times|language=id}}</ref> Usually consumed in [[Christianity|Christian]]-majority Batak region of [[North Sumatra]] and [[Hinduism|Hindu]]-majority island of [[Bali]]. In [[Bali]], the popularity of rendang has led to this adaptation, since some [[Balinese Hinduism|Balinese Hindu]]s do not consume beef.<ref>{{cite web|last=Rahadi|first=Gde|date=2018-09-30|title=Rendang Babi, Lebih Lembut dari Daging Sapi|url=http://bisnisbali.com/rendang-babi-lebih-lembut-dari-daging-sapi/|access-date=2020-10-06|website=Bisnis Bali|language=id}}</ref>
# ''Rendang baluik (rendang belut)'': [[Eel as food|eel]] rendang, speciality of [[Solok]]. In the Solok dialect, it is also called ‘''randang baluk''’.
# ''Rendang bilih (bilis)'': [[Mystacoleucus padangensis|bilis fish]] rendang, specialty of [[Padang Panjang]]. In [[Sumatra]], ''ikan bilis'' refers distinctly to ''Mystacoleucus padangensis'', a small freshwater fish endemic to [[Sumatra]]. In other places, ''bilis'' might refer to sea [[Anchovies as food|anchovy]] instead.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cara Untuk Memasak Rendang Ikan Bili Khas Padang Panjang. yang Lezat|url=https://resep-rendang-bunda.web.app/6503-cara-untuk-memasak-rendang-ikan-bili-khas-padang-panjang-yang-lezat.html|access-date=2020-10-06|website=resep-rendang-bunda.web.app}}</ref>
# ''Rendang cubadak (rendang nangka)'': unripe [[jackfruit]] rendang, speciality of [[Payakumbuh]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Resep Rendang Nangka|work=hana|url=https://www.hana.eu.org/2020/07/resep-rendang-nangka.html}}</ref><ref name="Rendang-Nabati"/>
# ''Rendang cumi'': [[Squid as food|squid]] rendang, a seafood variant of rendang usually consumed in coastal area.<ref>{{cite web|last=Rahman|first=Naufal Al|title=Cara Membuat Cumi Bumbu Rendang, Bumbunya Meresap Sempurna |url=https://bali.idntimes.com/food/recipe/naufal-al-rahman-1/resep-masak-cumi-bumbu-rendang-regional-bali|access-date=2020-10-06|website=IDN Times|language=id}}</ref>
# ''Rendang daging'': meat rendang. The most common rendang is made from beef, but may also be from [[water buffalo]], goat, [[mutton]] or [[Lamb and mutton|lamb]], speciality of [[Padang]].<ref name="minangkabaunews"/>
# ''Rendang datuk (rendang kering)'': dried beef rendang, that instead of using fresh beef cuts, the pieces of meat are dried for four days prior of cooking. Specialty of [[Muara Enim]] in [[South Sumatra]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|title=Rendang Kering Khas Sumatera Selatan|url=https://malang.kompas.com/read/2010/10/24/09333025/rendang.kering.khas.sumatera.selatan|access-date=2020-10-06|website=KOMPAS.com|date=24 October 2010|language=id}}</ref>
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# ''Rendang kambing'': [[goat meat]] redang.<ref name="Merdeka-Rendang"/>
