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{{Short description|Bangladeshi revolutionary and statesman (
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{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Bangladeshi English|date=January 2023}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Advert|date=October 2024}}
{{Npov|date=November 2024}}
}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = ''[[Bangabandhu]]''<!-- Please do not add "Father of the Nation" or "founding father" in reference to Sheikh Mujibur Rahman due to controversies. -->
| name = Sheikh Mujibur Rahman
| native_name = {{nobold|শেখ মুজিবুর রহমান}}
| native_name_lang = bn
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman.jpg
| caption = Portrait, {{circa|1950}}
| imagesize =
| office = 1st [[President of Bangladesh]]
| primeminister = [[Muhammad Mansur Ali]]
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| term_end = 15 August 1975
| predecessor = [[Mohammad Mohammadullah]]
| successor = [[Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad]] (usurper){{efn|In ''[[Bangladesh Italian Marble Works Ltd. v. Government of Bangladesh]]'', the [[Appellate Division, Supreme Court of Bangladesh|Supreme Court]] ruled that Mostaq's accession to the Presidency was illegal as it violated the line of succession and occurred after a military coup. Therefore, it was declared that Mostaq was a usurper and all Ordinances rendered by him under martial law were null and void of any legal effect.<ref>{{
| primeminister1 = [[Tajuddin Ahmed]]
| term_start1 = 17 April 1971
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| predecessor1 = ''Position established''
| successor1 = [[Abu Sayeed Chowdhury]]
| parliament3 = Bangladesh
| constituency_MP3 = [[Dhaka-12]]
| term_start3 = 7 March 1972
| term_end3 = 15 August 1975
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| president2 = {{Plainlist|
* [[Abu Sayeed Chowdhury]]
* [[Mohammad Mohammadullah]]
}}
| term_start2 = 12 January 1972
| term_end2 = 24 January 1975
| predecessor2 = [[Tajuddin Ahmad]]
| successor2 = [[Muhammad Mansur Ali]]
| office4 = 4th [[Awami League#President and general secretary of the AL, 1949–present|President of Bangladesh Awami League]]
| termstart4 = 26 March 1971
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| alma_mater = {{Plainlist|
* [[Maulana Azad College|Islamia College, Calcutta]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])
* [[University of Dhaka]]{{efn|In 1949 while a second-year student studying law, Bangabandhu was expelled from the University of Dhaka by the Executive Council on the grounds of "instigating" a movement among the employees of the University to secure better pay and allowances. The expulsion was symbolically rescinded 61 years later in 2010 by the Executive Council.<ref>{{
}}
| signature = Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Sign.svg
| resting_place = [[Mausoleum of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]]
| nickname = Khoka
| awards = [[World Peace Council prizes|Joliot-Curie Medal of Peace]]<br />[[File:Independence Day Award Ribbon (Bangladesh).svg|30px]] [[Independence Award]] <br />[[Gandhi Peace Prize]]<br />[[SAARC Literary Award]]
}}
{{Independence of Bangladesh}}
'''Sheikh Mujibur Rahman'''{{efn|{{
Born in an aristocratic Muslim family in [[Tungipara]], Mujib emerged as a student activist in the [[Bengal Presidency|province of Bengal]] during the final years of the [[British Raj]]. He was a member of the [[All India Muslim League]]. He supported [[Muslim nationalism in South Asia|Muslim nationalism]] and had a [[Pakistani nationalism|Pakistani establishmentalist]] outlook in his early political career. In 1949, he was part of a liberal, secular and left-wing faction which later became the [[Awami League]]. In the 1950s, he was elected to Pakistan's parliament where he defended the rights of [[East Bengal]]. Mujib served 13 years in prison during the [[British Raj]] and Pakistani rule.<ref name="4682 days" />
By the 1960s, Mujib adopted [[Bengali nationalism]] and became the undisputed leader of [[East Pakistan]] soon. He became popular for opposing political, ethnic and institutional discrimination; leading the [[Six point movement|six-point autonomy movement]]; and challenging the regime of Field Marshal [[Ayub Khan]]. In 1970, he led the Awami League to win Pakistan's first [[1970 Pakistani general election|general election]]. When the Pakistani military junta refused to transfer power, he gave the [[7 March Speech of Bangabandhu|7th March speech]] and announced an independence movement. During the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] in 1971, Mujib declared Bangladesh's independence.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 August 2023 |title=Immortal Bangabandhu |url=https://www.daily-sun.com/printversion/details/706268/Immortal-Bangabandhu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105084500/https://www.daily-sun.com/printversion/details/706268/Immortal-Bangabandhu |archive-date=5 November 2023 |work=[[Daily Sun (Bangladesh)|Daily Sun]]}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated14">{{Cite web |title=First Schedule |url=http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/upload/act/2022-04-18-13-27-54-Scheudle__367.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240805104027/http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/upload/act/2022-04-18-13-27-54-Scheudle__367.pdf |archive-date=5 August 2024 |website=Laws of Bangladesh}}</ref> Bengali nationalists declared him as the head of the [[Provisional Government of Bangladesh]], while he was confined in a jail in [[West Pakistan]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 January 1972 |title=Waiting for Mujib, Bengalis Delay Key Decisions |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1972/01/07/archives/waiting-for-mujib-bengalis-delay-key-decisions.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241010064711/https://www.nytimes.com/1972/01/07/archives/waiting-for-mujib-bengalis-delay-key-decisions.html |archive-date=10 October 2024 |access-date=30 August 2024 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>
After the independence of Bangladesh, Mujib returned to Bangladesh in January 1972 as the leader of a war-devastated country.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Butterfield |first=Fox |date=16 January 1972 |title=Bangladesh |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1972/01/16/archives/a-big-bag-of-problems-for-mujib.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241010064712/https://www.nytimes.com/1972/01/16/archives/a-big-bag-of-problems-for-mujib.html |archive-date=10 October 2024 |access-date=30 August 2024 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> In the following years, he played an important role in rebuilding Bangladesh, constructing a secular [[Constitution of Bangladesh|constitution]] for the country, transforming Pakistani era state apparatus, bureaucracy, armed forces, and judiciary into an independent state, initiating [[1973 Bangladeshi general election|first general election]] and normalizing diplomatic ties with most of the world. His foreign policy during the time was dominated by the principle "friendship to all and malice to none". He remained a close ally to [[Indira Gandhi|Gandhi]]'s [[India]] and [[Leonid Brezhnev|Brezhnev]]'s [[Soviet Union]], while balancing ties with the [[United States]]. He gave the [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman's 1974 speech at the United Nations|first Bengali speech]] to the [[UN General Assembly]] in 1974.
[[Premiership of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman|Mujib's government]] proved largely unsuccessful in curbing political and economic anarchy and corruption in post-independence Bangladesh, which ultimately gave rise to a [[1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency|left-wing insurgency]]. To quell the insurgency, he formed [[Jatiya Rakkhi Bahini]], a special paramilitary force similar to [[Gestapo]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ziring |first=Lawrence |title=Bangladesh: From Mujib to Ershad |date=1999 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780195774207 |page=98 |quote=Opinion was strong that the paramilitary organization was no different from Hitler's Brown Shirts or the Gestapo}}</ref> which was involved in various [[human rights abuse]]s, [[massacre]]s, [[enforced disappearance]]s, [[extrajudicial killing]]s and [[rape]]s. Mujib's five-year regime was the only [[Economy of Bangladesh#Socialist era (1972–1975)|socialist period]] in Bangladesh's history,<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 January 1975 |title=One Man's Basket Case |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/01/30/archives/one-mans-basket-case.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509221720/https://www.nytimes.com/1975/01/30/archives/one-mans-basket-case.html |archive-date=9 May 2022 |access-date=30 August 2024 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> which was marked with huge economic mismanagement and failure, leading to the high mortality rate in the [[Bangladesh famine of 1974|deadly famine of 1974]]. In 1975, he launched [[Second Revolution (Bangladesh)|Second Revolution]], under which he installed a [[one-party state|one party regime]] and abolished all kinds of [[civil liberties]] and democratic institutions, by which he "institutionalized [[autocracy]]" and made himself the "unimpeachable" President of Bangladesh, effectively [[President-for-life|for life]], which lasted for seven months.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dixit |first=J.N. |url=http://www.uplbooks.com/book/liberation-and-beyond-indo-bangladesh-relations |title=Liberation and Beyond: Indo-Bangladesh relations |date=1999 |publisher=University Press Limited |isbn=9788122005455 |page=198}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=26 January 1975 |title=SHEIK MUJIB GETS TOTAL AUTHORITY OVER BANGLADESH |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/01/26/archives/sheik-mujib-gets-total-authority-over-bangladesh-a-strong.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926133238/https://www.nytimes.com/1975/01/26/archives/sheik-mujib-gets-total-authority-over-bangladesh-a-strong.html |archive-date=26 September 2023 |access-date=30 August 2024 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> On 15 August 1975, he was [[Assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman|assassinated]] with most of his family members in his [[Dhanmondi 32]] residence in a [[15 August 1975 Bangladesh coup d'état|coup d'état]].
