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{{Short description|Chinese central government education agency}}
{{For|the Ministry of Education in Republic of China|Ministry of Education (Taiwan)}}
{{Use American English|date = February 2019}}
{{Short description|Chinese government education agency}}
{{Use mdy dates|date = February 2019}}
{{Infobox government agency
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| logo_caption = Logo of the Ministry
| image = Ministry of Education of China (20221020141115).jpg
| image_caption = Ministry of Education headquarters in<br>the [[Xicheng, DistrictBeijing|Xicheng]] of Beijing
| formed = {{start date and age|1949|10|df=yes}}
| preceding1 = Ministry of Education of the Central People's Government {{small|(1949–1985)}}
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| employees =
| budget = {{CNY|5.3 trillion}} (2020)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://t.m.china.org.cn/convert/c_vBZG6Zc2.html |title=China spends over 5.3 trillion yuan on education in 2020_china.org.cn |access-date=June 10, 2021 |archive-date=June 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610164115/http://t.m.china.org.cn/convert/c_vBZG6Zc2.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| minister1_name = [[Huai Jinpeng]]
| minister1_pfo = [[Minister of Education (China)|Minister of Education]]
| chief1_name = [[Huai Jinpeng]]
| chief1_position = Minister of Education
| chief2_name =
| chief2_position =
| parent_agency = [[State Council of the People's Republic of China|State Council]]
| child1_agency = [[Hanban|Center for Language Education and Cooperation]] (CLEC)
| child2_agency = [[China Scholarship Council]]
| website = {{url|https://www.moe.gov.cn|moe.gov.cn}}<br>{{url|http://en.moe.gov.cn|en.moe.gov.cnOfficial URL}}
| footnotes =
| agency_type = [[Ministries of the People's Republic of China|Constituent Department of the State Council]] (cabinet-level executive department)
}}
 
The '''Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China''' is the fourth-rankeda [[Constituent departments of the State Council|constituent department]] of the [[State Council of the People's Republic of China|State Council]], responsible for [[basic education]], [[vocational education]], [[higher education]], and other educational affairs acrossthroughout the country.<ref name=":0">{{CiteThe webMinistry |title=教育部主要职责of -Education 中华人民共和国教育部政府门户网站acts |url=https://www.moe.gov.cn/srcsite/A01/s179/200904/t20090417_76195.htmlas |access-date=2022-05-29the |website=Ministrypredominant of Educationfunder of thenational People'suniversities Republicand ofcolleges in China. The ministry also accredits [[Tertiary education|archive-date=Maytertiary 29institutions]], 2022 [[curriculum|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220529221117/http://www.moe.gov.cn/srcsite/A01/s179/200904/t20090417_76195.htmldegree curriculum]], and [[Teacher|url-status=liveschool }}</ref>teachers]] of the country.
 
The Ministry of Education currently has 19 internal departments and bureaus. {{As of|2022}}, there were 75 [[Ministry of Education (China)#Affiliate higher education institutions|colleges and universities]] affiliated with the Ministry of Education.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=国务院办公厅关于印发教育部主要职责内设机构和人员编制规定的通知 - 中华人民共和国教育部政府门户网站 Notice of the General Office of the State Council on Issuing the Regulations on the Main Responsibilities, Internal Institutions and Staffing of the Ministry of Education |url=http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_zzjg/moe_188/202006/t20200604_462577.html |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=www.moe.gov.cn}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=教育部直属高等学校 - 中华人民共和国教育部政府门户网站 |url=https://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_zzjg/moe_347/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611022011/http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_zzjg/moe_347/ |archive-date=June 11, 2022 |access-date=2022-05-29 |website=Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China}}</ref>
The Ministry of Education acts as a funder for most of the national public universities and colleges in China.<ref>{{Cite web |title=教育部直属高等学校 - 中华人民共和国教育部政府门户网站 |url=https://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_zzjg/moe_347/ |access-date=2022-05-29 |website=Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China |archive-date=June 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611022011/http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_zzjg/moe_347/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The ministry also accredits [[Tertiary education|tertiary institutions]], [[curriculum]], and [[Teacher|school teachers]].<ref name=":0" /> It is headquartered in [[Xicheng District|Xicheng]], Beijing.<ref>[http://www.moe.edu.cn/publicfiles/business/htmlfiles/moe/moe_2792/index.html English home page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160103202106/http://www.moe.edu.cn/publicfiles/business/htmlfiles/moe/moe_2792/index.html |date=January 3, 2016 }}. [[Ministry of Education (China)]]. Retrieved on December 29, 2015. "Address: No.37 Damucang Hutong, Xidan, Beijing, P.R.C " - [http://www.moe.edu.cn/publicfiles/business/htmlfiles/moe/s3635/201005/87303.html Chinese address] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150507120743/http://www.moe.edu.cn/publicfiles/business/htmlfiles/moe/s3635/201005/87303.html |date=May 7, 2015 }}: "地址：北京市西单大木仓胡同37号 邮编：100816" - [http://en.moe.gov.cn/contact_us/ As of May 21, 2022 the address is the same] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614194849/http://en.moe.gov.cn/contact_us/ |date=June 14, 2022 }}</ref>
 