# ''Rendang jo kantang'': beef rendang with baby potatoes, speciality of [[Kapau]].
# ''Rendang kelinci'': [[rabbit
# ''Rendang kepiting (rendang ketam)'': [[Crab meat|crab]] rendang, which is crab cooked in rendang spices with sweet soy sauce.<ref>{{cite web|date=25 November 2010|title=Kepiting Bumbu Rendang Kecap|url=https://sajiansedap.grid.id/read/10713654/kepiting-bumbu-rendang-kecap|website=Sajian Sedap}}</ref>
# ''Rendang lele'': [[Catfish]] rendang.<ref name="Payakumbuh-Rendang"/>
# ''Rendang lidah'': [[beef tongue]] cooked as rendang.<ref>{{cite web|title=Resep Rendang lidah sapi oleh Ayun Hudiawang|url=https://cookpad.com/id/resep/1759373-rendang-lidah-sapi|access-date=2020-10-06|website=Cookpad|date=4 January 2017 |language=id}}</ref>
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# ''Rendang pucuak ubi (rendang daun singkong)'': cassava leaf rendang, speciality of [[Minangkabau people|Minangkabau]].<ref name="IDN-Rendang"/>
# ''Rendang punai (rendang burung dara)'': rendang made of ''burung punai'' or [[green pigeon]].
# ''Rendang puyuh'': rendang made of ''burung puyuh'' or [[Quail as food|quail]]
# ''Rendang rawit'': an extra hot and spicy dried rendang spices mixed with dried ''cabai rawit'' ([[bird's eye chili]]). Not exactly a dish, but more a [[condiment]] akin to [[serundeng]], [[bawang goreng]] or [[chili powder]] that sprinkled upon steamed rice or noodle.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rendang Rawit: Pedas Gurih Bumbu Rendang Tabur untuk Nasi dan Mi|url=https://food.detik.com/rumah-makan/d-2640308/rendang-rawit-pedas-gurih-bumbu-rendang-tabur-untuk-nasi-dan-mi|access-date=2020-10-06|website=detikfood|language=id}}</ref>
# ''Rendang rebung'': rendang made of [[bamboo shoot]].
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# ''Rendang talua (rendang telur)'': egg rendang, speciality of [[Payakumbuh]].<ref name="minangkabaunews"/>
# ''Rendang tempe'': [[tempeh|''tempe'']] rendang, a vegetarian variant that uses tempeh soybean cake instead of meat.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pontianak.tribunnews.com/2018/05/10/resep-rendang-tempe-rasanya-tak-kalah-lezat-dengan-rendang-daging|title=Resep Rendang Tempe - Rasanya Tak Kalah Lezat Dengan Rendang Daging|website=Tribun Pontianak|language=id|access-date=2020-04-23}}</ref>
# ''Rendang teri'': [[Anchovies as food|anchovy]] rendang.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fandizal |first=Muhammad |date=7 August 2018 |title=Rendang Ikan Kriwil (Ikan Teri dengan Daun Singkong) |url=https://www.primarasa.co.id/resep-anda/280/rendang-ikan-kriwil-ikan-teri-dengan-daun-singkong- |access-date=2023-03-16 |website=Primarasa |language=ID}}</ref>
# ''Rendang tongkol'': [[mackerel tuna]] rendang, speciality of coastal [[Minangkabau people|Minangkabau]] regions.<ref>{{cite web |last=Fimela |date=2017-07-18 |title=Resep Praktis Rendang Tongkol Pedas Manis Enak Banget |url=https://www.fimela.com/lifestyle-relationship/read/3772175/resep-praktis-rendang-tongkol-pedas-manis-enak-banget |access-date=2020-10-06 |website=fimela.com |language=id}}</ref>
# ''Rendang tuna'': [[Tuna as food|tuna]] rendang.<ref>{{cite web|title=Resep Masak Tuna Masak Rendang, Kenikmatannya Pasti Jadi Boros Nasi |url=https://sajiansedap.grid.id/read/101261685/resep-masak-tuna-masak-rendang-kenikmatannya-pasti-jadi-boros-nasi|access-date=2020-10-06|website=Sajian Sedap|language=id}}</ref>
# ''Rendang tunjang (rendang kikil)'': rendang made of cartilage and tendons of [[cow's trotters]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Priatmojo |first=Galih |date=7 August 2016 |editor-last=Aji |editor-first=Rustam |title=Empuknya Rendang Kikil ala Hotel Crowne Plaza Semarang |url=https://jateng.tribunnews.com/2016/08/07/empuknya-rendang-kikil-ala-hotel-crowne-plaza-semarang |access-date=2020-10-06 |website=Tribun Jateng |language=id}}</ref>
# ''Rendang ubi'': made of ''ubi kayu'' or ''singkong'' (cassava).