Calais Jungle: Difference between revisions

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The camp was located on a former [[landfill]] site to the east of Calais. By July 2015, it had 3,000 inhabitants and continued to grow. Although estimates of the number of migrants differed, a [[Help Refugees]] [[census]] gave a figure of 8,143 people just before the camp's demolition in October 2016. As well as residences, the Jungle contained shops, restaurants, hairdressers, schools, places of worship and a boxing club.

==Statistics==

[[File:Calais2015d.jpg|thumb|left|Tents at the jungle in October 2015]]

 

[[Médecins du Monde]] stated in 2015 that 62% of the migrants in Calais were young men with an average age of 33, with an increase in the number unaccompanied children (517 in 2014, eight times more than in 2011).<ref name="VdN">{{cite news |last1=La Voix du Nord |title=Médecins du Monde alerte sur la situation des migrants |url=http://www.nordeclair.fr/archive/recup/france-monde/acces-aux-soins-medecins-du-monde-alerte-sur-la-jna0b0n897938 |access-date=21 August 2019 |work=Nordéclair |date=15 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190611022311/http://www.nordeclair.fr/archive/recup/france-monde/acces-aux-soins-medecins-du-monde-alerte-sur-la-jna0b0n897938 |archive-date=11 June 2019 |language=fr |quote=Si à Calais se trouvent de nombreux femmes et enfants, la population des centres d’accueil est en majorité jeune et masculine (62% d’hommes, 33 ans de moyenne d’âge). MDM note une augmentation des mineurs étrangers isolés (517 accueillis en 2014, un chiffre multiplié par 8 depuis 2011), soumis par l’Etat à « des tests de maturation osseuse absolument pas fiables », dénonce Mme Sivignon, pour déterminer leur âge et savoir s’ils peuvent être pris en charge par l’aide sociale à l’enfance.}}</ref> Many migrants later moved to smaller camps near Calais and [[Dunkirk]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/jan/07/calais-french-migrant-camps-refugee-crisis|title=The most shocking thing about Calais is that it's not even too big to solve|date=7 January 2016|newspaper=The Guardian|last1=Cooper|first1=Yvette|access-date=11 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221150818/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/jan/07/calais-french-migrant-camps-refugee-crisis|archive-date=21 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Avoid">{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2015/08/france-refugees-avoid-jungle-150826082244714.html|title=France: Where refugees go to avoid 'the jungle'|publisher=Al Jazeera|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160225115551/http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2015/08/france-refugees-avoid-jungle-150826082244714.html|archive-date=25 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> As of November 2015, there were an estimated 6,000 migrants living in Calais,<ref>{{cite news|title=France has less and less influence in the EU, and fears to use what it still has|url=https://www.economist.com/news/europe/21677987-france-has-less-and-less-influence-eu-and-fears-use-what-it-still-has-dispensable|access-date=7 November 2015|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|date=7 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151107041712/http://www.economist.com/news/europe/21677987-france-has-less-and-less-influence-eu-and-fears-use-what-it-still-has-dispensable|archive-date=7 November 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> policed by over 1,000 officers.<ref>A. Zemouri, '[https://www.lepoint.fr/societe/la-jungle-de-calais-inquiete-les-autorites-21-10-2015-1975691_23.php La "jungle" de Calais inquiète les autorités] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181103112613/https://www.lepoint.fr/societe/la-jungle-de-calais-inquiete-les-autorites-21-10-2015-1975691_23.php |date=3 November 2018 }}' (21/10/15) in ''[[Le Point]]''</ref> That winter, the number of arrivals decreased while a number of migrants left the camp, such as 3,569 who were "welcomed to France".<ref name="MS">M. Solletty, '[https://www.francetvinfo.fr/france/hauts-de-france/migrants-a-calais/infographie-l-explosion-du-nombre-de-migrants-a-calais-en-un-graphique_1806381.html INFOGRAPHIE. L'explosion du nombre de migrants à Calais en un graphique] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181107135202/https://www.francetvinfo.fr/france/hauts-de-france/migrants-a-calais/infographie-l-explosion-du-nombre-de-migrants-a-calais-en-un-graphique_1806381.html |date=7 November 2018 }}' (02/09/16) on [[France Info (TV channel)|France Info]]</ref> At the end of February 2016, the [[BBC]] noted that there were differing figures for the population: "Calais officials say it houses 3,700, while [[Help Refugees]] puts it at 5,497".<ref name="BBC News 29 February 2016">{{cite news|title=EU migrant crisis: Clashes as France clears Calais 'Jungle'|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-35686209|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|date=29 February 2016|website=[[BBC News]]|access-date=21 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120010111/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-35686209|archive-date=20 November 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Aid organisations put discrepancies between their and the authorities' figures down to different counting methods and a reluctance from migrants to speak to [[Border guard|border police]].<ref>[[Full Fact]], '[https://fullfact.org/immigration/counting-number-migrants-calais-jungle/ Counting the number of migrants in the Calais 'jungle'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002195813/https://fullfact.org/immigration/counting-number-migrants-calais-jungle/ |date=2 October 2016 }}' (31/08/16)</ref>