Sheikh Mujib's post-independence legacy remains divisive among Bangladeshis due to his economic mismanagement, the famine of 1974, human rights violations, and [[authoritarianism]]. Nevertheless, most Bangladeshis credit him for leading the country to independence in 1971 and restoring the Bengali sovereignty after over two centuries following the [[Battle of Plassey]] in 1757, for which he is honoured as ''Bangabandhu'' ({{lit|Friend of Bengal}}).<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 March 2020 |title=Who is Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, whose birth centenary Bangladesh is observing today |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-who-is-sheikh-mujibur-rahman-whose-birth-centenary-bangladesh-is-observing-6317512/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240527114210/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-who-is-sheikh-mujibur-rahman-whose-birth-centenary-bangladesh-is-observing-6317512/ |archive-date=27 May 2024 |access-date=28 May 2020 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en |ref=17 March is the birth anniversary of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman (1920–1975), the founding leader of Bangladesh and the country's first Prime Minister. He is referred to as Sheikh Mujib or simply Mujib, the title 'Bangabandhu' meaning 'friend of Bengal'.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Krebs |first=Albin |date=16 August 1975 |title=Mujib Led Long Fight to Free Bengalis |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/08/16/archives/mujib-led-long-fight-to-free-bengalis.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918003721/https://www.nytimes.com/1975/08/16/archives/mujib-led-long-fight-to-free-bengalis.html |archive-date=18 September 2024 |access-date=2 August 2024 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> He was voted as the ''[[Greatest Bengali of all time]]'' in the 2004 [[BBC Bangla|BBC]] opinion poll.<ref name="SMR1">{{Cite news |date=14 April 2004 |title=Listeners name 'greatest Bengali' |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3623345.stm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526223911/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3623345.stm |archive-date=26 May 2024 |access-date=16 April 2018 |publisher=[[BBC News]]}}<br />{{Cite news |last=Habib |first=Haroon |date=17 April 2004 |title=International : Mujib, Tagore, Bose among 'greatest Bengalis of all time' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/2004/04/17/stories/2004041703001700.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225011708/https://www.thehindu.com/2004/04/17/stories/2004041703001700.htm |archive-date=25 December 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}<br />{{Cite news |date=16 April 2004 |title=Bangabandhu judged greatest Bangali of all time |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/2004/04/16/d4041601066.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225011711/http://archive.thedailystar.net/2004/04/16/d4041601066.htm |archive-date=25 December 2018 |access-date=9 November 2018 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]}}</ref> His 7 March speech in 1971 is recognized by [[UNESCO]] for its historic value, and was listed in the [[Memory of the World Register – Asia and the Pacific|Memory of the World Register]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 October 2017 |title=Unesco recognises Bangabandhu's 7th March speech |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/politics/unesco-recognises-bangabandhu-sheikh-mujibur-rahman-7th-march-speech-memory-of-the-world-1484356 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171031122936/http://www.thedailystar.net/politics/unesco-recognises-bangabandhu-sheikh-mujibur-rahman-7th-march-speech-memory-of-the-world-1484356 |archive-date=31 October 2017 |access-date=15 December 2022 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref> Many of his diaries and travelogues were published many years after his death and have been translated into several languages.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 February 2024 |title='Amar Dekha Noya Chin': Bangabandhu's formative journey in a travelogue-style graphic novel |url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/merby646ni |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301073202/https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/merby646ni |archive-date=1 March 2024 |work=[[Prothom Alo]] |language=en}}</ref>
==Early life and background==
=== Family and parents ===
{{Main|Tungipara Sheikh family}}
{{See also|Birthday of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman}}
[[File:Residence of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman front view.jpg|thumb|left|Mujib's birthplace in Tungipara village, [[Gopalganj District, Bangladesh|Gopalganj]]]]
[[File:Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman in Dhaka Wanderers jersey in 1940.jpg|left|thumb|Mujib with a [[trophy]] after winning a football tournament captaining [[Dhaka Wanderers Club|Dhaka Wanderers]] in 1940]]
Mujib was born on 17 March 1920 into the [[Bengali Muslims|Bengali Muslim]] aristocratic [[Sheikhs of Bengal|Sheikh family]] of the village of [[Tungipara Upazila|Tungipara]] in [[Gopalganj District, Bangladesh|Gopalganj sub-division]] of [[Faridpur district]] in the [[Bengal Presidency|province of Bengal]] in [[British Raj|British India]].<ref name="REF">{{
=== Childhood ===
As a child, Mujib was described as "compassionate and very energetic". Either playing or roaming around. Feeding birds, monkeys and dogs.<ref name="childhood" /> In his autobiography, Mujib mentions, "I used to play [[association football|football]],
=== 1927–1942 ===
Mujib was enrolled in Gimadanga Primary School in 1927.{{sfn|Mujibur Rahman|2012|p=xv}} In 1929, he entered the third grade of Gopalganj Public School. His parents transferred him to Madaripur Islamia High School after two years.{{sfn|Kādira|2004|p=440}} Mujib withdrew from school in 1934 to undergo eye surgery. He returned to formal education after
Mujib began showing signs of political leadership around this time. At the Gopalganj Missionary School, Mujib's political passion was noticed by [[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy]], who was visiting the area along with [[A. K. Fazlul Huq]]. Mujib passed out from the Gopalganj Missionary School in 1942.<ref name="autogenerated21" />
==United Bengal politics (1943–1947)==
Mujib moved to [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] for higher education. At the time, Calcutta was the capital of British Bengal and the largest city in undivided India. He studied [[liberal arts]], including [[political science]],<ref name="autogenerated21" /> at the erstwhile [[Maulana Azad College|Islamia College]] of Calcutta and lived in [[Baker Hostel]].<ref>{{Cite news |
===Muslim League activism===
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[[File:Sheikh Mujibur Rahman1949.jpg|thumb|left|upright|100px|Mujib in the late 1940s]]
[[File:Gandhi Suhrawardy and Mujib.jpg|thumb|left|Mujib (standing right) with [[Mahatma Gandhi]] (seated center) and [[H. S. Suhrawardy]] (seated left) in [[Noakhali]], 1946]]
During his time in Calcutta, Sheikh Mujib became involved in the politics of the [[Bengal Provincial Muslim League]], the [[All India Muslim Students Federation]], the [[Indian independence movement]] and the [[Pakistan movement]]. In 1943, he was elected as a councillor of the Muslim League. In 1944, he was elected as secretary of the Faridpur District Association, a Calcutta-based association of residents from Faridpur. In 1946, at the height of the Pakistan movement, Mujib was elected as General Secretary of the Islamia College Students Union in Calcutta.{{sfn|Mujibur Rahman|2012|p=xvi}} His political mentor Suhrawardy led the center-left faction of the Muslim League. Suhrawardy was responsible for creating 36 trade unions in Bengal, including unions for sailors, railway workers, jute and cotton mills workers, rickshaw pullers, cart drivers and other working class groups.<ref name="en.banglapedia.org">{{
===United Bengal Movement===
{{See also|United Bengal|Partition of Bengal (1947)}}
In 1947, Sheikh Mujib also joined the "United Bengal Movement" which was organized under the leadership of Suhrawardy, [[Abul Hashim]], [[Sarat Chandra Bose]] and others to form an undivided independent Bengal outside the jurisdiction of India and Pakistan.<ref name="মুনতাসীর">{{
=== Student of law ===
[[File:Sheikh Mujib and Begum Mujib circa 1955.jpg|thumb|upright|Sheikh Mujib and his wife]]
After the [[partition of India]], Mujib was admitted into the Law Department of the [[University of Dhaka]]. The university was created in 1921 as a residential university modelled on Oxford and Cambridge where students would be affiliated with colleges; but its residential character was dramatically changed after partition and students became affiliated with departments.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hashmi |first=Taj |date=28 December 2014 |title=Was Dhaka University ever the 'Oxford of the East'? |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/was-dhaka-university-ever-the-oxford-of-the-east-57343 |
== Struggle for Bengali rights (1948–1971) ==
{{See also|Bengali nationalism}}
Mujib emerged as a major opposition figure in Pakistani politics between 1948 and 1971. He represented the Bengali grassroots. He had an uncanny ability to remember people by their first name regardless of whether they were political leaders, workers, or ordinary citizens. Mujib founded the [[East Pakistan Muslim Students' League|Muslim Students League]] on 4 January 1948 as the student wing of the [[Muslim League (1947–1958)|Muslim League]] in [[East Bengal]]. This organisation later transformed into the [[Bangladesh Chhatra League]]. During the visit of Governor General [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] to [[Dhaka]], it was declared that [[Urdu]] will be the sole national language of Pakistan. This sparked the [[Bengali Language Movement]]. Mujib became embroiled in the language movement, as well as left-wing trade unionism among Bengali factions of the Muslim League. Bengali factions eventually split away and formed the [[Bangladesh Awami League|Awami Muslim League]] in 1949.{{fact|date=November 2024}}
Mujib was arrested many times. His movements were tracked by spies of the Pakistani government. He was accused of being a secessionist and an agent of India. East Pakistan's [[Intelligence Bureau (Pakistan)|Intelligence Branch]] compiled many secret reports on his movements and political activities. The secret documents have been declassified by the Bangladeshi government. The formerly classified reports have also been published.<ref>{{Cite web
===Founding of the Awami League===
[[File:Front View of Rose Garden Place.jpg|thumb|upright|left|The Awami League was founded in this building at Rose Garden in Old Dhaka in 1949]]
The [[Awami League|All Pakistan Awami Muslim League]] was founded on 23 June 1949 at the [[Rose Garden Palace|Rose Garden]] mansion on K. M. Das Lane in [[Old Dhaka]], which was organized by [[Yar Mohammad Khan]] and [[Abdul Hamid Khan Bhashani]].<ref name="autogenerated6">{{Cite web |title=Bangladesh Awami League |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Bangladesh_Awami_League
===Language Movement===
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[[File:Sheikh Mujibur Rahman in 1952.jpg|thumb|left|Mujib (centre) with Awami League leaders, 1952]]
[[File:Rally on 21Feb1954 Abdul Hamid and Bangabandhu.jpg|thumb|[[Abdul Hamid Khan Bhashani|Maulana Bhasani]] and Sheikh Mujib marching barefoot to pay tribute at [[Shaheed Minar, Dhaka|Shaheed Minar]] on 21st February 1954.]]