<ref name="Rendang-Nabati"/>
# ''Rendang udang'': [[Shrimp and prawn as food|shrimp]] rendang.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bramasti |first=Ika Putri |date=16 January 2018 |editor-last=Hutomo |editor-first=Dimas Setiawan |title=Resep Rendang Udang - Hidangan Istimewa Untuk Makan Bersama Keluarga Tercinta |url=https://style.tribunnews.com/2018/01/16/resep-rendang-udang-hidangan-istimewa-untuk-makan-bersama-keluarga-tercinta |access-date=2020-10-06 |website=TribunStyle.com |language=id}}</ref>
# ''Rendang usus'': intestine rendang, made of [[offal]]s; the intestines of either poultry or cattle. The cattle intestine rendang is quite similar with ''gulai tambusu'', ''gulai iso'' or ''gulai usus''.<ref>{{cite web|title=10 resep rendang usus enak dan sederhana ala rumahan |url=https://cookpad.com/id/cari/rendang%20usus|access-date=2020-10-06|website=Cookpad|language=id}}</ref>
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# ''Rendang ayam'': [[Chicken as food|chicken]] rendang.
# ''Rendang ayam goreng'': fried chicken rendang.<ref name="icookasia.com">{{cite web|url=https://icookasia.com/8-jenis-rendang-yang-anda-wajib-cuba/|title=8 Jenis Rendang Yang Anda Wajib Cuba|date=9 July 2019|website=iCookAsia | Asian Recipe & Food Channel}}</ref> The popularity of this rendang skyrocketed mainly due to the "rendangate" controversy in 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://myresipi.com/recipes/ayam-rendang-goreng/|title=Ayam Rendang Goreng|date=8 July 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Bedi |first=Rashvinjeet |date=3 April 2018 |title=Four nations unite against MasterChef UK judge over Rendangate | The Star |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2018/04/03/four-nations-unite-against-masterchef-uk-judge-over-rendang-gate/ |website=www.thestar.com.my}}</ref>
# ''Rendang daging'' or ''Rendang [[Rembau District|Rembau]]'': dark, woody coloured meat rendang. Traditionally made using [[water buffalo]] meat. These days, beef is commonly used instead.
# ''Rendang daging hitam'': [[Sweet soy sauce|Kicap
# ''Rendang dendeng'': thinly sliced dried meat rendang.<ref name="rasa.my">{{cite web|url=https://www.rasa.my/koleksi-10-resipi-rendang-sesuai-masak-di-hujung-minggu/|title=Koleksi 10 Resipi Rendang Sesuai Masak Di Hujung Minggu|date=7 February 2020}}</ref>
# ''Rendang ikan'': fish rendang.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://myresipi.com/recipes/rendang-ikan-tongkol/|title=Rendang Ikan Tongkol|date=11 October 2021 }}</ref>
# ''Rendang ikan pari'': [[stingray]] rendang, a specialty of [[Perak]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://travelling-foodies.com/2013/08/13/rendang-ikan-pari-perak-stingray-rendang/|title=Rendang Ikan Pari Perak – Stingray Rendang|date=13 August 2013}}</ref>
# ''Rendang itik'': [[Duck as food|duck]] rendang, a specialty of [[Negeri Sembilan]] and [[Sarawak]]. In Sarawak, the duck
# ''Rendang puyuh'': [[Quail as food|quail]] rendang.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tumis.my/resepi/menu/4917-cat-rendang_burung_puyuh.html |title=resepi Rendang Burung Puyuh |publisher=tumis.my |date= |access-date=2022-04-29}}</ref>
# ''Rendang kupang'': [[Mussel#As food|mussels]] rendang.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rasa.my/recipe/rendang-kupang-ringkas-tapi-bercitarasa-mewah/|title=Rendang Kupang. Ringkas Tapi Bercitarasa Mewah.|date=19 October 2017 }}</ref>