== History ==
The Ministry of Education was one of the first Government Administration Council departments created when the People's Republic of China was founded in October 1949. The work of the ministry was overseen by the Culture and Education Commission that was created at the same time. On October 19, writer and poet [[Guo Moruo]] was made the director of the commission, and linguist [[Ma Xulun]] was made the first education minister of the People's Republic of China.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Yang |first1=Ming |last2=Ni |first2=Hao |title=Educational Governance in China |last2=Ni |first2=Hao |date=2018 |publisher=Springer |location=Singapore}}</ref>
 
In February 1958, the Ministry of Higher Education was merged into the Ministry of Education. In July 1964, the Ministry of Higher Education was restored. In July 1966, the Ministry of Higher Education was once again merged into the Ministry of Education.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=我国教育体制改革大事记（1949-2010）_改革大数据服务平台 |url=http://www.reformdata.org/2012/1105/1072.shtml |access-date=2023-10-15 |website=www.reformdata.org}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=新中国70年基础教育改革发展历程 - 中华人民共和国教育部政府门户网站 |url=http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_xwfb/s5147/201909/t20190926_401046.html |access-date=2023-10-15 |website=www.moe.gov.cn}}</ref>
The Ministry of Education was established in 1949 as the '''Ministry of Education of the Central People's Government,''' and was renamed the '''State Education Commission of the People's Republic of China''' from 1985 to 1998. Its current title was assigned during the restructuring of the State Council in 1998.
 
In June 1970, the [[Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party]] decided to abolish the Ministry of Education and establish the Science and Education Group of the State Council.
In 2003, China's Ministry of Education called for adding environmental education content throughout the public school curriculum from the first year of primary school through the second year of high school.<ref name=":9">{{Cite book |last=Efird |first=Rob |title=Greening East Asia: The Rise of the Eco-Developmental State |date=2020 |publisher=[[University of Washington Press]] |isbn=978-0-295-74791-0 |editor-last=Esarey |editor-first=Ashley |location=Seattle |chapter=Nature for Nurture in Urban Chinese Childrearing |jstor=j.ctv19rs1b2 |editor-last2=Haddad |editor-first2=Mary Alice |editor-last3=Lewis |editor-first3=Joanna I. |editor-last4=Harrell |editor-first4=Stevan}}</ref>{{Rp|page=138}} Its guidelines on environmental education emphasized firsthand experience and recommended that a quarter of environmental education content should consist of "practice activities."<ref name=":9" />{{Rp|page=138}}
 
The Ministry of Education was restored after the disruptions of the [[Cultural Revolution]] in 1975<ref name=":Minami">{{Cite book |last=Minami |first=Kazushi |title=People's Diplomacy: How Americans and Chinese Transformed US-China Relations during the Cold War |date=2024 |publisher=[[Cornell University Press]] |isbn=9781501774157 |location=Ithaca, NY}}</ref>{{Rp|page=92}} by the [[4th National People's Congress]]. Until the Ministry's 1975 restoration, the [[State Council of the People's Republic of China|State Council]]'s Science and Education Group was the most important government body in the education bureaucracy.<ref name=":Minami" />{{Rp|page=92}}
 
On June 18, 1985, the Eleventh Standing Committee of the [[6th National People's Congress]] decided to abolish the Ministry of Education and establish the National Education Commission of the People's Republic of China.
 