The Awami League strongly backed the Bengali Language Movement. Bengalis argued that the [[Bengali language]] deserved to be a federal language on par with Urdu because Bengalis formed the largest ethnic group in Pakistan. The movement appealed to the [[Constituent Assembly of Pakistan]] to declare both Urdu and Bengali as national languages, in addition to English. During a conference in [[Fazlul Huq Muslim Hall]], Sheikh Mujib was instrumental in establishing the All-Party State Language Action Committee.{{sfn|Mujibur Rahman|2012|p=xvii }} He was repeatedly arrested during the movement. When he was released from jail in 1948, he was greeted by a rally of the [[Rastrabhasa Sangram Parishad|State Language Struggle Committee]].<ref name="JSToldenburg">{{
In early January 1950, the Awami League held an anti-famine rally in Dhaka during the visit of Prime Minister [[Liaquat Ali Khan]]. Mujib was arrested for instigating the protests. On 26 January 1952, Pakistan's then Bengali Prime Minister [[Khawaja Nazimuddin]] reiterated that Urdu will be the only state language. Despite his imprisonment, Mujib played a key role in organising protests by issuing instructions from jail to students and protestors. He played a key role in declaring [[Language Movement Day|21 February 1952]] as a strike day. Mujib went on [[hunger strike]] from 14 February 1952 in the prelude to the strike day. His own hunger strike lasted 13 days. On 26 February, he was released from jail amid the public outrage over police killings of protestors on 21 February, including [[Abdus Salam (language martyr)|Salam]], [[Rafiq Uddin Ahmed|Rafiq]], [[Abul Barkat|Barkat]], and [[Abdul Jabbar (activist)|Jabbar]].<ref name="Banglapedia" /><ref>{{
===United Front===
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[[File:Sheikh Mujib at Fletcher School with others.jpg|thumb|Mujib (fourth from left) visiting the [[Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy]] in 1958 as part of the [[International Visitor Leadership Program]]]]
[[File:Mujib in Harvard.jpg|thumb|Mujib (left) in [[Harvard]] with [[Munier Chowdhury]] (middle) and Md. Matiul Islam (right)]]
The League teamed up with other parties like the [[Krishak Praja Party]] of [[A. K. Fazlul Huq]] to form the [[United Front (East Pakistan)|United Front]] coalition. During the [[East Bengali legislative election, 1954]], Mujib was elected to public office for the first time. He became a member of the [[East Bengal Legislative Assembly]]. This was the first election in East Bengal since the partition of India in 1947. The Awami League-led United Front secured a landslide victory of 223 seats in the 237 seats of the provincial assembly. Mujib himself won by a margin of 13,000 votes against his Muslim League rival Wahiduzzaman in Gopalganj.{{sfn|Mujibur Rahman|2012|p=xviii }} A. K. Fazlul Huq became Chief Minister and inducted Mujib into his cabinet. Mujib's initial portfolios were agriculture and forestry.{{sfn|Mujibur Rahman|2012|p=xviii}} After taking oath on 15 May 1954, Chief Minister Huq travelled with ministers to India and [[West Pakistan]]. The coalition government was dismissed on 30 May 1954. Mujib was arrested upon his return to Dhaka from [[Karachi]]. He was released on 23 December 1954. Governor's rule was imposed in East Bengal.<ref>{{
On 5 June 1955, Mujib was elected to a newly reconstituted second [[Constituent Assembly of Pakistan]]. The Awami League organised a huge public meeting at [[Paltan Maidan]] in Dhaka on 17 June 1955 which outlined 21 points demanding autonomy for Pakistan's provinces. Mujib was a forceful orator at the assembly in Karachi. He opposed the government's plan to rename East Bengal as [[East Pakistan]] as part of the [[One Unit]] scheme. On 25 August 1955, he delivered the following speech.
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Mujib was often a vocal defender of [[human rights]]. Speaking on [[freedom of assembly]] and [[freedom of speech]], he told Pakistan's parliament the following on 29 November 1955:-
<blockquote>For whom are you going to frame the Constitution? Are you going to give freedom of speech, freedom of action to the people of Pakistan? When you do not have any other law under which you can arrest a person, you haul him under this so-called Public Safety Act. This is the blackest Act on the statute book of Pakistan. I do not know how long such an Act will continue. I want to warn you. Sir, that you must do justice to all people without fear or favour. If justice fails, equity fails, fair-play fails, then we will see how the matter is decided.<ref name="Bangabandhu's Voice in Parliament">{{
Mujib often called for increased recruitment and [[affirmative action]] in East Pakistan. Bengalis were under-represented in the civil and military services despite making up the largest ethnic group in the federation.<ref>{{
<blockquote>It was stated that at the time of partition there was only one I.C.S. officer in East Bengal and there were no Engineers. I say that Bengal with 16 per cent literacy has only such a meagre representation in the service. Sir, this fact must be realised that it costs an individual Rs. 200 to come from East Bengal to this place. If you recruit in East Bengal and give a job you will find a large number of people from East Bengal coming forward. There are such a large number of M.As. and B. As....... (Interruptions)....... Sir, my time has been spoiled.<ref name="Bangabandhu's Voice in Parliament" /></blockquote>
Mujib later became provincial minister of commerce and industries in the cabinet of [[Ataur Rahman Khan]]. These portfolios allowed Mujib to consolidate his popularity among the working class. The Awami League's demand for Bengali as a federal language was successfully implemented in the [[Constitution of Pakistan of 1956|1956 constitution]], which declared Urdu, Bengali and English as national languages. East Bengal, however, was renamed East Pakistan. In 1957, Mujib visited the People's Republic of China. In 1958, he toured the United States as part of the [[State Department]]'s [[International Visitor Leadership Program]].<ref>{{
===Suhrawardy premiership===
[[File:Mujib with Shaheed Shabeb.jpg|thumb|left|Mujib and Suhrawardy]]
[[File:Mujib Suhrawardy Zhou Enlai.jpg|thumb|Mujib, wearing a [[sherwani]], with Prime Minister Suhrawardy and Premier [[Zhou Enlai]] at Dhaka Stadium in 1957]]
Between 1956 and 1957, Mujib's mentor Suhrawardy served as the 5th [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]]. Suhrawardy strengthened Pakistan's relations with the United States and China. Suhrawardy was a strong supporter of Pakistan's membership in [[SEATO]] and [[CENTO]].<ref>{{
Mujib joined the [[Alpha Insurance Company]] in 1960.<ref name="y148">{{
The [[1958 Pakistani military coup]] ended Pakistan's first era of parliamentary democracy as [[Ayub Khan|Muhammad Ayub Khan]], the [[Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army|commander-in-chief of the Pakistan Army]], overthrew the Bengali president [[Iskandar Ali Mirza]] and abolished the 1956 constitution. Many politicians were imprisoned and disqualified from holding public office, including Mujib's mentor Suhrawardy.<ref>{{
===Six point movement===
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[[File:Sheikh Mujibur Rahman 1970 election result.jpg|thumb|Sheikh Mujib with women leaders of the Awami League, including [[Syeda Sajeda Chowdhury]] and others. By the late 1960s, the [[Mujib coat]] became his signature style.]]
[[File:Awami League leaders after the 1970 Pakistani General Election.webp|thumb|Mujib with other Awami League leaders, including [[Tajuddin Ahmad]] and [[Syed Nazrul Islam]]]]
Following Suhrawardy's death in 1963, Mujib became General Secretary of the All Pakistan Awami League with [[Nawabzada Nasrullah Khan]] as its titular president.<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 September 2020 |title=Nawabzada Nasrullah remembered on death anniversary |url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/671334/nawabzada-nasrullah-remembered-on-death-anniversary/ |
Mujib supported opposition candidate [[Fatima Jinnah]] against Ayub Khan in the [[1965 Pakistani presidential election|1965 presidential election]].<ref>{{
The [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|1965 war between India and Pakistan]] ended in stalemate. The [[Tashkent Declaration]] was domestically seen as giving away Pakistan's gains to India. Ayub Khan's foreign minister [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] resigned from the government,<ref>{{
In 1965, Pakistan banned the works of Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore in state media.<ref>{{Cite news |title=ICCR's misadventure with Urdu |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/columnists/iccrs-misadventure-with-urdu.html |
In 1966, Mujib put forward a 6-point plan at a national conference of opposition parties in [[Lahore]].<ref name="REF" /> The city of Lahore was chosen because of its symbolism as the place where the [[Lahore Resolution]] was adopted by the Muslim League in 1940. The six points called for abolishing the Basic Democracy scheme, restoring universal suffrage, devolving federal power to the provinces of East and West Pakistan, separate fiscal, monetary and trade policies for East and West Pakistan, and increased security spending for East Pakistan.<ref>{{
<blockquote>
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</blockquote>
Mujib's points catalysed public support across East Pakistan, launching what historians have termed the ''[[six point movement]]'' – recognised as the turning point towards East and West Pakistan becoming two nations.<ref>{{
===Agartala Conspiracy Case===
{{Main|Agartala Conspiracy Case}}
[[File:Release of Sheikh Mujib from Prison.jpg|thumb|Sheikh Mujib being released from prison after a mass uprising in East Pakistan against the Agartala Conspiracy Case. Mujib often donned a South Asian prince suit.]]
