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{{Psychoanalysis}}
==History==
=== Origin and development ===
The Freudian slip is named after [[Sigmund Freud]], who, in his 1901 book ''[[The Psychopathology of Everyday Life]]'',<ref name=LP>{{cite book |first1=Jean |last1=Laplanche |first2=Jean-Bertrand |last2=Pontalis |
Freud, himself, referred to these slips as {{Lang|de|Fehlleistungen}}<ref name=LP/> (meaning "faulty functions",<ref name=LP/> "faulty actions" or "misperformances" in [[German language|German]]); the Greek term ''parapraxes'' (plural of ''parapraxis''; {{Etymology|gre|''παρά'' (para)|another||''πρᾶξις'' (praxis)|action}}) was the creation of his English translator, as is the form "symptomatic action".{{citation needed|date=March 2016}}
Freud's process of psychoanalysis<ref>Berg, Henk de. “The Birth of Psychoanalysis.” Freud’s Theory and Its Use in Literary and Cultural Studies: An Introduction, NED-New edition, Boydell & Brewer, 2003, pp. 1–16. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7722/j.ctt17t74hp.7.
As in the study of dreams, Freud submits his discussion with the intention of demonstrating the existence of unconscious mental processes in the healthy:
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== Research and studies ==
A 1979 study investigated Freudian slips by having male test participants who had been primed with a stimulus either related to sex or an electric shock to read a list of words that had meaningful [[spoonerism]]s related to both stimuli. Primed participants had a far higher rate of [[spoonerism]] related to the specific stimulus.<ref name="Motley Baars 1979 pp. 421–432">{{cite journal |last1=Motley |first1=Michael T. |last2=Baars |first2=Bernard J. |year=1979 |title=Effects of Cognitive Set Upon Laboratory Induced Verbal (Freudian) Slips |journal=Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research |publisher=American Speech Language Hearing Association |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=421–432 |doi=10.1044/jshr.2203.421 |issn=1092-4388 |pmid=502504}}</ref>
This aligns with the psychoanalytic theory that unconscious desires or fears influence speech, as demonstrated in Michael Fontaine's analysis of Plautus's Menaechmi. Fontaine explores how linguistic missteps, such as spoonerisms, can reveal latent desires and thoughts. Fontaine argues that in Plautus's plays, seemingly accidental slips of the tongue often carry significant psychological and thematic weight, revealing characters' unconscious motivations (Fontaine, 2007)<ref>Fontaine, Michael. “Freudian Slips in Plautus: Two Case Studies.” The American Journal of Philology, vol. 128, no. 2, 2007, pp. 209–37. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/4496959. </ref>. Just as the test subjects in the 1979 study were more likely to produce slips related to their primed stimuli, characters in Plautus's comedies reveal hidden truths through their verbal missteps, offering a comedic yet insightful view of the human psyche.
==Alternative explanations==
{{Main|Speech error}}
In contrast to psychoanalytic theorists, [[cognitive psychology|cognitive psychologists]] say that linguistic slips can represent a sequencing conflict in grammar production. From this perspective, slips may be due to cognitive underspecification that can take a variety of forms – inattention, incomplete sense data or insufficient knowledge.<ref>Motley, Michael T. “Slips of the Tongue.” Scientific American, vol. 253, no. 3, 1985, pp. 116–27. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/24967793. </ref> Secondly, they may be due to the existence of some locally appropriate response pattern that is strongly primed by its prior usage, recent activation or emotional change or by the situation calling conditions.<ref name="abc">"Language and Communication" B. MacMahon 1995 P. 15, 4, 289–328</ref>
Some sentences are just susceptible to the process of banalisation: the replacement of archaic or unusual expressions with forms that are in more common use. In other words, the errors were due to strong habit substitution.<ref name="abc"/>
=== Slips of the tongue ===
In general use, the term 'Freudian slip' has been debased to refer to any accidental [[slips of the tongue]].<ref name="oed"/> Thus many examples are found in explanations and dictionaries which do not strictly fit the psychoanalytic definition.