Residents built dwellings and set up amenities,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wainwright |first1=Oliver |title=We built this city: how the refugees of Calais became the camp's architects |url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2016/jun/08/refugees-calais-jungle-camp-architecture-festival-barbican |access-date=16 March 2020 |work=The Guardian |date=8 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190429155519/https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2016/jun/08/refugees-calais-jungle-camp-architecture-festival-barbican |archive-date=29 April 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> including shops,<ref name="shoprazeblock"/> restaurants,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dent |first1=Nancy |title=The last days of the Calais Jungle's refugee restaurants |url=https://www.huckmag.com/perspectives/activism-2/last-days-calais-jungles-refugee-restaurants/ |access-date=16 March 2020 |publisher=Huck |date=10 August 2016}}</ref> hair dressers and places of worship.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Plotain |first1=Myrtille |title=In the Restaurants of the Calais Jungle |url=https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/8qe79k/dans-les-restaurants-de-la-jungle |access-date=16 March 2020 |publisher=Vice |date=13 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191117075829/https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/8qe79k/dans-les-restaurants-de-la-jungle |archive-date=17 November 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Food critic [[A. A. Gill]] ate at a nameless restaurant run by Mohammed Ali from [[Peshawar]], rating both food and atmosphere four out of five, commenting that the main course was "a properly, cleverly crafted and wholly unexpected dish, made with finesse".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gill |first1=A. A. |title=Table Talk: AA Gill reviews a refugee camp cafe in Calais's The Jungle |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/table-talk-aa-gill-reviews-a-refugee-camp-cafe-in-calaiss-the-jungle-zgxvfjqmw |access-date=16 March 2020 |work=The Times |date=28 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716001343/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/table-talk-aa-gill-reviews-a-refugee-camp-cafe-in-calaiss-the-jungle-zgxvfjqmw |archive-date=16 July 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> After an appeal by NGOs to the court in [[Lille]] that the amenities were vital for feeding residents, a judge blocked authorities from attempting to raze restaurants and shops in August 2016, ruling there was no legal basis for the demolitions.<ref name="shoprazeblock">{{cite news |last1=Chrisafis |first1=Angelique |title=French court rejects bid to demolish shops at Jungle refugee camp |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/aug/12/french-lille-court-calais-jungle-refugee-camp |access-date=16 March 2020 |work=The Guardian |date=12 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180425152727/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/aug/12/french-lille-court-calais-jungle-refugee-camp |archive-date=25 April 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

 

 

