Release: 1.4.54 | Release Date: September 5, 2024

# SQLAlchemy 1.4 Documentation

# Composite Column Types

Sets of columns can be associated with a single user-defined datatype. The ORM provides a single attribute which represents the group of columns using the class you provide.

A simple example represents pairs of columns as a `Point` object. `Point` represents such a pair as `.x` and `.y`:

    class Point(object):
        def __init__(self, x, y):
            self.x = x
            self.y = y

        def __composite_values__(self):
            return self.x, self.y

        def __repr__(self):
            return f"Point(x={self.x!r}, y={self.y!r})"

        def __eq__(self, other):
            return isinstance(other, Point) and other.x == self.x and other.y == self.y

        def __ne__(self, other):
            return not self.__eq__(other)

The requirements for the custom datatype class are that it have a constructor which accepts positional arguments corresponding to its column format, and also provides a method `__composite_values__()` which returns the state of the object as a list or tuple, in order of its column-based attributes. It also should supply adequate `__eq__()` and `__ne__()` methods which test the equality of two instances.

We will create a mapping to a table `vertices`, which represents two points as `x1/y1` and `x2/y2`. These are created normally as `Column` objects. Then, the `composite()` function is used to assign new attributes that will represent sets of columns via the `Point` class:

    from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer
    from sqlalchemy.orm import composite, declarative_base

    Base = declarative_base()

    class Vertex(Base):
        __tablename__ = "vertices"

        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
        x1 = Column(Integer)
        y1 = Column(Integer)
        x2 = Column(Integer)
        y2 = Column(Integer)

        start = composite(Point, x1, y1)
        end = composite(Point, x2, y2)

A classical mapping above would define each `composite()` against the existing table:

    mapper_registry.map_imperatively(
        Vertex,
        vertices_table,
        properties={
            "start": composite(Point, vertices_table.c.x1, vertices_table.c.y1),
            "end": composite(Point, vertices_table.c.x2, vertices_table.c.y2),
        },
    )

We can now persist and use `Vertex` instances, as well as query for them, using the `.start` and `.end` attributes against ad-hoc `Point` instances:

    >>> v = Vertex(start=Point(3, 4), end=Point(5, 6))
    >>> session.add(v)
    >>> q = session.query(Vertex).filter(Vertex.start == Point(3, 4))
    sql>>> print(q.first().start)
    BEGIN (implicit)
    INSERT INTO vertices (x1, y1, x2, y2) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?)
    (3, 4, 5, 6)
    SELECT vertices.id AS vertices_id,
            vertices.x1 AS vertices_x1,
            vertices.y1 AS vertices_y1,
            vertices.x2 AS vertices_x2,
            vertices.y2 AS vertices_y2
    FROM vertices
    WHERE vertices.x1 = ? AND vertices.y1 = ?
     LIMIT ? OFFSET ?
    (3, 4, 1, 0)
    Point(x=3, y=4)

Object Name | Description
--- | ---
composite(class_, *attrs, **kwargs) | Return a composite column-based property for use with a Mapper.

function sqlalchemy.orm.composite(class_, *attrs, **kwargs)

  Return a composite column-based property for use with a Mapper.

  See the mapping documentation section Composite Column Types for a full usage example.

  The `MapperProperty` returned by `composite()` is the `CompositeProperty`.

  Parameters:

    - class_ – The “composite type” class, or any classmethod or callable which will produce a new instance of the composite object given the column values in order.

    - *cols – List of Column objects to be mapped.

    - active_history=False – When `True`, indicates that the “previous” value for a scalar attribute should be loaded when replaced, if not already loaded. See the same flag on `column_property()`.

    - group – A group name for this property when marked as deferred.

    - deferred – When True, the column property is “deferred”, meaning that it does not load immediately, and is instead loaded when the attribute is first accessed on an instance. See also `deferred()`.

    - comparator_factory – a class which extends `Comparator` which provides custom SQL clause generation for comparison operations.

    - doc – optional string that will be applied as the doc on the class-bound descriptor.

    - info – Optional data dictionary which will be populated into the `MapperProperty.info` attribute of this object.

## Tracking In-Place Mutations on Composites

In-place changes to an existing composite value are not tracked automatically. Instead, the composite class needs to provide events to its parent object explicitly. This task is largely automated via the usage of the `MutableComposite` mixin, which uses events to associate each user-defined composite object with all parent associations. Please see the example in Establishing Mutability on Composites.

## Redefining Comparison Operations for Composites

The “equals” comparison operation by default produces an AND of all corresponding columns equated to one another. This can be changed using the `comparator_factory` argument to `composite()`, where we specify a custom `Comparator` class to define existing or new operations. Below we illustrate the “greater than” operator, implementing the same expression that the base “greater than” does:

    from sqlalchemy import sql
    from sqlalchemy.orm.properties import CompositeProperty

    class PointComparator(CompositeProperty.Comparator):
        def __gt__(self, other):
            """redefine the 'greater than' operation"""

            return sql.and_(
                *[
                    a > b
                    for a, b in zip(
                        self.__clause_element__().clauses,
                        other.__composite_values__(),
                    )
                ]
            )

    class Vertex(Base):
        __tablename__ = "vertices"

        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
        x1 = Column(Integer)
        y1 = Column(Integer)
        x2 = Column(Integer)
        y2 = Column(Integer)

        start = composite(Point, x1, y1, comparator_factory=PointComparator)
        end = composite(Point, x2, y2, comparator_factory=PointComparator)

## Nesting Composites

Composite objects can be defined to work in simple nested schemes, by redefining behaviors within the composite class to work as desired, then mapping the composite class to the full length of individual columns normally. Typically, it is convenient to define separate constructors for user-defined use and generate-from-row use. Below we reorganize the `Vertex` class to itself be a composite object, which is then mapped to a class `HasVertex`:

    from sqlalchemy.orm import composite

    class Point:
        def __init__(self, x, y):
            self.x = x
            self.y = y

        def __composite_values__(self):
            return self.x, self.y

        def __repr__(self):
            return f"Point(x={self.x!r}, y={self.y!r})"

        def __eq__(self, other):
            return isinstance(other, Point) and other.x == self.x and other.y == self.y

        def __ne__(self, other):
            return not self.__eq__(other)

    class Vertex:
        def __init__(self, start, end):
            self.start = start
            self.end = end

        @classmethod
        def _generate(self, x1, y1, x2, y2):
            """generate a Vertex from a row"""
            return Vertex(Point(x1, y1), Point(x2, y2))

        def __composite_values__(self):
            return self.start.__composite_values__() + self.end.__composite_values__()

    class HasVertex(Base):
        __tablename__ = "has_vertex"
        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
        x1 = Column(Integer)
        y1 = Column(Integer)
        x2 = Column(Integer)
        y2 = Column(Integer)

        vertex = composite(Vertex._generate, x1, y1, x2, y2)

We can then use the above mapping as:

    hv = HasVertex(vertex=Vertex(Point(1, 2), Point(3, 4)))

    s.add(hv)
    s.commit()

    hv = (
        s.query(HasVertex)
        .filter(HasVertex.vertex == Vertex(Point(1, 2), Point(3, 4)))
        .first()
    )
    print(hv.vertex.start)
    print(hv.vertex.end)