Mujib was arrested by the Pakistan Army and after two years in jail, an official sedition trial in a military court opened. During his imprisonment between 1967 and 1969, Mujib began to write his autobiography.<ref name="autogenerated20">{{Cite web |title='The Unfinished Memoirs' by Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman released in Bangladesh, India and Pakistan |url=http://www.uplbooks.com/news/%E2%80%9C-unfinished-memoirs%E2%80%9D-bangabandhu-sheikh-mujibur-rahman-released-bangladesh-india-and-pakistan |
=== 1969 uprising and Round Table Conference ===
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[[File:Sheikh Mujib and Ayub Khan.jpg|thumb|[[Ayub Khan]] and Sheikh Mujib shaking hands at the Round Table Conference in [[West Pakistan]], 1969]]
[[File:Round Table Conference in Pakistan in 1969.jpg|thumb|Sheikh Mujib and President Ayub Khan seated opposite each other at the Round Table Conference in 1969]]
In 1969, President Ayub Khan convened a Round Table Conference with opposition parties to find a way out of the prevailing political impasse. A few days after his release from prison, Mujib flew to [[Rawalpindi]] to attend the Round Table Conference.<ref name="autogenerated8">{{Cite web |
Mujib demanded that Pakistan accept his six-point plan for federal democracy. He wasn't satisfied by Ayub Khan's pledges. When he returned to Dhaka, he declared that East Pakistan should be known as ''Bangladesh''. On 5 December 1969 Mujib made a declaration at a public meeting, held to observe the death anniversary of his mentor Suhrawardy, that henceforth East Pakistan would be called "Bangladesh":
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<blockquote>There was a time when all efforts were made to erase the word "Bangla" from this land and its map. The existence of the word "Bangla" was found nowhere except in the term Bay of Bengal. I on behalf of Pakistan announce today that this land will be called "Bangladesh" instead of East Pakistan.<ref name="BAL" /></blockquote>
Mujib's fiery rhetoric ignited Bengali nationalism and pro-independence aspirations among the masses, students, professionals, and intellectuals of East Pakistan. Many observers believed that Bengali nationalism was a rejection of Pakistan's founding two-nation theory but Mujib never phrased his rhetoric in these terms.<ref name="GPSA">{{
=== 1970 election ===
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[[File:Sheikh Mujibur Rahman election rally 1970.jpg|thumb|Mujib campaigning before the 1970 election]]
[[File:Sheikh Mujibur Rahman casting ballot 1970 election.jpg|thumb|Sheikh Mujib casting his [[ballot]] during the general election in 1970]]
In March 1969, Ayub Khan resigned and [[Yahya Khan]] became president. Prior to the scheduled general election for 1970, one of the [[1970 Bhola cyclone|most powerful cyclones on record]] devastated East Pakistan, leaving half a million people dead and millions displaced. President Yahya Khan, who was flying back from China after the cyclone, viewed the devastation from the air. The ruling military junta was slow to respond with relief efforts. Newspapers in East Pakistan accused the federal government of "gross neglect, callous inattention, and bitter indifference".<ref name="autogenerated11">{{Cite
In the Pakistani general elections [[1970 Pakistani general election|held on 7 December 1970]], the Awami League won 167 out of 169 seats belonging to East Pakistan in the [[National Assembly of Pakistan]], as well as a landslide in the [[East Pakistan Provincial Assembly]].{{sfn|Kaushik|Patnayak|1995|p=295}}<ref name="REF" /><ref>{{
Both Bhutto and Yahya Khan travelled to Dhaka for negotiations with the Awami League. Mujib's delegation included the notable lawyer and constitutional expert [[Kamal Hossain]]. The Bengali negotiating position is extensively discussed in Kamal Hossain's autobiography ''Bangladesh: Quest for Freedom and Justice''.<ref name="autogenerated12">{{Cite book |last=Hossain |first=Kamal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yW1angEACAAJ |title=Bangladesh: Quest for Freedom and Justice
Bhutto feared civil war, and sent a secret message to Mujib and his inner circle to arrange a meeting with them.<ref name="Hassan">{{
== Imprisonment ==
Sheikh
===British Raj: 1938–1941===
In 1938, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman went to the house of Gopalganj Hindu Mahasabha president Suren Banerjee when his classmate friend Abdul Malek was beaten up. Sheikh Mujib was arrested for the first time in a case filed by the leaders of the Hindu Mahasabha when the scuffle took place there.<ref name="First TBS">{{
===Pakistan: 1948–1972===
After the establishment of Pakistan, Sheikh Mujib was in jail for five days from 11 March
Sheikh Mujib had to spend 206 days in prison even after winning the United Front elections in 1954. Sheikh Mujib was arrested again on 11 October
==Establishment of Bangladesh==
{{Npov-section|date=November 2024}}
{{Main|Non-cooperation movement (1971)|7 March Speech of Bangabandhu|Bangladesh Liberation War|Provisional Government of Bangladesh}}
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[[File:Eternal FlameKazi Nazrul Islam Ave, Dhaka.jpg|thumb|The ''Eternal Flam'' is a national monument commemorating [[7 March Speech of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman|Mujib's speech on 7 March 1971]]]]
[[File:Struggle for Independence - Terracotta Mural - Museum of Independence - Suhrawardy Udyan - Dhaka 2015-05-31 2200.JPG|thumb|[[Terracotta]] art of Mujib's 7th March Speech at [[Suhrawardy Udyan]]]]
The National Assembly was scheduled to meet in Dhaka on 3 March 1971. President Yahya Khan indefinitely postponed the assembly's first sitting, which triggered an uprising in East Pakistan. The cities of Dhaka, [[Chittagong]], [[Rajshahi]], [[Rangpur, Bangladesh|Rangpur]], and [[Khulna]] were engulfed with protests. Amid signs of an impending crackdown, Mujib addressed the people of East Pakistan on 7 March 1971 at the Ramna Race Course Maidan.{{sfn|Kaushik|Patnayak|1995|p=296}}<ref name="thedailystar.net">{{
<blockquote>This time the struggle is for our liberation! This time the struggle is for our independence!<ref name="thedailystar.net" /><ref name="youtube.com" /><ref name="
Following the speech, 17 days of civil disobedience known as the [[Non-cooperation movement (1971)|non-cooperation movement]] took place across East Pakistan.{{sfn|Kaushik|Patnayak|1995|p=296}}<ref name="thedailystar.net" /><ref name="autogenerated18" /><ref name="youtube.com" /> The Awami League began to collect taxes while all monetary transfers to West Pakistan were suspended. East Pakistan came under the ''de facto'' control of the Awami League. On 23 March 1971, [[flag of Bangladesh|Bangladeshi flags]] were flown throughout East Pakistan on Pakistan's Republic Day as a show of resistance. The Awami League and the Pakistani military leadership continued negotiations over the transfer of power. However, West Pakistani troops were being flown into the eastern wing through [[Pakistan International Airlines|PIA]] flights while arms were being unloaded from [[Pakistan Navy]] ships in Chittagong harbour.<ref>{{Cite news |
===Outbreak of war===
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Talks broke down on 25 March 1971 when Yahya Khan left Dhaka, declared martial law, banned the Awami League and ordered the Pakistan Army to arrest Mujib and other Bengali leaders and activists.<ref name="thedailystar.net" /> The [[Pakistan Army]] launched [[Operation Searchlight]]. Mujib sent telegrams to [[Chittagong]] where [[M. A. Hannan]] from the Awami League and Major [[Ziaur Rahman]] from the [[East Bengal Regiment]] announced the [[Bangladeshi declaration of independence]] on Mujib's behalf. The text of Mujib's telegram sent at midnight on 26 March 1971 stated the following:
{{blockquote|This may be my last message, from today Bangladesh is independent. I call upon the people of Bangladesh wherever you might be and with whatever you have, to resist the army of occupation to the last. Your fight must go on until the last soldier of the Pakistan occupation army is expelled from the soil of Bangladesh and final victory is achieved.<ref name="autogenerated14" />|}}
Shortly after having declared the independence of Bangladesh,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ludden |first=David |year=2011 |title=The Politics of Independence in Bangladesh |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23017911 |url-status=live |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=46 |issue=35 |pages=79–85
The Pakistan Army's operations in East Pakistan were widely labelled as [[genocide]].<ref>{{
===Homecoming===
{{external media|video1=[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PsTOIiJr7so US media coverage on Mujib's homecoming]|width=210px|float=right}}
[[File:Homecoming Speech of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman on 10 January 1972.jpg|left|thumb|192x192px|Sheikh Mujib's homecoming speech in Dhaka on 10 January 1972]]
Upon assuming the presidency after Yahya Khan's resignation, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto responded to international pressure and released Mujib on 8 January 1972.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gandhi |first=Rajmohan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OVqP54UEe4QC
Mujib held his first press conference in
<blockquote>I am free to share the unbounded joy of freedom with my fellow countrymen. We have won our freedom in an epic liberation struggle.<ref>{{Cite web |
Mujib was provided an [[Royal Air Force|RAF]] plane by the British government to take him back to newly independent Bangladesh. He was accompanied on the flight by members of the Provisional Government of Bangladesh, as well as an emissary of India's premier Indira Gandhi. The emissary was Indian Bengali diplomat Shashank Banerjee, who recounted Mujib smoking his trademark smoking pipe with Erinmore tobacco.<ref name="autogenerated19">{{Cite news |title=13 historic hours in air |url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/13-historic-hours-in-air |
The RAF plane then made a stopover in New Delhi. Mujib was received by Indian President [[Varahagiri Venkata Giri|V. V. Giri]] and Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]], as well as the entire Indian cabinet and chiefs of armed forces. Delhi was given a festive look as Mujib and Gandhi addressed a huge crowd where he publicly expressed his gratitude to Gandhi and the Indian public.<ref>{{
After a few hours in Delhi, the RAF plane flew Mujib to Dhaka in independent Bangladesh. Before the plane landed, it circled the city to view the million people who converged on [[Tejgaon Airport]] to greet Mujib.<ref>{{Cite web |
== Governing Bangladesh
{{See also|Premiership of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman}}
[[File:The Bangladesh Gazette, July 6, 1972.pdf|thumb|The ''[[Bangladesh Gazette]]'' of 6 July 1972. The gazette officially published decisions and new laws of the government]]