A number of NGOs worked to provide refugee relief, including the French associations L'Aubergue des Migrants, Salam, [[Caritas Internationalis|Secours Catholique]], and Utopia 56. A number of foreign NGOs were also present, including [[Help Refugees]] (working in partnership with L'Auberge des Migrants), Refugee Community Kitchen, Calais Kitchens, Belgium Kitchen, [[Calais Action]], Care4Calais, and Refugee Info Bus.<ref name="Who">{{cite web |title=Who's Who |url=http://www.calaidipedia.co.uk/who-s-who-1 |website=Calaidipedia |access-date=1 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181011053640/http://www.calaidipedia.co.uk/who-s-who-1 |archive-date=11 October 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="WG"/> Between them they provided food, material aid, legal information, sanitation and shelter.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hall |first1=Tim |last2=Lounasmaa |first2=Aura |last3=Squire |first3=Corinne |editor1-last=Birey |editor1-first=Tegiye |editor2-last=Cantat |editor2-first=Céline |editor3-last=Maczynska |editor3-first=Ewa |editor4-last=Sevinin |editor4-first=Eda |title=From margin to centre? Practising new forms of European politics and citizenship in the Calais 'Jungle' |journal=Challenging the Political Across Borders: Migrants' and Solidarity Struggles |page=103 |url=https://cps.ceu.edu/sites/cps.ceu.edu/files/attachment/publication/3118/cps-book-challenging-political-2019.pdf |access-date=16 March 2020 |publisher=Central European University |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212135015/https://cps.ceu.edu/sites/cps.ceu.edu/files/attachment/publication/3118/cps-book-challenging-political-2019.pdf |archive-date=12 December 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/aug/20/van-calais-migrants-help-homemade-humanitarian-mission|title=A homemade humanitarian mission: what it's like to take donations to Calais|first1=Carmen|last1=Fishwick|date=25 May 2019|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=25 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525221130/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/aug/20/van-calais-migrants-help-homemade-humanitarian-mission|archive-date=25 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Educational services were provided by Jungle Books, the Ecole Laïque chemins des dunes and by [[Edlumino]].<ref name="Who" /><ref>{{cite news|last1=Scott|first1=Natalie|title=Teaching in France's refugee camps|url=http://www.sec-ed.co.uk/news/teaching-in-frances-refugee-camps/|access-date=27 April 2017|publisher=SecEd|date=27 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525185224/http://www.sec-ed.co.uk/news/teaching-in-frances-refugee-camps/ |archive-date=25 May 2019}}</ref> Specialist services for women and children were run by the Unofficial Women's and Children's Centre<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rosen |first1=Rachel |last2=Twamley |first2=Katherine |title=Feminism and the Politics of Childhood: Friends or Foes? |date=2018 |publisher=UCL Press |page=109 |jstor=j.ctt21c4t9k.13 }}</ref> and the Refugee Youth Service.<ref name="leisure"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Godin |first1=Marie |title=Women and Young Girls at Risk as Camps in Calais Are Cleared |url=https://www.newsdeeply.com/refugees/articles/2016/10/28/women-and-young-girls-at-risk-as-camps-in-calais-are-cleared |access-date=16 March 2020 |work=Refugees Deeply |date=28 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517214641/https://www.newsdeeply.com/refugees/articles/2016/10/28/women-and-young-girls-at-risk-as-camps-in-calais-are-cleared |archive-date=17 May 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> NGOs also provided recreation:<ref name="leisure">{{cite journal |last1=McGee |first1=Darragh |last2=Pelham |first2=Juliette |s2cid=148717892 |title=Politics at play: locating human rights, refugees and grassroots humanitarianism in the Calais Jungle |journal=Leisure Studies |date=24 November 2017 |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=22–35 |doi=10.1080/02614367.2017.1406979 |url=https://purehost.bath.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/158693124/Final_Draft.pdf |access-date=16 March 2020}}</ref> such as a boxing club<ref>{{cite news |last1=Schaller |first1=Alan |title=How sports and activities in the Calais jungle are improving the lives and mental health of the camp's residents |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/calaig-jungle-boxing-club-how-activities-in-the-calais-jungle-affect-the-lives-and-mental-health-of-a7237981.html |access-date=16 March 2020 |work=The Independent |date=12 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220180800/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/calaig-jungle-boxing-club-how-activities-in-the-calais-jungle-affect-the-lives-and-mental-health-of-a7237981.html |archive-date=20 February 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> and the Good Chance Theatre,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ruffini |first1=Rosaria |title=Alle soglie d'Europa: Il Good Chance Theatre e la sperimentazione di linguaggi performativi nei centri di prima accoglienza e nei campi per rifugiati |journal=European Journal of Theatre and Performance |date=2019 |issue=1}}</ref> which ran from a dome doubling as a community space for other activities.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Haydon |first1=Christopher |title=Between the razor-wire and the riot police: the amazing shows I saw at the Calais Jungle theatre |url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2016/feb/18/calais-jungle-refugees-good-chance-theatre |access-date=16 March 2020 |work=The Guardian |date=18 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119182849/https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2016/feb/18/calais-jungle-refugees-good-chance-theatre |archive-date=19 January 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Containers===