In 1998, the Decision on Institutional Reform of the State Council was adopted at the First Session of the [[9th National People's Congress]], and the National Education Commission was renamed the Ministry of Education.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />
 
In 2003, China's Ministry of Education called for adding environmental education content throughout the public school curriculum from the first year of primary school through the second year of high school.<ref name=":9">{{Cite book |last=Efird |first=Rob |title=Greening East Asia: The Rise of the Eco-Developmental State |date=2020 |publisher=[[University of Washington Press]] |isbn=978-0-295-74791-0 |editor-last=Esarey |editor-first=Ashley |location=Seattle |chapter=Nature for Nurture in Urban Chinese Childrearing |jstor=j.ctv19rs1b2 |editor-last2=Haddad |editor-first2=Mary Alice |editor-last3=Lewis |editor-first3=Joanna I. |editor-last4=Harrell |editor-first4=Stevan}}</ref>{{Rp|page=138}} Its guidelines on environmental education emphasized firsthand experience and recommended that a quarter of environmental education content should consist of "practice activities".<ref name=":9" />{{Rp|page=138}}
 
In 2019, the Ministry issued a new regulation aimed at unifying the teaching materials for primary and middle schools across China in areas including history, language, and politics.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Lan |first=Xiaohuan |title=How China Works: An Introduction to China's State-led Economic Development |publisher=[[Palgrave MacMillan]] |year=2024 |isbn=978-981-97-0079-0 |translator-last=Topp |translator-first=Gary}}</ref>{{Rp|page=16}}
 
=== Development of the political counselor system ===
In 1952, the Ministry of Education sought to develop a system of political counselors as a pilot program in universities.<ref name=":032">{{Cite book |last=Doyon |first=Jérôme |title=Rejuvenating Communism: Youth Organizations and Elite Renewal in Post-Mao China |publisher=[[University of Michigan Press]] |year=2023 |isbn=978-0-472-90294-1 |pages= |doi=10.3998/mpub.12291596 |doi-access=free}}</ref>{{Rp|page=107}} [[Tsinghua University]] established a political counselor program in 1953, becoming the first university to do so.<ref name=":032" />{{Rp|page=107}} In this program, new graduates who were also [[Chinese Communist Party]] members worked as political counselors in managing the student body and student organizations, often simultaneously serving as [[Communist Youth League of China|Communist Youth League]] secretaries.<ref name=":032" />{{Rp|page=107}}
 
The program was interrupted by the Cultural Revolution but resumed in 1977.<ref name=":032" />{{Rp|page=108}} After its endorsement by [[Deng Xiaoping]], the program expanded across higher educational institutions.<ref name=":032" />{{Rp|page=108}}
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Beginning in the 1990s, the political counselor system was further institutionalized and expanded in higher educational institutions throughout China, with the Ministry issuing standardized rules such as term limits and age limits in 2000.<ref name=":032" />{{Rp|page=108}}
 
== Organizational structure ==
==List of Education Ministers==
{{See also|Ministry of Education (China)}}
{| class="wikitable"
According to the "Regulations on the Main Functional Configuration, Internal Organizations and Staffing of the Ministry of Education," the Ministry of Education has set up the following institutions:<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=教育部司局机构 - 中华人民共和国教育部政府门户网站 |url=http://www.moe.gov.cn/s78/ |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=www.moe.gov.cn}}</ref><ref name=":3" />
! No. !! Name !! Took office !! Left office
 
|-
=== Internal departments ===
| colspan="4" align="center" bgcolor="coral" | '''Education Minister of the Central People's Government'''
 
