Janaki asal-mulanya gasan Kaji masarakat

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'''East Asia'''
*1900s
**[[Fei Xiaotong]]
'''South Asia '''
*1800s
**[[G. S. Ghurye|G.S Ghurye]]
*1900s
**[[Irawati Karve]]
**[[M. N. Srinivas]]
'''Middle East'''
*1400s 
**[[Ibn Khaldun]]
'''Europe'''
*1700s
**[[Auguste Comte]]
**[[Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès]]
*1800s
**[[Émile Durkheim]]
**[[Harriet Martineau]]
**[[Karl Marx]]
**[[Georg Simmel]]
**[[Herbert Spencer]]
**[[Ferdinand Tönnies]]
**[[Max Weber]]
*1900s
**[[Michel Foucault]]
**[[Jürgen Habermas]]
'''North America''' 
*1800s
**[[Jane Addams]]
**[[Ernest Burgess]]
**[[W.E.B. Du Bois]]
**[[George Herbert Mead]]
**[[Thorstein Veblen]]
*1900s
**[[James Samuel Coleman|James Coleman]]
**[[Patricia Hill Collins]]
**[[Erving Goffman]]
**[[Paul Lazarsfeld]]
**[[C. Wright Mills|Charles Wright Mills]]
**[[Robert K. Merton]]
**[[Theda Skocpol]]
**[[Dorothy E. Smith]]

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}}

'''Kaji masarakat''' atawa '''sosiologi''' marupakan salah sabuting cikang ilmu nang fokus maampah ka kaji masarakat. Kaji masarakat rancak disambat Sosiologi nang baasal matan kata [[Basa Latin|Latin]] ''socius'' nang bamakna "kawan" wan kata [[Basa Yunani|Yunani]] ''logos'' nang bamakna "kata" atawa "bapandir". Jadi Sosiologi bamakna "bapandir ihwal masarakat".<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Sosiologi Suatu Pengantar|last=Soekantro|first=Soerjono|last2=Sulitstyowati|first2=Budi|publisher=PT RAJAGRAFINDO PERSADA|year=2019|isbn=978-979-769-577-4|location=Depok|pages=3-51}}</ref>

== Makna manurut ahli ==
Bubuhan ahli banyak mamaknaakan kaji masarakat lawan bamacam ihwal, nang ngini makna kaji masarakat manurut sapalih ahli:

* [[Pitirim Sorokin]]: kaji masarakat marupakan ilmu nang manahapi tiga ihwal; raraitan wan pangaruh timbal balik antara macam gajala susial (nang kaya gajala ikunumi lawan ugama, kulawarga wan ahlak, hukum lawan ikunumi, garak masarakat lawan pulitik, wan nang raraitan lainnya), raraitan wan pangaruh timbal balik antara gajala susial wan gajala lain susial (kaya gajala giugrapis, biulugis, wan sawagainya), sarta caciri umum samunyaan janis gajala-gajala susial.
* [[Roucek]] wan [[Warren]]: kaji masarakat marupakan ilmu nang manahapi raraitan manusia wan galambangnya.
* [[William F. Ogburn]] wan [[Meyer F. Nimkoff]]: kaji masarakat marupakan panalitian sacara ilmiah maampah ka pamandiran urang-urang wan kulihannya yaitu galambang susial.
* [[J. A. A. van Doorn]] wan [[C.J. Lammers]]: kaji masarakat marupakan ilmu pangatahuan ihwal struktur-struktur wan prusis-prusis kamasarakatan nang basipat magun.
* [[Selo Soemardjan]] wan [[Soelaeman Soemardi]]: kaji masarakat ilmu nang manahapi struktur susial wan prusis susial, taumpat di dalamnya paubahan-paubahan susial.<ref name=":0" />

== Sipat ==
Sipat-sipat hakikat matan kaji masarakat adalah:

* Kaji masarakat marupakan ilmu susial lain ilmu pangatahuan alam atawa ilmu pangatahuan karuhanian.
* Kaji masarakat lain disiplin nang nurmatip tagal marupakan disiplin nang batumbung, artinya kaji masarakat manikasi surang apa nang tarjadi wayahini lain manganai apa tarjadi wan mustinya tarjadi
* Kaji masarakat ilmu pangatahuan murni wan lain ilmu pangatahuan digawi (''applied science'').
* Kaji masarakat ilmu pangatahuan nang bahahar lain ilmu pangatahuan nang konkret.
* Kaji masarakat batujuan gasan mengulihi pangartian-pangartian wan pola umum.
* Kaji masarakat ilmu pangatahuan nang empiris wan rasiunal.
* Kaji masarakat ilmu pangatahuan nang umum lain ilmu pangatahuan nang khusus.<ref name=":0" />