[[File:Overview_of_Calais_Jungle.jpg|thumb|right|The camp in January 2016]]

 

Many migrants subsequently moved into the container housing, but some resisted the French government's ultimatum to leave their makeshift housing and live in the container area, citing its spartan setup, lack of communal areas, and their fears that once in the new housing area, they would be blocked from going to Britain.<ref name="Elzas">{{cite news |last1=Elzas |first1=Sarah|title=Calais Jungle to be demolished, yet migrants resist government rehousing |url=http://en.rfi.fr/europe/20160222-calais-jungle-be-demolished-yet-migrants-resist-government-housing |access-date=21 August 2019 |work=Radio France Internationale|date=22 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424155453/http://en.rfi.fr/europe/20160222-calais-jungle-be-demolished-yet-migrants-resist-government-housing|archive-date=24 April 2016}}</ref><ref name="Bulldozers">{{cite news |last1=Kingsley |first1=Patrick|title=Calais 'Jungle' residents defy bulldozers as police issue ultimatum to leave |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jan/12/calais-jungle-residents-defy-bulldozers-police-ultimatum |access-date=21 August 2019 |work=Guardian |date=12 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221144945/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jan/12/calais-jungle-residents-defy-bulldozers-police-ultimatum|archive-date=21 December 2016}}</ref> This concern arose because the containers were enclosed by a [[Chain-link fencing|metal fence]] and it was necessary to give a [[Biometrics|fingerprint to gain access]]. Under the [[Dublin Regulation]] an asylum seeker must seek asylum in the [[EU Member State]] where they first gave their fingerprints and they may not seek asylum elsewhere, thus some migrants were concerned that if their fingerprints were taken in France they would then not be able to claim [[Modern immigration to the United Kingdom#Refugees and asylum seekers|asylum in the UK]]. The authorities stated the fingerprints were taken for security reasons.<ref name="BlamontJanuary2016" /><ref name=Elzas />

==In popular culture==

* 2015: Written with Nadene Ghouri, ''The Lightless Sky'' is Gulwali Passarlay's memoir of his journey from Afghanistan to the UK as a twelve year old. Passarlay's time in the Jungle features in the book.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Popescu |first1=Lucy |title=The Lightless Sky, by Gulwali Passarlay – book review: A refugee's long, hard road to a new life |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/the-lightless-sky-by-gulwali-passarlay-book-review-a-refugee-s-long-hard-road-to-a-new-life-a6706231.html |access-date=16 March 2020 |work=The Independent |date=25 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215014620/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/the-lightless-sky-by-gulwali-passarlay-book-review-a-refugee-s-long-hard-road-to-a-new-life-a6706231.html |archive-date=15 February 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Halkon |first1=Ruth |title=The Taliban tried to recruit him as suicide bomber but he ended up carrying the OLYMPIC TORCH |url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/taliban-tried-recruit-him-suicide-6671842 |access-date=16 March 2020 |publisher=Daily Mirror |date=20 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629221810/http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/taliban-tried-recruit-him-suicide-6671842 |archive-date=29 June 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>

* 2016: Jérôme Sessini made a photo report for [[Magnum Photos]] about the Jungle.<ref name="magnum">{{cite web |last1=Sessini |first1=Jérôme |title=The Calais Jungle |url=https://www.magnumphotos.com/newsroom/the-calais-jungle/ |website=Magnum |access-date=7 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507194147/https://www.magnumphotos.com/newsroom/the-calais-jungle/ |archive-date=7 May 2019 |url-status=live |date=26 May 2016 }}</ref>