[[File:Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman with Bangladesh Air Force personnel (03).png|thumb|Mujib inspecting a guard of honour from [[Bangladesh Air Force]] personnel]]
[[File:Bangabandhu Cox's Bazar.jpg|thumb|Mujib in [[Cox's Bazar]]]]
Mujib briefly assumed the provisional presidency and later took office as the prime minister. In January 1972 ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine reported that "[i]n the aftermath of the Pakistani army's rampage last March, a special team of inspectors from the World Bank observed that some cities looked "like the morning after a nuclear attack". Since then, the destruction has only been magnified. An estimated 6,000,000 homes have been destroyed, and nearly 1,400,000 farm families have been left without tools or animals to work their lands. Transportation and communications systems are totally disrupted. Roads are damaged, bridges out and inland waterways blocked. The rape of the country continued right up until the Pakistani army surrendered a month ago. In the last days of the war, West Pakistani-owned businesses—which included nearly every commercial enterprise in the country—remitted virtually all their funds to the West. Pakistan International Airlines left exactly 117 rupees ($16) in its account at the port city of Chittagong. The army also destroyed bank notes and coins, so that many areas now suffer from a severe shortage of ready cash. Private cars were picked up off the streets or confiscated from auto dealers and shipped to the West before the ports were closed.<ref>{{
{{check quotation}}
The new government of Bangladesh quickly converted East Pakistan's state apparatus into the machinery of an independent Bangladeshi state. For example, a presidential decree transformed the High Court of East Pakistan into the [[Supreme Court of Bangladesh]].<ref name="autogenerated5">{{Cite web |date=16 March 2020 |title=Mujib Administration's Policy Action Timeline |url=https://whiteboardmagazine.com/1874/mujib-administrations-policy-action-timeline/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105033118/https://whiteboardmagazine.com/1874/mujib-administrations-policy-action-timeline/ |archive-date=5 November 2022 |access-date=5 November 2022}}</ref> The Awami League successfully reorganised the bureaucracy, framed a [[written constitution]], and rehabilitated war victims and survivors. In January 1972, Mujib introduced a [[parliamentary republic]] through a presidential decree.<ref name="autogenerated5" /> The emerging state structure was influenced by the [[Westminster]] model in which the Prime Minister was the most powerful leader while the President acted on the government's advice. MPs elected during the 1970 general election became members of the [[Constituent Assembly of Bangladesh]]. The Constitution Drafting Committee led by Dr. [[Kamal Hossain]] produced a draft constitution which was adopted on 4 November 1972 and came into force on 16 December 1972. In comparison to the prolonged constitution-making process in Pakistan during the 1950s, the Awami League was credited for swiftly enacting the [[Constitution of Bangladesh]] within just one year of independence. However, the League is criticised for this swift enactment because the Constituent Assembly was largely made up of members from the League itself; the few opposition lawmakers included [[Manabendra Narayan Larma]], who demanded the term "[[Bangladeshis|Bangladeshi]]" to describe the new country's citizens instead of "[[Bengalis|Bengali]]" since not all Bangladeshis were Bengalis.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ahmed |first=Hana Shams |date=5 September 2010 |title=Our constitution |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-153616 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921040025/https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-153616 |archive-date=21 September 2018 |access-date=5 November 2022 |work=The Daily Star}}</ref> Critics argued that in reality "the Awami League sought to rule by Mujib's charisma and build a political process by dicta".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Khan |first=Salimullah |date=4 November 2022 |title=Bangladesh began badly: Remembering the roots of the impasse |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/supplements/50-years-our-constitution-original-ideals-vs-reality/news/bangladesh-began-badly-remembering-the-roots-the-impasse-3160271 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105024615/https://www.thedailystar.net/supplements/50-years-our-constitution-original-ideals-vs-reality/news/bangladesh-began-badly-remembering-the-roots-the-impasse-3160271 |archive-date=5 November 2022 |access-date=5 November 2022 |work=The Daily Star}}</ref>
Mujib introduced a quota for backward regions to get access to public sector jobs.<ref name="autogenerated5" /> Bangladesh also faced a [[gun control]] problem because many of its guerrilla fighters from the Liberation War were roaming the country with guns. Mujib successfully called on former guerrillas to surrender their arms through public ceremonies which affirmed their status as freedom fighters during the Liberation War.<ref name="autogenerated5" /> The President's Relief and Welfare Fund was created to rehabilitate an estimated 10 million displaced Bangladeshis. Mujib established 11,000 new primary schools and nationalised 40,000 primary schools.{{sfn|Mujibur Rahman|2012|p=xxvi}}
===Withdrawal of Indian troops===
One of Mujib's first priorities was the withdrawal of Indian troops from Bangladesh. Mujib requested the Indian government to ensure a swift withdrawal of Indian military forces from Bangladeshi territory. A timeline was drawn up for rapid withdrawal. The withdrawal took place within three months of the surrender of Pakistan to the allied forces of Bangladesh and India. A formal ceremony was held in Dhaka Stadium on 12 March 1972 in which Mujib inspected a guard of honour from the 1st [[Rajput Regiment]].<ref>{{
===War criminals===
[[File:Old Highcourt Bhaban (1).JPG|thumb|The war crimes tribunal was set up in 1973. In 1974, Bangladesh hosted the 3rd International Criminal Law Conference.]]
In 1972, Mujib told [[David Frost]] that he was a strong man but he had tears in his eyes when he saw pictures of the [[1971 Bangladesh genocide]].<ref name="auto">{{
===Economic policy===
[[File:Petrobangla Building.jpg|thumb|Mujib set up [[Petrobangla]] as the national oil and gas company]]
Mujib declared [[socialism]] as a national policy. His land reforms restricted land ownership to less than 25 ''bighas'' of land which effectively ended all traces of the ''[[zamindar]]i'' system. Land owners with more than 25 ''bighas'' were subjected to taxes.{{sfn|Mujibur Rahman|2012|p=xxvi }} Farmers had to sell their products at prices set by the government instead of the market. Mujib [[nationalised]] all banks, insurance companies, and 580 industrial plants.{{sfn|Mujibur Rahman|2012|p=xxvi }} There was little foreign investment. The stock exchange remained closed. In 1974, the government sought to invite international oil companies to explore the [[Bay of Bengal]] for oil and natural gas. [[Royal Dutch Shell|Shell]] sold five gas fields to the Bangladeshi government which set the stage for the creation of [[Petrobangla]].<ref>{{
Industrial activity was eventually restored to pre-1971 levels.<ref name="whiteboardmagazine.com">{{
The Mujib government faced serious challenges, which included the resettlement of millions of people displaced in 1971, organisation of food supply, health services and other necessities. The effects of the 1970 cyclone had not worn off, and the economy of Bangladesh had immensely deteriorated due to the conflict.<ref>Lawrence B. Lesser. "Economic Reconstruction after Independence". [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/bdtoc.html ''A Country Study: Bangladesh''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711103712/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/bdtoc.html |date=11 July 2015 }} (James Heitzman and Robert Worden, editors). [[Federal Research Division]], Library of Congress (September 1988). ''This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.''[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/about.html About the Country Studies / Area Handbooks Program: Country Studies – Federal Research Division, Library of Congress] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120710004153/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/about.html |date=10 July 2012 }}</ref> In 1973, thousands of Bengalis arrived from Pakistan while many non-Bengali industrialists and capitalists emigrated; poorer non-Bengalis were stranded in refugee camps. Major efforts were launched to help an estimated 10 million former refugees who returned from India. The economy began to recover eventually.<ref name="JSTOR3">{{
===Legal reforms===
[[File:বাংলাদেশের সংবিধান ১৯৭২ (পৃষ্ঠা ১).jpg|thumb|First page of the Constitution of Bangladesh, which became the first modern Bengali constitution]]
The [[Constitution of Bangladesh]] became the first Bengali [[written constitution]] in modern history. The Awami League introduced a new [[bill of rights]], which was more broad and expansive than the laws of East and West Pakistan.<ref>{{
===Secularism===
{{Main|Secularism in Bangladesh}}
While Pakistan adopted progressive reforms to Muslim family law as early as 1961,<ref>{{
Mujib said "secularism doesn't mean irreligiosity. Hindus will practice their religion; Muslims will practice their religion; Christians, Buddhists - everyone will practice their respective religions. No one will interfere in someone else's religion; the people of Bengal do not seek to interfere in matters of religion. Religion will not be used for political purposes. Religion will not be exploited in Bengal for political gain. If anyone does so, I believe the people of Bengal will retaliate against them".<ref name="Bangabandhu's Voice in Parliament" />
===Foreign policy===
[[File:Mujib and Ford.jpg|thumb|250px|Mujib with U.S. President [[Gerald Ford]] at the [[Oval Office]] in 1974]]
In the early 1970s, Sheikh Mujib emerged as one of the most charismatic leaders of the [[third world]].<ref>{{
Mujib's major foreign policy achievement was to secure normalisation and [[diplomatic relations]] with most countries of the world. Bangladesh joined the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]], the [[UN]], the [[OIC]], and the [[Non-Aligned Movement]].<ref>{{
[[Japan]] became a major aid provider to the new country. Mujib attended Commonwealth summits in [[Canada]] and [[Jamaica]], where he held talks with [[Queen Elizabeth II]], British Prime Minister [[Harold Wilson]], Canadian Prime Minister [[Pierre Trudeau]] and New Zealand Prime Minister [[Norman Kirk]].<ref name="Bangladesh p. 171-197">[[Kamal Hossain]], ''Bangladesh: Quest for Freedom and Justice'', p. 171-197</ref><ref>{{
[[File:New York 043 (3033705218).jpg|thumb|In his first speech to the UN General Assembly, Mujib demanded an end to [[apartheid]] and the occupation of Palestine, as well as freedom for Namibia and Rhodesia.]]
