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{{Short description|Concept in classical psychoanalysis}}
{{Psychoanalysis}}
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Freud, himself, referred to these slips as {{Lang|de|Fehlleistungen}}<ref name=LP/> (meaning "faulty functions",<ref name=LP/> "faulty actions" or "misperformances" in [[German language|German]]); the Greek term ''parapraxes'' (plural of ''parapraxis''; {{Etymology|gre|''παρά'' (para)|another||''πρᾶξις'' (praxis)|action}}) was the creation of his English translator, as is the form "symptomatic action".{{citation needed|date=March 2016}}
Freud's process of psychoanalysis<ref>Berg, Henk de. “The Birth of Psychoanalysis.” Freud’s Theory and Its Use in Literary and Cultural Studies: An Introduction, NED-New edition, Boydell & Brewer, 2003, pp. 1–16. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7722/j.ctt17t74hp.7.
As in the study of dreams, Freud submits his discussion with the intention of demonstrating the existence of unconscious mental processes in the healthy:
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A 1979 study investigated Freudian slips by having male test participants who had been primed with a stimulus either related to sex or an electric shock to read a list of words that had meaningful [[spoonerism]]s related to both stimuli. Primed participants had a far higher rate of [[spoonerism]] related to the specific stimulus.<ref name="Motley Baars 1979 pp. 421–432">{{cite journal |last1=Motley |first1=Michael T. |last2=Baars |first2=Bernard J. |year=1979 |title=Effects of Cognitive Set Upon Laboratory Induced Verbal (Freudian) Slips |journal=Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research |publisher=American Speech Language Hearing Association |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=421–432 |doi=10.1044/jshr.2203.421 |issn=1092-4388 |pmid=502504}}</ref>
This aligns with the psychoanalytic theory that unconscious desires or fears influence speech, as demonstrated in Michael Fontaine's analysis of Plautus's Menaechmi. Fontaine explores how linguistic missteps, such as spoonerisms, can reveal latent desires and thoughts. Fontaine argues that in Plautus's plays, seemingly accidental slips of the tongue often carry significant psychological and thematic weight, revealing characters' unconscious motivations (Fontaine, 2007)<ref>Fontaine, Michael. “Freudian Slips in Plautus: Two Case Studies.” The American Journal of Philology, vol. 128, no. 2, 2007, pp. 209–37. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/4496959. </ref>. Just as the test subjects in the 1979 study were more likely to produce slips related to their primed stimuli, characters in Plautus's comedies reveal hidden truths through their verbal missteps, offering a comedic yet insightful view of the human psyche.
==Alternative explanations==
{{Main|Speech error}}
In contrast to psychoanalytic theorists, [[cognitive psychology|cognitive psychologists]] say that linguistic slips can represent a sequencing conflict in grammar production. From this perspective, slips may be due to cognitive underspecification that can take a variety of forms – inattention, incomplete sense data or insufficient knowledge.<ref>Motley, Michael T. “Slips of the Tongue.” Scientific American, vol. 253, no. 3, 1985, pp. 116–27. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/24967793. </ref> Secondly, they may be due to the existence of some locally appropriate response pattern that is strongly primed by its prior usage, recent activation or emotional change or by the situation calling conditions.<ref name="abc">"Language and Communication" B. MacMahon 1995 P. 15, 4, 289–328</ref>
Some sentences are just susceptible to the process of banalisation: the replacement of archaic or unusual expressions with forms that are in more common use. In other words, the errors were due to strong habit substitution.<ref name="abc"/>
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{{Sigmund Freud|state=collapsed}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Freudian Slip}}
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