*2016: Comic book author [[Lisa Mandel]] and sociologist Yasmine Bouagga depict the daily lives of migrants in the Jungle through a blog, ''Les Nouvelles de la jungle'', using interviews and observations from their personal excursions to Calais. They later compiled the comic strips into a book titled ''Les Nouvelles de la jungle de Calais'', which won the Coup de Cœur 2017 of the Centre national de la littérature pour la jeunesse (BnF).<ref>{{Cite web|title=La jungle de Calais en BD : drôles de chroniques|url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/bd/2017/03/07/03014-20170307ARTFIG00016-la-jungle-de-calais-en-bd-droles-de-chroniques.php|access-date=2020-12-06|website=LEFIGARO|date=7 March 2017 |language=fr}}</ref>

* 2017: Segments of [[Ai Weiwei]]'s general release documentary film ''[[Human Flow]]'' were filmed in the Jungle.<ref>L. Marshall, '[https://www.screendaily.com/reviews/human-flow-venice-review/5121720.article 'Human Flow': Venice Review] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224045438/https://www.screendaily.com/reviews/human-flow-venice-review/5121720.article |date=24 December 2018 }}' (01/09/17) in [[Screen International#Website|Screen Daily]]</ref>

* 2017: Pooja Puri's debut novel ''The Jungle'' tells the story of a teenager in the camp.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Eyre |first1=Charlotte |title=Black & White Publishing names new YA imprint {{!}} The Bookseller |url=https://www.thebookseller.com/news/black-white-publishing-names-new-ya-imprint-480016 |website=[[The Bookseller]] |access-date=4 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Shaw |first1=Fiona |title=Ten Novels to Help Young People Understand the World and Its Complexities |url=https://thewire.in/books/ten-novels-for-young-people-the-conversation |website=The Wire |access-date=4 January 2021}}</ref>

* 2018: The documentary film ''Calais Children: A Case to Answer'' made by [[Sue Clayton]] followed unaccompanied children before and after the final eviction.<ref name="Clayton">{{cite news |title=Perspective – UK filmmaker on fate of unaccompanied minors in Calais |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20181019-perspective-filmmaker-sue-clayton-migrants-calais-children-case-answer-jungle-camp-uk |access-date=10 March 2020 |work=France 24 |date=19 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200310143525/https://www.france24.com/en/20181019-perspective-filmmaker-sue-clayton-migrants-calais-children-case-answer-jungle-camp-uk |archive-date=10 March 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

* 2019: ''[[Roads (film)|Roads]]'', a film starring [[Fionn Whitehead]] and [[Stéphane Bak]] and directed by [[Sebastian Schipper]], includes scenes set in migrant encampments and NGO workplaces in post-Jungle Calais.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Barraclough |first1=Leo |title=First Look: 'Dunkirk' Star Fionn Whitehead in Sebastian Schipper's 'Caravan' (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2017/film/global/dunkirk-fionn-whitehead-sebastian-schipper-caravan-1202606515/ |website=Variety |date=4 November 2017 |access-date=15 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430062908/https://variety.com/2017/film/global/dunkirk-fionn-whitehead-sebastian-schipper-caravan-1202606515/ |archive-date=30 April 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Brooks |first1=N. L. |title=Road-Tripping: Director Sebastian Schipper on Why Shooting Roads Chronologically Was His Film's Best Path Forward |url=https://www.moviemaker.com/roads-sebastian-schipper/ |website=MovieMaker |date=11 June 2019 |access-date=15 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411022835/https://www.moviemaker.com/roads-sebastian-schipper/ |archive-date=11 April 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>

 

==See also==

* {{cite book |last1=Calais Writers |title=Voices from the 'Jungle': Stories from the Calais Refugee Camp |location=London |publisher=[[Pluto Press]] |date=2017 |isbn=9780745399683 }}

* {{cite book |last1=Agier |first1=Michel |display-authors=et al. |title=The Jungle: Calais's Camps and Migrants |location=Cambridge |publisher=Polity Press |date=2019 |isbn=9781509530601 }}

 

'''Reports'''