====Africa====
Mujib was a firm opponent of [[apartheid]]. In [[1974 Speech of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman at the United Nations|his first speech to the United Nations General Assembly in 1974]], Mujib remarked that "In spite of the acceleration of the process of abolishing colonialism, it hasn't reached its ultimate goal. This is more strongly true of Africa, where the people of [[Rhodesia]] and [[Namibia]] are still engaged in the final struggle for national independence and absolute freedom. Although racism has been identified as a serious offence in this council, it's still destroying the conscience of the people".<ref name="autogenerated2">{{Cite news
Bangladesh joined the Non Aligned Movement (NAM) during the [[4th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement]] in [[Algiers]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 July 2009 |title=Non-aligned conference and Bangladesh |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-96760
====Middle East====
[[File:OIC Leaders in Shalimar Gardens, Lahore.jpg|thumb|Sheikh Mujibur Rahman (center) with Algerian President [[Houari Boumédiène]] (far-left), Pakistani Prime Minister [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] (left), and [[Sultan bin Abdulaziz|Prince Sultan of Saudi Arabia]] (right) at the [[Shalimar Gardens, Lahore]].]]
While addressing the UN General Assembly in 1974, Mujib said "injustice is still rampant in many parts of the world. Our Arab brothers are still fighting for the complete eviction of the invaders from their land. The equitable national rights of the [[Palestinian people]] have not yet been achieved".<ref name=autogenerated2/><ref name=autogenerated3/> While [[Israel]] was one of the first countries to recognize Bangladesh,<ref>{{
Egyptian president Anwar Sadat visited Bangladesh on 25 February 1974 to thank Mujib for his support during the 1973 war.<ref>{{
====South Asia====
Mujib and Indira Gandhi signed the 25-year [[Indo-Bangladeshi Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Peace]].{{sfn|Frank|2001|p=343}}<ref>{{
Mujib and Gandhi also signed a Land Boundary Treaty concerning the [[India-Bangladesh enclaves]]. The treaty was challenged in court.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Berubari Case: The Third Amendment in the Constitution of Bangladesh |url=http://lawsden.info/2020/05/10/berubari-case-the-third-amendment-in-the-constitution-of-bangladesh/ |
===Left-wing insurgency===
{{Main|Jatiya Rakkhi Bahini}}
At the height of Mujib's power, left-wing insurgents from the [[Gonobahini]] fought against Mujib's government to establish a [[Marxist]] government.<ref>{{
===One-party state===
{{further|Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League|Second Revolution (Bangladesh)}}
Mujib's political philosophy dramatically changed in 1975. Elections were approaching in 1977 after the end of his five-year term. Mujib sensed growing dissatisfaction with his regime. He changed the constitution, declared himself president, and established a [[one party state]]. Ahrar Ahmed, commenting in ''[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]'', noted that "Drastic changes were introduced through the adoption of the 4th amendment on Jan[uary] 25, 1975, which radically shifted the initial focus of the constitution and turned it into a single-party, [[President (government title)|presidential]] system, which curtailed the powers of the [[parliament]] and the [[judiciary]], as well as the space for free speech or public assembly".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ahmad |first=Ahrar |date=4 November 2022 |title=Constitutional supremacy: The dangers within |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/supplements/50-years-our-constitution-original-ideals-vs-reality/news/constitutional-supremacy-the-dangers-within-3160241 |
== Assassination ==
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[[File:Secretary Kerry Looks at Stars Where a Founder was Gunned Down in Dhaka (28692593883).jpg|thumb|The staircase where Mujib was assassinated]]
[[File:Monuments of Bangabandhu memorial museum, Dhaka.jpg|thumb|The ''Bangabandhu Monument'' at [[Dhanmondi Thana|Dhanmondi]]]]
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was assassinated along with most of his family in his [[Bangabandhu Memorial Museum|personal residence]] on 15 August 1975 during a military coup by renegade army officers.<ref>{{
Mujib was warned by many including the [[Research and Analysis Wing|Indian intelligence]] about a possible coup.<ref>{{
===Funeral and memorials===
[[File:বঙ্গবন্ধু শেখ মুজিবুর রহমান এর সমাধিসৌধ.jpg|thumb|[[Mausoleum of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]]]]
On 16 August 1975, Mujib's coffin was taken to his birthplace Tungipara in an army helicopter. He was buried next to his parents after his funeral led by Sheikh Abdul Halim.<ref name="Burial" /> Others were buried in the [[Banani graveyard]] of Dhaka.<ref name="Burial">{{
[[Absentee funeral prayer (Islam)|Absentee funeral prayers]] were held in the [[Eidgah]] field of [[Jessore]], [[Dhanmondi Thana|Dhanmondi]] of Dhaka and [[Baitul Mukarram National Mosque]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=August 2017 |script-title=bn:গায়েবানা জানাজার কারণে নির্যাতন চলে যশোরে |url=https://www.kalerkantho.com/print-edition/pochattor-er-protibad/2017/08/15/531795 |
Today, Mujib rests beside his parents' graves in a white marble [[tomb]] in his native Tungipara.<ref name="jugantor">{{
===Aftermath===
After the coup, a [[martial law]] regime was established. Four allies of Mujib who led the [[Provisional Government of Bangladesh]] in 1971 were arrested and eventually [[Jail Killing Day|executed]] on 3 November 1975. Mujib's killers included
According to American [[Investigative journalism|investigative journalist]] Lawrence Lifschultz, the army's deputy chief [[Ziaur Rahman]] was approached by the coup plotters and expressed interest in the proposed coup plan, but refused to become the public face of the coup.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 August 2020 |title=Zia was one of Bangabandhu killing masterminds: Researchers |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/zia-was-one-bangabandhu-killing-masterminds-researchers-122071
[[File:Indemnity Act (Bangladesh).jpg|thumb|The [[Indemnity Ordinance]] shielded Mujib's assassins from prosecution for 26 years. It was repealed in 1996.]]
His assassins continued to enjoy immunity from prosecution for 26 years. The Indemnity Ordinance was repealed in 1996 after his daughter Sheikh Hasina was elected as Prime Minister. A murder case was subsequently initiated in the courts of Bangladesh. Several of the
==Principles and ideology==
Line 426 ⟶ 414:
* [[Socialism]]
* [[Democracy]]
* [[Secularism]].<ref>{{
When the [[Constitution of Bangladesh]] was adopted in 1972, the four policies become the four fundamental state policies of Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Bangabandhur Manobadhikar Darshon |publisher=National Human Rights Commission |year=2013 |editor-last=Hossain |editor-first=Abu Md. Delwar |location=Dhaka |pages=16–25}}</ref>
== Electoral history ==
{{Main|Electoral history of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Constituency
! colspan="2" |Party
! Vote
! %
! Result
|-
|[[1954 East Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1954]]
| Gopalganj South Muslim
| {{Full party name with color|United Front (East Pakistan)}}
| 19,362
| N/A
|{{won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1970 Pakistani general election|1970]]
| NE-111 Dacca-VIII{{efn|Never took oath as he was arrested on 26 March 1971.}}
|{{Full party name with color|All-Pakistan Awami League|rowspan=2}}
| 164,071
| N/A
| {{Won}}
|-
| NE-112 Dacca-IX{{efn|Vacated.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Notification |url=https://www.ecp.gov.pk/Documents/GE%2007-12-1970.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225095947/https://www.ecp.gov.pk/Documents/GE%2007-12-1970.pdf |archive-date=25 December 2018 |website=[[Government of Pakistan]]}}</ref>}}
| 122,433
| N/A
| {{Won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1973 Bangladeshi general election|1973]]
| [[Dacca-12]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bangladesh Awami League|rowspan=2}}
| 113,380
| N/A
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Dacca-15]]{{efn|Vacated.<ref name="1973results">{{Cite web |last=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=List of 1st Parliament Members |url=http://www.parliament.gov.bd/images/pdf/formermp/1st.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909153327/http://www.parliament.gov.bd/images/pdf/formermp/1st.pdf |archive-date=9 September 2018 |access-date=13 August 2014 |website=Bangladesh Parliament |language=bn}}</ref>}}
| 81,330
| N/A
| {{Won}}
|-
|}
== Legacy ==
{{Update-section|date=November 2024}}
{{See also|List of artistic depictions of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman|List of things named after Sheikh Mujibur Rahman}}
[[File:Shikha Chirantan, Dhaka, Bangladesh 3.jpg|thumb|
[[File:Gallery of the Museum of Independence 07.jpg|thumb|The underground ''[[Museum of Independence, Dhaka|Museum of Independence]]'' at Suhrawardy Udyan, Dhaka]]
Mujib continues to be a revered, popular, divisive, and controversial figure in Bangladesh. Opponents of the League are fierce critics of Mujib's [[populism]] and authoritarianism, including his creation of BAKSAL. League supporters and other Bangladeshis credit Mujib for successfully leading the country to independence in 1971. However, Mujib's socialist and economic policies after 1971 are largely frowned upon except among his most loyal supporters and family members.