|-
* General Department
| 1 || [[Ma Xulun]] || October 1949 || November 1952
* Department of Policies and Regulations
|-
* Development Planning Department
| colspan="4" align="center" bgcolor="coral" | '''Education Minister'''
* Comprehensive Reform Department
|-
* Personnel Department
| 2 || [[Zhang Xiruo]]|| November 1952 || February 1958
* Finance Department
|-
* Teaching Materials Bureau (Office of the National Teaching Materials Committee)
| 3 || [[Yang Xiufeng]] || February 1958 || February 1964
* Department of Basic Education
|-
* Off-campus Education and Training Supervision Department
| 4 || [[Liu Jiping]]|| February 1964 || October 1964
* Department of Vocational and Adult Education
|-
* higher education department
| 5 || [[He Wei]] || October 1964 || June 1966
* Education Supervision Bureau (Office of the State Council Education Supervision Commission)
|-
* Department of Ethnic Education
| colspan="4" align="center" bgcolor="lightgrey" | ''Vacant during the [[Cultural Revolution]]''
* Department of Teacher Affairs
|-
* Department of Physical Education, Health and Arts Education
| 6 || [[Zhou Rongxin]] || January 1975 || April 1976
* Ideological and Political Work Department
|-
* Social Sciences Division
| 7 || [[Liu Xiyao]]|| January 1977 || February 1979
* Department of Science, Technology and Information Technology
|-
* Department of College and University Students
| 8 || [[Jiang Nanxiang]]|| February 1979 || May 1982
* Department of Degree Management and Graduate Education (Office of the Academic Degrees Committee of the State Council)
|-
* Language and Words Application Management Department
| 9 || [[He Dongchang]]|| May 1982 || June 1985
* Language and Words Information Management Department
|-
* Department of International Cooperation and Exchange (Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan Office)
| colspan="4" align="center" bgcolor="coral" | '''Chairman of State Education Commission'''
* Office of the Inspector
|-
* Party Committee of the Ministry of Education
| 10 || [[Li Peng]] || June 1985 || April 1988
* Retired Cadres Bureau
|-
* Secretariat of the Chinese National Commission for UNESCO
| 11 || [[Li Tieying]] || April 1988 || March 1993
 
|-
=== Affiliate national bureau ===
| 12 || [[Zhu Kaixuan]]|| March 1993 || March 1998
 
|-
* National Language and Words Work Committee (Deputy Ministerial Level)
| colspan="4" align="center" bgcolor="coral" | '''Education Minister'''
 
|-
=== Affiliate public institutions ===
| 13 || [[Chen Zhili]] || March 1998 || March 2003
 
|-
* Ministry of Education Service Center
| 14 || [[Zhou Ji (born 1946)|Zhou Ji]] || March 2003 || November 2009
* National Institute of Educational Administration
|-
* Chinese Academy of Educational Sciences (Office of the National Educational Science Planning Leading Group)
| 15 || [[Yuan Guiren]] || November 2009 || July 2016
* Research Center for Scientific Development of Higher Education Institutions of the Ministry of Education
|-
* Vocational Education Development Center of the Ministry of Education
| 16 || [[Chen Baosheng]] || July 2016 || August 2021
* Chinese and Foreign Language Exchange and Cooperation Center of the Ministry of Education
|-
* Institute of Language and Character Applications (State Language Commission Putonghua and Character Application Testing Center)
| 17 || [[Huai Jinpeng]] || August 2021 || Incumbent
* [[Open University of China|National Open University]] (National University for the Elderly)
|}
* Educational Technology and Resource Development Center of the Ministry of Education (Central Audio-visual Education Center, Basic Education Resource Center of the Ministry of Education)
* China Educational Television
* Ministry of Education Education Management Information Center
* Curriculum Materials Research Institute
* Secretariat of China Scholarship Council
* Ministry of Education Fund Supervision Affairs Center
* National Education Development Center of the Ministry of Education
* China Education Press
* Educational Examination Agency of the Ministry of Education (Teacher Qualification Examination Center of the Ministry of Education, International Educational Measurement Exchange and Cooperation Center)
* Ministry of Education Study Abroad Service Center (China Study Abroad Service Center)
* National Student Financial Aid Management Center
* Ministry of Education Student Services and Quality Development Center
* Degree and Graduate Education Development Center of the Ministry of Education
* Education Quality Assessment Center of the Ministry of Education
* Chinese and Foreign Cultural Exchange Center of the Ministry of Education
* Ministry of Education Communication and Education Center
 