== Kekeran ==
Sama nang kaya ilmu susial nang lain, kekeran kaji masarakat adalah masarakat ngitu surang nang dijanaki matan buncu raraitan antarmanusia wan prusis nang cungul matan raraitan manusia di dalam masyarakat.<ref name=":0" />

== Sajarah ==
Haratan abad ka-19, saikung harat filsafat asal [[Parancis]] bangaran [[Auguste Comte]] manulis buku-buku nang mambahas pamarakan-pamarakan umum gasan mangkaji masarakat. Inya manyambat ilmu pangatahuan baisi diritan tartantu sasuai lawan akal nang rasuk, wan saban panalitian digawi musti malingkangi tatahapan tartantu gasan imbahnya maampah ka tahap pauncitan, yaitu tahap ilmiah. Inya baanggapan bahwa kaji masarakat; piduhal, gajala, hudah ka tahap uncit, tahap ilmiah, maraga ngitu inya bapadah sakira samunyaan panalitian maampah ka masarakat dinaikakan jadi ilmu nang badiri surang.<ref name=":0" />

Manurut Comte, kaji masarakat marupakan ilmu pangatahuan kamasarakatan umum nang marupakan kulihan pauncitan parkambangan ilmu pangatahuan, maraga ngitu kaji masarakat sasuai lawan kamajuan-kamajuan nang hudah dicapai ilmu pangatahuan nang lain.<ref name=":0" />

Imbahnya Comte manyambat bahwa kaji masarakat musti sasuai lawan panjanakan wan kada kakiraan-kakiraan maampah ka masarakat wara. Kulihan matan panjanakan ngitu didiritakan basimpun wan bacara, tagal Comte kada marinciakan kayapa cara manilai kulihan matan panjanakan ngtu tadi. Ranaknya ilmu kaji masarakat, tacatat pas [[1842]], haratan Comte manaiakan danul pauncitan matan bukunya nang bajudul ''Positive-Philosophy''.<ref name=":0" />

Wayah abad ka-20, kaji masarakat barkambang baracap di nagara nang kaya; [[Parancis]], [[Jarman]], wan [[Amirika Sarikat]], tagal ampah parkambangannya balain surang-surang.<ref name=":0" />

== Pangaranan ==
Saikung harat [[filsafat]] wan harat tapakur kamasarakatan matan [[Inggris]], [[John Stuart Mill]] mamadahakan ngaran "ethology" gasan ngaran [[ilmu pangatahuan]] kaji masarakat, tagal ngaran ngini kada suah dipinandui di wayah-wayah nang di hadap.<ref name=":0" /> 

Imbah [[Herbert Spencer]] mangambangakan suatu sistematika panalitian masarakat di bukunya nang bajudul ''Principles of Sociology'' sapalih abad imbahnya, istilah sosiologi jadi labih dipinandui wan maraga inya jua ilmu kaji masarakat jadi barkambang baracap.<ref name=":0" />

== Tukuh ==
Tukuh-tukuh kaji masarakat banyak bantar di danul nagara Irupa wan Amirika, nang kaya [[Auguste Comte]], ([[Parancis]]), [[Herbert Spencer]] ([[Inggris]]), [[Karl Marx]] ([[Jarman]]), [[Vilfredo Pareto]] ([[Italia]]), [[Pitirim A. Sorokin]] ([[Rusia]]), [[Max Weber]] ([[Jarman]]), [[Steinmetz]] ([[Walanda]]), [[Charles Horton Cooley]] ([[Amirika Sarikat]]), [[Lester F. Ward]] ([[Amirika Sarikat]]) wan tukuh-tukuh lainnya.<ref name=":0" />

== Mazhab kaji masarakat ==
Pitirim Sorokin di dalam bukunya nang bajudul ''Contemporary Sociological Theories'' mambagi mazhab-mazhab di ilmu kaji masarakat, ngini mazhab nang inya bagi:

* ''Mechanistic school''
* ''Synthetic and Geographic School of Le Play''
* ''Geographical School''
* ''Biological School''
* ''Bio-Social School''
* ''Bio-Psychological School''
* ''Sociologist School''
* ''Psychological School''
* ''Psycho-Sociologistic School''.<ref name=":0" />

== Parkambangan ilmu kaji masarakat di Indunisia ==

=== Wayah panambayan ilmu kaji masarakat di Indunisia ===
Walau sabujurnya, bubuhan pangarang wan pambakal Indunisia balum suah malajari tiuri-tiuri purmal kaji masarakat sawagai ilmu pangatahuan, tagal banyak matan bubuhannya hudah maumpatakan unsur-unsur kaji masarakat ka dalam ajaran buhannya, sawagai cuntuh [[Sri Paduka Mangkunegoro IV]] matan surakarta lawan ajaran ''Wulang Reh'' nang maajarakan tata raraitan bubuhan masarakat Jawa nang baasal matan kalumpuk nang balain. Ajaran ngini banyak danul ilmu kaji masarakat kususnya danul raraitan antar kalumpuk wan kalumpuk lainnya (''intergroup relations'').<ref name=":0" />