For example: She: 'What would you like—bread and butter, or cake?' He: 'Bed and butter.'<ref name="oed">{{cite
In the above, the man may be presumed to have a sexual feeling or intention that he wished to leave unexpressed, ''not'' a sexual feeling or intention that was dynamically repressed. His sexual intention was therefore ''secret'', rather than ''subconscious'', and any 'parapraxis' would inhere in the idea that he ''unconsciously wished to express that intention'', rather than in the sexual connotation of the substitution. Freudians might point out, however, that this is simply a description of what Freud and Breuer termed the [[preconscious]] which Freud defined as thoughts that are not presently conscious but can become conscious without meeting any resistance.<ref>Sigmund Freud, ''On Metapsychology'' in Volume XIV of The Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud p. 173</ref> In Freud's theory, he allows parapraxes to be generated in the preconscious,<ref>Sigmund Freud, ''The Psychopathology of Everyday Life'' in Volume VI of The Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud p. 209-210</ref> so he would allow for thoughts that one tries to put outside of consciousness to have effects on conscious actions.
=== Human-computer interaction ===
Beyond [[slips of the tongue]], these accidental human errors also commonly occur in the realm of [[Human–computer interaction|human-computer interaction]]. In the context of [[interaction design]], slips refer to an incorrect action that is taken with the correct intention.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/book/the-glossary-of-human-computer-interaction/human-error-slips-and-mistakes|title=Human error (slips and mistakes)|date=25 June 2023 |language=en}}</ref> As opposed to mistakes, which refer to an incorrect action due to an incorrect intention, slips result from automatic behaviors that are triggered by external factors, distracting the user from carrying out their intended goal. There are many different types of slips in interaction design, including capture errors, description similarity slips, data-driven errors, associative activation, loss of activation, and mode errors.
Capture errors occur when a familiar behavior takes over a less frequently occurring behavior.<ref>{{Cite web|title=What are Capture Errors?|url=https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/topics/capture-errors|access-date=2021-12-13|website=The Interaction Design Foundation|language=en}}</ref> An example of a capture error would be driving to the office on a Saturday when the intention was to go to the grocery store.
Description similarity slips occur when an action is taken upon an item that is similar to the one you intended.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-05-08|title=Preventing User Errors|url=https://insightchaos.com/2015/05/08/preventing-user-errors/|access-date=2021-12-13|website=Insight Chaos|language=en}}</ref> For example, flipping the switch for the bathroom vent fan instead of the light switch to turn on the bathroom light would be a description similarity slip.
Data-driven errors occur in the arrival of new sensory information that triggers an automatic response, such as dialing the hotel concierge to reserve a particular room and dialing the room number instead.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Economic Analysis|url=https://www.mistakeproofing.com/glossary.html|access-date=2021-12-13|website=www.mistakeproofing.com}}</ref>
Associative activation errors are caused by an internal correlation of two actions.<ref name=":0" /> For example, associating the phone ringing with someone knocking on the door and saying "come in" as a response would represent a type of associative activation error. Associative activation errors are also considered accidental [[slips of the tongue]].
Loss of activation is the error of executing an action but forgetting the goal behind the intended action.<ref name=":0" /> A common example of a loss of activation error is walking into a room and forgetting the purpose for walking into the room.
Lastly, mode errors occur when the input for an action is the same for different modes of operation, but the output of that action varies according to the selected mode.<ref name=":0" /> These errors could easily occur with the gear shift control in cars, since the action of stepping on the gas pedal to execute the action is the same for all gears, but the direction in which the car moves depends on the selected gear. This could lead to detrimental consequences if a user was accidentally in reverse mode but intended to be in drive mode.
==See also==
{{Columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Bushism]]
*[[Cognition]]
*[[Eggcorn]]
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*[[Metathesis (linguistics)|Metathesis]]
*[[Pun]]
*[[Tip of the tongue]]
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==External links==
* [http://kaltric.de/mat/matphil/freudpsychopatho ''Der Mensch determiniert durch unbewusste Motivierung. Erläutert in der Psychopathologie des Alltags von S. Freud. Erläuterte kritische Zusammenfassung der Psychopathologie mit Erläuterung Freud’scher Versprecher'' (German)]
* [
{{Sigmund Freud|state=collapsed}}
{{Nonverbal communication}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Freudian Slip}}
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