# ''Rendang rusa'': [[venison]] rendang.
# ''Rendang udang'': [[Prawn as food|prawn]] rendang, a specialty of Perak.<ref>{{cite web |last=Mohamed |first=Noor Ainon |date=30 April 2020 |title=Rendang udang galah penambat selera MB Perak |url=https://www.sinarharian.com.my/article/81252/KHAS/Ramadan/Rendang-udang-galah-penambat-selera-MB-Perak |website=Sinarharian}}</ref>
# ''Rendang kambing'': [[goat meat|goat]] rendang.
# ''Rendang kerang'': [[Cockle (bivalve)|
# ''Rendang ketam'': [[Crab as food|crab]] rendang.<ref>{{cite web |last=Menon |first=Priya |date=20 June 2016 |title=Spicing it up with 12 types of rendang | The Star |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/metro/eat-and-drink/2016/06/20/spicing-it-up-with-12-types-of-rendang-savour-distinct-flavours-that-make-each-dish-special-this-fas |website=www.thestar.com.my}}</ref>
# ''Rendang kijing'': [[Pilsbryoconcha|kijing]], a type of shellfish, cooked with rendang spices.<ref name="rasa.my"/>
# ''Rendang hati'': beef liver rendang, a specialty of [[Johor]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://murai.my/2019/61168/kenali-rendang-malaysia-sempena-sambutan-hari-raya-aidilfitri-2019/|title=Kenali Rendang Malaysia Sempena Sambutan Hari Raya Aidilfitri 2019|first=Mas Idayu|last=Edi|date=28 May 2019|website=Murai MY}}</ref>
# ''Rendang telur'': boiled egg rendang.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mingguanwanita.my/rendang-telur-makan-dengan-nasi-lemak-pulut-kuning-memang-sedap-1/|title=Rendang Telur Makan Dengan Nasi Lemak & Pulut Kuning Memang Sedap!|first=Suhaidah Abd|last=Wahab|date=29 May 2019}}</ref>
# ''Rendang kunyit'' or ''
# ''Rendang landak'': [[porcupine]] rendang, an exotic meat rendang, a specialty of [[Sekinchan]], [[Selangor]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/nasional/2019/02/531187/makanan-eksotik-dipaparkan-dalam-bentuk-setem|title=Makanan eksotik dipaparkan dalam bentuk setem|date=15 February 2019|website=Berita Harian}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2019/02/15/porcupine-rendang-anyone-pos-malaysia-celebrates-food-for-fearless-eaters/1723354|title=Porcupine rendang stamp, anyone? Pos Malaysia celebrates exotic local food | Malay Mail|first=15 Feb 2019 04:49 PM MYT|last=Friday|website=www.malaymail.com|date=15 February 2019 }}</ref>
# ''Rendang babi'': [[pork]] rendang. Non-halal rendang that is eaten only by the Chinese and Peranakan community in Malaysia.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pork.com.au/recipe/malaysian-pork-rendang-curry/496/|title=Malaysian pork rendang curry|first=Australian|last=Pork|date=24 May 2017}}</ref>
# ''Rendang lengkuas'' or ''
# ''Rendang lokan'': [[Polymesoda|lokan]] rendang, a specialty of [[Sungai Petani]], [[Kedah]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sinarharian.com.my/article/93709/GALERI/Lokan-Semeling|title=Lokan Semeling|date=24 July 2020|website=Sinarharian}}</ref>