Lain pada ajaran matan [[Sri Paduka Mangkunegoro IV]], ada jua tukuh lain nang kaya [[Ki Hadjar Dewantara]], nang marupakan urang nang maandak dasar-dasar pandidikan nasiunal di [[Indunisia]], jua manyumbang ka parkambangan ilmu kaji masarakat Indunisia, nang kaya kunsipnya manganai kapambakalan wan kakulaan Indunisia nang dipraktikakan dalam urganisasi pandidikan [[Taman Siswa]].<ref name=":0" />

Ada jua urang-urang [[Walanda]], kaya [[Snouck Hurgronje]], [[C. van Vollenhoven]], [[ter Haar]], [[Duyvendak]] nang tulisan-tulisannya baisi danul-danul ilmu kaji masarakat nang dipakai wan dihantat sacara ilmiah, tagal magun tikas ilmu kaji masarakat sawagai ilmu patulung, lain ilmu nang badiri surang.<ref name=":0" />

Baalih ka danul pandidikan rasmi, Sakulah Tinggi Hukum (''Rechtshogeschool'') di [[Jakarta]] pas wayah ngitu nang marupakan sabuting kampus nang ada sabalum perang dunia ka-2 jua maumpatakan kuliah-kuliah kaji masarakat di Indunisia. Tagal, ilmu kaji masarakat magun jadi pamurna gasan mata palajaran [[ilmu hukum]]. Tukang ajari jua kada sarjana kusus ilmu kaji masarakat maraga wayah ngitu kadada urang nang kusus di ilmu kaji masarakat baik ngitu di [[Indunisia]] atawa [[Walanda]]. Ilmu kaji masarakat nang dilajari wayah ngitu jua kabanyakan basipat filsafat susial wan tiuritis, nang mamakai buku kulihan [[Alfred Vierkandt]], [[Leopold von Wiese]], [[Bierens de Haan]], [[Steinsmetz]] wan lainnya sawagai acuannya.<ref name=":0" />

Wayah tatahun [[1934]]/[[1935]] kuliah kaji masarakat di Sakulah Tinggi Hukum kadada maraga wayah ngitu bubuhan guru ganal nang mamingkuti tanggung jawab mandirit daptar kuliah baisi pandapat kaji masarakat kada parlu dimasukakan maraga kadada raraitan lawan palajaran [[hukum]]. <ref name=":0" />

=== Kaji masarakat di Indunisia imbah Parang Dunia kadua ===
Imbah pruklamasi [[kamardikaan Indunisia]] wayah tanggal [[17 Agustus 1945]], saikung sarjana Indunisia, [[Soenario Kolopaking]], panambayannya malajari kuliah kaji masarakat wayah tahun 1948 di Akademik Ilmu Politik di [[Yogyakarta]] (nang imbahnya dilebur ka dalam [[Universitas Gadjah Mada]], nang imbahnya pulang jadi Fakultas Sosial wan Politik). Di sakulah ngitu jua, kaji masarakat dikuliahakan sawagai ilmu pangatahuan di jurusan pamarintahan dalam nagara, raraitan luar nagara wan publisistik. <ref name=":0" />

Mulai tahun [[1950]] nang dibukanya kasampatan gasan mahasiswa balajar kuliah di luar nagara maulah banyak urang Indunisia nang mandalami pangatahuannya ka kaji masarakat, ada jua nang balajar ilmu ngitu sacara kusus. Batambahnya urang-urang nang cangkal balajar kaji masarakat manunjul gasan barkambangnya ilmu kaji masarakat wan jua mairit parubahan dalam sipat wan kaji masarakat di Indunisia.<ref name=":0" />

Buku kaji masarakat nang mamakai Basa Indunisia hudah mulai dinaiakan satahuan imbah pacahnya revolusi fisik, yaitu ''[[Sosiologi Indonesia]]'' nang ditulis ulih [[Djody Gondokusumo]] nang baisi palihan makna matan kaji masarakat nang tiuri wan basipat sawagai filsafat.<ref name=":0" />

Kira-kira tahun [[1950]], ada pulang buku kaji masarakat bajudul ''[[Sosiologi]]'' nang dinaikakan [[Bardosono]], nang sabujurnya catatan nang ditulis mahasiswa nang mandangari palajaran kaji masarakat matan guru ganal nang tagal kada disambat ngarannya dalam buku ngitu.<ref name=":0" />

Imbahnya ada jua buku bajudul ''[[Sosiologi untuk Masyarakat Indonesia]]'' nang ditulis ulih [[Hassan Shadily]]. Buku ngini marupakan buku palajaran panambayan di dalam [[Basa Indunisia]] nang baisi bahan-bahan kaji masarakat nang pahanyarnya. <ref name=":0" />

== Jujuhutan ==
<references />