In 2004, listeners of the [[BBC Bangla]] radio service ranked Mujib first among the ''[[Greatest Bengali of all time|20 Greatest Bengalis]]'', ahead of Asia's first Nobel laureate [[Rabindranath Tagore]]; Bangladesh's national poet [[Kazi Nazrul Islam]]; and other Bengali icons like [[Subhash Chandra Bose]], [[Amartya Sen]], [[Titumir]], [[Begum Rokeya]], [[Muhammad Yunus]], and [[Ziaur Rahman]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 April 2004 |title=Listeners name 'greatest Bengali' |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3623345.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225011709/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3623345.stm |archive-date=25 December 2018 |access-date=10 June 2016 |publisher=BBC}}</ref>
===Cult of personality===
{{Main|Sheikh Mujibur Rahman's cult of personality}}
[[File:Mujib Mural in Birampur.jpg|thumb|300px|A Mujib Mural at the Birampur Upazila Complex]]
During his daughter [[Sheikh Hasina]]'s rule from 2009 to 2024, the Awami League had ruled Bangladesh based on a [[cult of personality]] around [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman's cult of personality|his legacy]].{{efn|Multiple references:<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 October 2024 |title=বঙ্গবন্ধু এই জাতির নেতা: আওয়ামী লীগ |url=https://www.ittefaq.com.bd/703851/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%81-%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%87-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%93%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%97 |work=[[The Daily Ittefaq]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=4 January 2024 |title=Ode to the father: Bangladesh's political personality cult |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20240104-ode-to-the-father-bangladesh-s-political-personality-cult |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240805120455/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20240104-ode-to-the-father-bangladesh-s-political-personality-cult |archive-date=5 August 2024 |work=[[France 24]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=5 January 2024 |title=Bangladesh's growing political personality cult around 'Father of the Nation' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/bangladeshs-growing-political-personality-cult-around-father-of-the-nation/article67706051.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518174518/https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/bangladeshs-growing-political-personality-cult-around-father-of-the-nation/article67706051.ece |archive-date=18 May 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=20 October 2024 |title=By Revoking Some National Holidays, Bangladesh Signals Shift Away from Cult Worship of Sheikh Mujib |url=https://thewire.in/south-asia/by-revoking-some-national-holidays-bangladesh-signals-shift-away-from-cult-worship-of-sheikh-mujib |work=[[The Wire (magazine)|The Wire]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Chowdhury |first=Jennifer |date=15 August 2024 |title=In Bangladesh, a Personality Cult Gives Way After Student Protests |url=https://newlinesmag.com/argument/in-bangladesh-a-personality-cult-gives-way-after-student-protests/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921075020/https://newlinesmag.com/argument/in-bangladesh-a-personality-cult-gives-way-after-student-protests/ |archive-date=21 September 2024 |work=New Lines Magazine |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=20 August 2024 |title=Lessons from the fall of Bangladeshi icons Hasina and Mujib |url=https://www.dailymirror.lk/opinion/Lessons-from-the-fall-of-Bangladeshi-icons-Hasina-and-Mujib/172-289861 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240922155643/https://www.dailymirror.lk/opinion/Lessons-from-the-fall-of-Bangladeshi-icons-Hasina-and-Mujib/172-289861 |archive-date=22 September 2024 |work=[[Daily Mirror (Sri Lanka)|Daily Mirror]] |language=English}}</ref><ref name="charliecampbell">{{Cite magazine |last=Campbell |first=Charlie |date=25 July 2024 |title= Mass Protests Challenge Bangladesh's Past—and Threaten to Rewrite Its Future |url=https://time.com/7003130/bangladesh-student-protests-police-job-quota-hasina-awami-league-razakars/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240728014629/https://time.com/7003130/bangladesh-student-protests-police-job-quota-hasina-awami-league-razakars/ |archive-date=28 July 2024 |access-date=6 August 2024 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|TIME]] |quote=In lieu of a true popular mandate—the U.S. deemed January's election, which returned the Awami League for a fourth straight term but was boycotted by the main opposition Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP), as neither free nor fair—Hasina increasingly leans upon the cult of personality she's constructed around her father.}}</ref>}} His [[Birthday of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman|birthday]], along with the [[Children's Day (Bangladesh)|National Children's Day]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 March 2019 |title=Nation celebrates Bangabandhu's birthday |url=https://en.banglatribune.com/national/news/34282/Nation-celebrates-Bangabandhu%E2%80%99s-birthday |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191028001408/http://en.banglatribune.com/national/news/34282/Nation-celebrates-Bangabandhu%E2%80%99s-birthday |archive-date=28 October 2019 |access-date=13 June 2023 |work=[[Bangla Tribune]]}}</ref> and [[National Mourning Day (Bangladesh)|assassination day]] were designated as a official public holiday. Many roads, institutions, military bases, bridges and other places in Bangladesh were named or renamed after him during Sheikh Hasina's tenure. Under the Awami League's rule, Mujib's picture was printed on the national currency [[Bangladeshi taka]]. Even [[Bangabandhu-1|a space satellite]] was named after him. In 2020, the Hasina government organised [[Mujib Year|a year-long grand programme]] to mark the centenary of his birth.<ref>{{Cite web |title=100 Years of Mujib |url=https://mujib100.gov.bd/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706041518/https://mujib100.gov.bd/ |archive-date=6 July 2021 |access-date=18 December 2020 |website=mujib100.gov.bd}}</ref>
This, combined with his mismanagement of the country post-independence, has led to an "anti-Mujib" sentiment among a large part of the people including the Awami League opposition in the country. Statues, murals and buildings related to Sheikh Mujib were [[2024 Bangladesh post-resignation violence|vandalised]] after the [[Student–People's uprising]], which witnessed the fall of Hasina.<ref name="vandalize">{{Cite news |date=5 August 2024 |title=Bangabandhu Memorial Museum, Awami League offices set ablaze in Dhaka |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/353741/bangabandhu-memorial-museum-awami-league-offices |access-date=6 August 2024 |work=[[Dhaka Tribune]]}}</ref> Following the violent overthrow of Sheikh Hasina on August 2024, the cult of personality around Mujib is being systematically dismantled.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 October 2024 |title=Bangladesh government cancels national holidays introduced by Hasina regime |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/bangladesh-government-cancels-national-holidays-introduced-by-hasina-regime/article68759906.ece/amp/ |access-date=17 October 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The [[Yunus ministry|interim government]] formed after the fall of Hasina renamed some institutions previously named after Mujib.<ref name="charliecampbell"/><ref>{{cite news |title=14 govt hospitals renamed by removing names of Sheikh Mujib, Hasina, family |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/14-govt-hospitals-renamed-removing-names-sheikh-mujib-hasina-family-983786 |work=[[The Business Standard]] |date=4 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Bangladesh has ousted an autocrat. Now for the hard part |url=https://www.economist.com/leaders/2024/08/08/bangladesh-has-ousted-an-autocrat-now-for-the-hard-part |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |date=8 August 2024}}</ref>
=== Followers and international influence ===
Mujib is remembered in India as an ally. [[Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Road]] in New Delhi and an avenue in Calcutta in the Indian state of West Bengal are named in his honour. The [[Palestinian Authority]] named a street in [[Hebron]] in honour of Mujib.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Palestine city names street after Mujib |url=https://www.newagebd.net/article/129865/palestine-city-names-street-after-mujib |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241010070230/https://www.newagebd.net/article/129865/palestine-city-names-street-after-mujib |archive-date=10 October 2024 |access-date=5 November 2022 |work=New Age}}</ref> [[Bangabandhu Boulevard]] in [[Ankara]], Turkey<!-- DO NOT LINK, see [[MOS:GEOLINK]] for further guidance --> is named after Mujib. There is also a Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Street in [[Port Louis]], Mauritius.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 December 2020 |title=Mauritius names street after Bangabandhu |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/mauritius-names-street-after-bangabandhu-172885 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105040413/https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/mauritius-names-street-after-bangabandhu-172885 |archive-date=5 November 2022 |access-date=5 November 2022 |work=The Business Standard}}</ref> Sheikh Mujib Way in Chicago in the United States is named after him.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangladeshis |url=http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/107.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241010070802/http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/107.html |archive-date=10 October 2024 |access-date=5 November 2022 |website=encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org}}</ref>
[[Archer Blood]] described Mujib as charismatic.<ref name="autogenerated7">{{Cite book |last=Bass |first=Gary J. |author-link=Gary J. Bass |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9PnNZTp3BQYC |title=The Blood Telegram: Nixon, Kissinger, and a Forgotten Genocide |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-307-70020-9 |page=24 |access-date=16 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241010070732/https://books.google.com/books?id=9PnNZTp3BQYC |archive-date=10 October 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Gary J. Bass]] wrote that "Mujib's very appearance suggested raw power," cabled Blood, "a power drawn from the masses and from his own strong personality." He was tall and sturdy, with rugged features and intense eyes. Blood found him serene and confident amid the turmoil, but eager for power. "On the rostrum he is a fiery orator who can mesmerize hundreds of thousands in a pouring rain," Blood wrote. "Mujib has something of a messianic complex which has been reinforced by the heady experience of mass adulation. He talks of 'my people, my land, my forests, my rivers.' It seems clear that he views himself as the personification of Bengali aspirations." According to ''[[Time magazine|Time]]'' magazine, "A man of vitality and vehemence, Mujib became the political Gandhi of the Bengalis, symbolizing their hopes and voicing their grievances. Not even Pakistan's founder, Mohammed Ali Jinnah, drew the million-strong throngs that Mujib has attracted in Dacca. Nor, for that matter, has any subcontinent politician since Gandhi's day spent so much time behind bars for his political beliefs".<ref name="autogenerated4">{{Cite magazine |title=::: Star Weekend Magazine ::: |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/magazine/2008/08/04/chintito.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817044150/http://www.thedailystar.net/magazine/2008/08/04/chintito.htm |archive-date=17 August 2017 |access-date=1 September 2017 |magazine=Star Weekend Magazine}}</ref>
{| style="margin:auto"
| [[File:Sheikh Mujib statue London 02.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|[[Bust (sculpture)|Bust]] of Mujib in [[East London]]]]
Line 449 ⟶ 489:
| [[File:মহাত্মা গান্ধী ও শেখ মুজিবুর রহমান.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Mujib and [[Mahatma Gandhi]] at Calcutta]]
|}
An Egyptian journalist noted that "Sheikh Mujibur Rahman does not belong to Bangladesh alone. He is the harbinger of freedom for all Bengalis. His Bengali nationalism is the new emergence of Bengali civilization and culture. Mujib is the hero of the Bengalis, in the past and in the times that are".<ref name="autogenerated4" /> [[Fidel Castro]] remarked that "I have not seen the Himalayas. But I have seen Sheikh Mujib. In personality and in courage, this man is the Himalayas. I have thus had the experience of witnessing the Himalayas".<ref name="autogenerated4" /> Mujib cited [[Abraham Lincoln]], [[Mao Zedong]], [[Winston Churchill]], [[John F. Kennedy]], [[Sukarno]] and [[Kemal Ataturk]], [[Mahatma Gandhi]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], [[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy|Suhrawardy]], [[Subhas Chandra Bose]], and [[A. K. Fazlul Huq]] as the individuals he admires during an interview with [[David Frost]].{{sfn|Kādira|2004|p=422}}
=== Honours ===
Line 458 ⟶ 498:
! Prize Name !! Year !! Reference
|-
| [[World Peace Council prizes|Joliot-Curie Medal of Peace]] || 1973 ||<ref>{{
|-
| [[Independence Award]] || 2003 ||
|-
| [[Gandhi Peace Prize]] || 2020 ||<ref>{{
|-
| [[SAARC Literary Award]] || 2023 || <ref>{{Cite news |title=FOSWAL confers 'Special Literary Award' to Bangabandhu for his trilogy |url=https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/national/foswal-confers-special-literary-award-to-bangabandhu-for-his-trilogy |
|}
==== Father of the Nation ====
=== Portrayals ===
Line 480 ⟶ 520:
* [[Neamat Imam]]'s novel ''[[The Black Coat]]'' depicts Mujib as a dictator.<ref>Jha, Aditya Mani. [http://www.sunday-guardian.com/bookbeat/the-black-coat-by-neamat-imam "In the famine-ravaged fields of Bangla, we are all Mujib"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901162037/http://www.sunday-guardian.com/bookbeat/the-black-coat-by-neamat-imam |date=1 September 2017 }}, ''[[The Sunday Guardian]]'', 15 June 2013</ref>
* In 2015, the [[Centre for Research and Information]] (CRI) department of [[Bangladesh Awami League]] published a four-part children's comic book named ''Mujib'' based on Sheikh Mujib's two autobiographies.