# ''Rendang berempah'': spice rendang. Emphasizes
# ''Rendang paru'': beef lung rendang.
# ''Rendang daun maman'': vegetable rendang made from [[Cleome gynandra|maman]] leaf, specialty of [[Gemencheh]], [[Negeri Sembilan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sinarharian.com.my/article/31241/LIFESTYLE/Femina/Resepi-rendang-maman-yang-enak|title=Resepi rendang maman yang enak|first=NOR AZIHAN MD|last=GHAZALI|date=3 June 2019|website=Sinarharian}}</ref>
# ''Rendang daun pegaga'': vegetable rendang made from [[
# ''Rendang daun puding'': vegetable rendang made from the edible leaves of the [[garden croton]], a speciality of [[Negeri Sembilan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bharian.com.my/bhplus-old/2015/09/78905/rendang-ayam-daun-puding-enak|title=Rendang ayam daun puding enak|first=Tuty Haryanti Ahmad|last=Rodzi|date=2 September 2015|website=Berita Harian}}</ref>
# ''Rendang daun ubi kayu'': vegetable rendang made from cassava leaf.
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# ''Rendang Perak'': simpler version of Rendang Tok, a specialty of Perak.
# ''Rendang Rawa'': Rawa version of rendang, less complicated in terms of ingredients.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://simplyenak.com/stories/rendang-daging/|title=Rendang Daging|website=Simply Enak}}</ref>
# ''Rendang Kedah'': reddish-hued rendang, incorporates the use of red sugar, turmeric leaves, kaffir lime leaves due to the Thai influence on the state cuisine, a specialty of [[Kedah]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://myresipi.com/recipes/rendang-ayam-kedah/|title=Rendang Ayam Kedah|date=7 April 2023 }}</ref>
# ''Rendang Kelantan/Terengganu'' or ''[[kerutuk daging]]'': slow-cooked meat mixed with a unique spice known as kerutub, coconut milk, [[kerisik]] and some palm sugar.<ref name="eresources.nlb.gov.sg"/>
# ''Rendang Nyonya'': Peranakan version of rendang, a specialty of [[Peranakan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tiffinbiru.com/2008/02/rendang-nyonya.html|title=RENDANG NYONYA}}</ref>
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===In the Philippines===
In the Philippines, rendang is most commonly associated with the cuisine of the Muslim [[Maranao people]] of [[Mindanao]]. It differs from the Indonesian versions in the use of the native spice mix ''[[Palapa (condiment)|palapa]]'' as well as the addition of ''[[muscovado]]'' sugar.<ref
==Fusion rendang==
[[File:7-Eleven Frozen Spaghetti Rendang.JPG|thumb|right|Spaghetti rendang sold in a [[7-Eleven]] convenience store in Jakarta]]
Rendang ''[[bumbu (seasoning)|bumbu]]'' is sometimes used as the base of other [[Fusion cuisine|fusion dishes]]. Some chefs in Indonesian [[sushi]] establishments for example, have developed a Japanese-Indonesian fusion cuisine with recipes for krakatau roll, [[gado-gado]] roll, rendang roll<ref>{{cite web|title=Suntiang: Saat Rendang Daging Berkolaborasi Dalam Gulungan Sushi|url=https://food.detik.com/resto-dan-kafe/d-2499808/suntiang-saat-rendang-daging-berkolaborasi-dalam-gulungan-sushi|access-date=2020-10-06|website=detikfood|language=id}}</ref> and [[gulai]] ramen.<ref
Rendang is also a popular flavour in Indonesian [[instant noodle]] variants, such as the ''[[Indomie]] Goreng Rendang''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indomie Goreng Rendang|work=Indomie|url=http://www.indomie.com/Product/Category/1|access-date=3 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170429062437/http://www.indomie.com/Product/Category/1|archive-date=29 April 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
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* BBC: [https://www.bbc.co.uk/food/recipes/beefrendang_78767 Beef Rendang recipe]
* CNN Indonesia [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a3gBM9FBn_4 Documentary of Rendang (in Indonesian)]
* Indonesia Eats: [http://indonesiaeats.com/beef-rendang-rendang-daging-minang-indonesia/ Beef Rendang Recipe (Rendang Daging Minang)]
* SBS: [http://www.sbs.com.au/food/recipes/beef-rendang-0 Indonesian Beef Rendang]
* SBS: [https://www.sbs.com.au/food/recipes/food-safaris-beef-rendang Malaysian Food Safari's Beef Rendang recipe]
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