==== Affiliate higher education institutions ====
There are 75 colleges and universities affiliated with the Ministry of Education.<ref name=":3" />
* [[Peking University]]
* [[Renmin University of China]]
* [[Tsinghua University]]
* [[Beijing Normal University]]
* [[China Agricultural University]]
* [[Nankai University]]
* [[Tianjin University]]
* [[Dalian University of Technology]]
* [[Jilin University]]
* [[Fudan University]]
* [[Tongji University]]
* [[Shanghai Jiao Tong University]]
* [[Nanjing University]]
* [[Southeast University]]
* [[Zhejiang University]]
* [[Xiamen University]]
* [[Shandong University]]
* [[Wuhan University]]
* [[Huazhong University of Science and Technology]]
* [[Central South University]]
* [[Sun Yat-sen University]]
* [[Chongqing University]]
* [[Sichuan University]]
* [[Xi'an Jiaotong University]]
* [[Northwest A&F University]]
* [[Lanzhou University]]
* [[Northeastern University (China)|Northeastern University]]
* [[East China Normal University]]
* [[Ocean University of China]]
* [[Hunan University]]
* [[South China University of Technology]]
* [[University of Electronic Science and Technology of China]]
* [[University of Science and Technology Beijing]]
* [[Beijing University of Chemical Technology]]
* [[Beijing Language and Culture University]]
* [[Beijing Foreign Studies University|Beijing Foreign Language University]]
* [[Beijing Jiaotong University]]
* [[Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications]]
* [[China University of Petroleum (Beijing)]]
* [[Communication University of China]]
* [[Beijing Forestry University]]
* [[China University of Political Science and Law]]
* [[Central University of Finance and Economics]]
* [[Central Conservatory of Music]]
* [[Central Academy of Drama]]
* [[Central Academy of Fine Arts]]
* [[Beijing University of Chinese Medicine]]
* [[University of International Business and Economics (Beijing)|Foreign Economic and Trade University]]
* [[North China Electric Power University]]
* [[China University of Mining and Technology|China University of Mining (Beijing)]]
* [[China University of Geosciences (Beijing)]]
* [[Northeast Normal University]]
* [[Northeast Forestry University]]
* [[East China University of Science and Technology]]
* [[Donghua University]]
* [[Shanghai International Studies University]]
* [[Shanghai University of Finance and Economics]]
* [[Hohai University|He Hai University]]
* [[Nanjing Agricultural University]]
* [[China Pharmaceutical University]]
* [[Jiangnan University]]
* [[China University of Mining and Technology|China University of Mining]]
* [[Hefei University of Technology]]
* [[China University of Petroleum (East China)]]
* [[Wuhan University of Technology]]
* [[China University of Geosciences (Wuhan)]]
* [[Central China Normal University|Huazhong Normal University]]
* [[Huazhong Agricultural University]]
* [[Zhongnan University of Economics and Law]]
* [[Southwest University]]
* [[Southwestern University of Finance and Economics]]
* [[Southwest Jiaotong University]]
* [[Shaanxi Normal University]]
* [[Xidian University|Xi'an University of Electronic Science and Technology]]
* [[Chang'an University]]
 
=== Affiliate enterprises ===
 
* China Education Publishing and Media Group Co., Ltd.
** People's Education Press Co., Ltd.
** Higher Education Press Ltd.
** Chinese Language Publishing House Co., Ltd.
*** Language and Culture Press
*** China Audio and Video Publishing House
* Educational Science Press Co., Ltd.
The Ministry has a role in the [[Chinese foreign aid|foreign aid]] process thorough scholarships it provides for study in China.<ref name=":Chen2">{{Cite book |last=Chen |first=Muyang |title=The Latecomer's Rise: Policy Banks and the Globalization of China's Development Finance |date=2024 |publisher=[[Cornell University Press]] |isbn=9781501775857 |location=Ithaca and London}}</ref>{{Rp|page=73}}
 
==See also==
Line 114 ⟶ 230:
== External links ==
* {{Official website}}
 
{{-}}
{{State Council of the People's Republic of China}}
{{Primary/secondary education departments in China}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Ministry Of Education Of The People's Republic Of China}}
[[Category:Government ministries of the People's Republic of China|Education]]
[[Category:EducationMinistries ministriesof education|China]]
[[Category:Education in China]]
[[Category:Ministries established in 1998|China, Education]]
[[Category:Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China]]
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