* In March 2022, ''Muktidata Sheikh Mujib'' (Liberator Sheikh Mujib), a memoir of Mujibur Rahman, was published.<ref>{{
==== Documentaries ====
* In 1972, ''David Frost Program in Bangladesh'', a documentary based on interviews with Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was released. British journalist [[David Frost]] made it based on the political life of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-09-21 |title=Frost documentary - Bangabandhu |url=https://www.banglanews24.com/english/international/news/bd/7263.details |access-date=2023-10-27 |work=banglanews24.com |language=bn}}</ref>
* In the 1973 Japanese Documentary ''"Bengaru no chichi: Râman" (Rahman, The Father of Bengal)'', produced by Japanese director Nagashi Oshima, depicts Sheikh Mujibur Rahman's personal life, daily activities and subsequent plans.
* In 1973 ''Welcome Bangabandhu'', a documentary based on Sheikh Mujibur Rahman's state visit to Japan, was produced by Mainichi Productions of Japan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome Bangabandhu 1973 (বঙ্গবন্ধুর জাপান সফর ১৯৭৩) |url=https://www.bd.emb-japan.go.jp/itpr_en/11_000001_00592.html |access-date=2022-09-08 |website=Embassy of Japan in Bangladesh
* In 1996 ''"Chironjib Bangabandhu" (Immortal Bangabandhu)'', a documentary on the life and work of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was produced.
* In the 2018 documentary film ''[[Hasina: A Daughter's Tale]]'', Sheikh Mujib's daughter [[Sheikh Hasina]] spoke about the assassination of her father.<ref name="SOON">{{
* In 2021 ''"Bangabandhur Rajnoitik Jibon O Bangladesher Obbhudoy" (Bangabandhu's Political Life and the Rise of Bangladesh)'', a documentary on the life of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and the independence of Bangladesh, won the [[45th Bangladesh National Film Awards]] in the 'Best Documentary' category.<ref>{{
* On 17 November 2023, ''[[The Assassin Next Door (documentary)|The Assassin Next Door]]'', an episode of Canadian documentary series [[The Fifth Estate (TV program)|The Fifth Estate]] was released on [[Noor Chowdhury]], the assassin of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 November 2023 |title=The assassin next door
==== Films ====
* In the 1974 Bangladeshi film ''[[Sangram (1974 film)|Sangram]]'', Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was portrayed by himself.
* In the 2014 British-Bangladeshi film ''"[[Shongram]]"(Struggle)'', about [[Bangladesh Liberation War]], loosely based around key events and dates, such as Sheikh Mujibur Rahman after the [[7th March Speech of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman|war speech on the 7 March 1971]], just before his arrest, the first day of attack on the Bengali civilian population on 25 March 1971, while also explaining the atrocities that took place.<ref name="flavourmag">{{
* In the 2014 Indian film ''[[Children of War (2014 film)|Children of War]]'', Prodip Ganguly portrayed of Sheikh Mujib.
* On 30 March 2021, ''[[Tungiparar Miya Bhai]]'', a biopic of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was released.
* On 15 August 2021, ''[[August 1975 (film)|August 1975]]'', a Bangladeshi political drama film based on the immediate aftermath of [[assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] was released.
* On 31 December 2021, ''[[Chironjeeb Mujib]]'', another biopic of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was released.
* In the 2023 short film ''"Bangamata" (Mother of Bengal)'', on the life of [[Sheikh Fazilatunnesa Mujib]], wife of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. Mujib is portrayed by Monir Ahmed Shakeel.<ref name=":0">{{
* On 29 September 2023, ''
* On 13 October 2023, ''[[Mujib: The Making of a Nation]]'', a biopic of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman directed by [[Shyam Benegal]] was released.
==== Television ====
* In 2007, With funding from the "Sheikh Mujib Research Center London", writer and journalist [[Abdul Gaffar Chowdhury]] made a television film ''"
==== Animations ====
* On 28 September 2021, ''[[Khoka Theke Bangabandhu Jatir Pita]]'', an animated biopic of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was released.<ref>{{
* On 1 October 2021, ''[[Mujib Amar Pita]]'', another animated film about Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was released.<ref>{{
* On 23 June 2023, ''[[Mujib Bhai]]'', another animated film about Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was released.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 June 2023 |title=Animated film 'Mujib Bhai' premiers at Star Cineplex
* On 26 October 2023, ''[[Amader Choto Russel Shona]]'', an animated film about [[Sheikh Russel]] was released where Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was portrayed as father of Russel.
===Descendants===
[[File:Bangabandhu & Bangamata.jpg|thumb|upright|Mujib and [[Sheikh Fazilatunnesa Mujib|Begum Mujib]] in 1947]]
The Mujib couple had two daughters—[[Sheikh Hasina]] and [[Sheikh Rehana]]—and three sons—[[Sheikh Kamal]], [[Sheikh Jamal]], and Sheikh Rasel.{{sfn|Kādira|2004|p=440}} Kamal was an organiser of the Mukti Bahini guerrilla struggle in 1971 and received a [[Battlefield promotion|wartime commission]] in the Bangladesh Army during the Liberation War.<ref>[http://dailyasianage.com/news/78103/sheikh-kamal Sheikh Kamal] ''[[The Asian Age]]''. 5 August 2017</ref> Jamal was trained at the [[Royal Military Academy Sandhurst]] in Great Britain and later joined the [[Bangladesh Army]] as a [[Commissioned Officer#Commissioned officers|Commissioned Officer]].<ref>{{
==Bibliography==
[[File:Sculpture of bangabandhu at ekushe boimela 2023 2.jpg|thumb|A bust of Sheikh Mujib at the [[Ekushey Book Fair]]]]
Mujib is today celebrated as a political [[diarist]]. He kept a diary during his early political career in the 1940s and 1950s. This diary was translated into English by [[Fakrul Alam]] and published as ''[[The Unfinished Memoirs]]''. The book was published in both India and [[Pakistan]] by [[Penguin Books]] and [[Oxford University Press]] respectively.<ref name="autogenerated20" /> The book has since been translated into French, Spanish, Korean, Arabic, and many other languages.<ref>{{Cite news |title=PM unveils Spanish version of The Unfinished Memoirs |url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/PM-unveils-Spanish-version-of-The-Unfinished
Mujib also started writing his autobiography while in prison between 1967 and 1969; this diary was published in Bengali as ''[[The Prison Diaries]]''. Mujib wrote a [[Travel literature|travelogue]] of his visits to China during the 1950s. This travelogue was published as the book ''The New China as I Saw''.<ref>{{
* {{Cite book |title=The Unfinished Memoirs |title-link=The Unfinished Memoirs |date=2012 |publisher=The University Press Limited, Penguin Books and Oxford University Press |isbn=978-9845061100 |language=en
* {{
* {{
== Footnotes ==
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=== References ===
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* {{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Jyoti Sen |title=Bangladesh, in Blood and Tears |
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== External links ==
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* {{IMDb name|id=nm0706730|name=Sheikh Mujib}}
* {{Internet Archive short film|id=gov.archives.arc.652014|name=Interview with Bangladesh Prime Minister Mujbur Rahman {{noitalic|(1972)}}}}
* Japanese documentary film {{
* {{YouTube|7xl90y37_24|"Coverage of the declaration of Bangladeshi independence on US media"}}
* {{YouTube|VdbMGCi20Qg|"A french documentary on Mujib's homecoming (Bengali subtitled)"}}
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[[Category:20th-century Bengalis]]
[[Category:20th-century Muslims]]
[[Category:Presidents of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Prime ministers of Bangladesh]]
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[[Category:University of Dhaka alumni]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Independence Day Award]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi Bengali people]]
[[Category:Political prisoners]]
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